四级语法基础句法(5)12915.pdf

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1、 学英语 找长喜 1 英语四级语法 第 5 堂 基础句法 掌握基本句法结构，能迅速理清长难句是简单句、并列句还是复合句。一、中文译成英文 1.(既然我的头脑已经清醒了),my brain was also beginning to work much better.2.Reading is to mind (犹如食物对于身体的作用).3.(物体重量越小)the farther it gets from the surface of the earth.4.You will be late (除非你立即走).5.(她更像个音乐家)than her brother.6.Better take mo

2、re clothes (万一天气变冷).Key 1.Now that my head had cleared 【分析】该题考查 now that 引导原因状语从句的用法，其意思为“既然”。2.what food is to the body 【分析】该题考点为“A is to B as/what C is to D”句型，作为一种方式状语从句使用。3.A body weighs less 【分析】该题考查 the more the more 句型倒装的问题。主句在前，从句在后，主句的比较级部分不倒装，而从句的比较级部分倒装。如将从句放在前面则为：The farther a body gets

3、from the surface of the earth,the less it weighs.4.unless you leave immediately 【分析】该题考查 unless 引导条件状语从句的用法。5.She is more of a musician 【分析】该题考查“作比较”的表达方式。因题干中有连词 than，故判断应使用比较级。“more of a”是短语“much of a”的比较级。“much of a+名词”意为“颇具气质的”。6.in case the weather is cold 【分析】该题考查 in case 的意义以及引导目的状语从句的用法，其含义为

4、“以防、万一”。二、听力对话理解 1.(05.12)A The 2:00 train will arrive earlier.B The 2:30 train has a dining car.C The woman prefers to take the 2:30 train.D They are going to have some fastfood on the train.M:There is a nonstop train for Washington and it leaves at 2:30.W:Its faster than the 2 oclock train.Besides

5、,we can have something to eat before getting on the train.Q:What do we learn from the conversation?2.(06.06)A Private donations.B Fees paid by students.C Government funding.D Grants from corporations.M:In Britain finance for universities comes from three sources:the first,and the largest source,is g

6、rants from the government,the second source is fees paid by students and the third one is private donations 学英语 找长喜 2 Q:What is main financial source for British universities?3.(10.06)A She will meet the man halfway.B She is sorry the man will not come.C She will ask David to talk less.D She has to

7、invite David to the party.M:I really cant stand the way David controls the conversation all the time.If he is going to be at your Christmas party,I just wont come.W:Im sorry you feel that way,but my mother insists that he come.Q:What does the woman imply?4.(06.12)A The couple cook the dishes and the

8、 children help them.B The husband does the cooking and the wife serves as the waitress.C The mother does the cooking while the father and children wait on the guests.D A hired cook prepares the dishes and the family members serve the guests.M:One of the most common international restaurants to be fo

9、und in the United States is the Italian restaurant.The restaurant may be a small business run by a single family.The mother of the family cooks all of the dishes,and the father and children serve the people who come to eat there Q:How is the typical Italian family restaurant run in the United States

10、?Key 1.【分析】选C。对话中男士交代了此次列车的基本信息（There is a nonstop train for Washington and it leaves at 2:30.“有一列开往华盛顿的直达火车，2:30 分开车。”），本句是并列句，and 连接了两个重要细节信息，根据这两个信息女士得出了结论。2.【分析】选 C。短文中讲英国大学最主要的财政收入来源于政府拨款（three sources:the first,and the largest source,is grants from the government,the second source is fees paid

11、 by students and“英国大学财政收入有三种来源：第一种也是最大的来源是政府，第二种来自学费，第三种来自私人捐赠。”）。该句是并列句。3.【分析】选D。对话中女士表达自己的观点(Im sorry you feel that way,but my mother insists that he come.“你那么想，我很遗憾，但是我妈妈坚持让他来。”)。本句是并列句，注意听到 but 连接的并列句时，要反应出后半分句是重点。4.【分析】选C。短文解释美国意式餐馆的特点（The mother of the family cooks all of the dishes,and the fa

12、ther and children serve the people who come to eat there.“一个家庭中的母亲负责做菜，父亲同孩子为那些来吃饭的客人服务。”）。本句是 and 连接的并列句。英语句子按照使用目的和交际功能分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。这一语法现象在中学时我们已经学过，这里就不一一讲述。而按照其结构分为简单句、并列句和复合句。在四级阅读理解中，考生由于对句子的定位不准确而常产生理解上的错误，并且看到长句就以为是难句，其实，有些长句只是纸老虎，仔细一分析可能是简单句。所以考生看到一个长句时首先要抓句子的主干。简单句 一、简单句的定义 只有一个主谓结构的独

13、立分句叫做简单句。在简单句中，句子的主语和谓语可以有由一个单词或短语充当，也可以由多个单词或短语充当，构成并列的主语或谓语。除主语、谓语外，简单句中还可含有宾语、定语、状语、补语等。An Olympic Marathon is 26 miles and 385 yards,approximately the distance from Marathon to Athens.奥林匹克马拉松赛跑为 26 英里 385 码，约为从马拉松到雅典的距离。The teacher and the students all liked the place and wanted to stay there a

14、little longer.老师和学生都喜欢这个地方，想在那里多待一会儿。 学英语 找长喜 3 提示：该句主语有两个 teacher 和 students,谓语动词由 liked 和 wanted 构成。They stated their considered judgment,painstakingly arrived at after thorough inquiry and deliberation.他们陈述了一个经过深思熟虑的判决一个经过全面的调查和审议才得出的结论。提示：该句较复杂，大家要仔细辨认句子主干。They stated 构成了句子的主语和谓语，其他动词形式仅仅是其分词状态作

15、定语来修饰 judgment。二、简单句的基本句型 句型 例示 主语+谓语 Birds fly.鸟儿飞翔。主语+谓语+宾语 The early bird catches the worm.早起的鸟儿有虫吃。主语+系动词+表语 They are birds of a feather.他们是一丘之貉。主语+谓语+宾语+补语 I heard the birds singing merrily.我听见鸟儿在愉快地歌唱。主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语 She bought the bird a cage.他给小鸟买了个笼子。典型难句 This phenomenon has created serious

16、 concerns over the role of smaller economic firms,of national businessmen and over the ultimate stability of the world economy.【分析】该句虽然看似简单，但却暗藏玄机。这里有两个介词 over，与名词 concern 构成固定搭配，表示“对担忧”。因此原句基本结构是：concerns over A and over B。抓住了介词 over，也有助于看清 and 连接的并列关系，而不至于误认为 over the role,of national businessmen,

17、over the ultimate stability 这三者是并列关系。over A 这个短语里有两个 of 短语并列：of smaller economic firms 和 of national businessmen。它们是跟在 role 后面的，可译成“小型企业、民族资本的作用”。【译文】这个现象造成人们对小型企业、民族资本的作用的严重忧虑，也造成了人们对世界经济的最终稳定的忧虑。三、简单句中各句中成分的扩展如下 主语的扩展 不定式 His efforts to carry out the task is admirable.他完成工作的努力值得钦佩。分词 The book bein

18、g studied is classical novel.正在读的书是本经典小说。with 结构 A woman with a baby in her arm entered the room.一个怀抱孩子的女人走进了房间。并列定语 The girl sitting and reading there is his daughter.坐在那看书的那个女孩是他的女儿。并列主语 Fame,money and position are what he aspires.名誉、金钱和权位是他想要的。同位语 Everyone,including me,would rather have coffee.所有

19、人，包括我，都想喝咖啡。谓语的扩展 不定式 He doesnt seem to be interested in it.他对此好像没有兴趣。并列成分 She neither hates nor loves him.她既不恨他也不爱他。状语 An old pine tree stood in front of his house.他的房前有棵老松树。独立结构 So many people being absent,they cancelled the meeting.由于多人缺席，他们取消了会议。介词短语 With your help,I am sure to succeed.有了你的帮助，我相

20、信能够成功。表语的扩展 学英语 找长喜 4 be+a.+to(不定式)She is willing to lend Lily money.她愿意借莉莉钱。This essay is difficult to read.这篇文章很难读。be+a.+to(介词)He is blind to his own mistake.他无视自己的错误。be+a.+介词 I am disgusted at his words.我对他的话很反感。He is confident in the work.他对工作很自信。宾语的扩展 有些简单句的宾语比较长，且有数个并列成分。真题难句 In the wake of Se

21、ptember 11,changes in the visa process caused a dramatic decline in the number of foreign students seeking admission to U.S.universities,and a corresponding surge in enrollments in Australia,Singapore and the U.K.(07.12 阅读)【分析】简单句。句子主干为 changes caused and 。cause 有两个并列宾语，分别是 decline 和 surge。seeking 是

22、现在分词作定语修饰 students。【译文】911 事件之后，签证程序的调整导致注册美国大学的外国学生人数急剧下降。而同一时期前往澳大利亚、新加坡和英国留学的外国学生人数却迅猛增长。插入语 The man,I think,does not deserve the prize.那个人，我觉得不该受奖。Strange to say,she did not come to the party.说起来很怪，她没来参加晚会。并列句 包含有两个或更多互不依存的主谓结构的句子称为并列句。英语并列句不能只用逗号隔开(较短的句子除外)，而要用分号或并列连接词来连接。连词前可用或不用逗号。另外，一个句子中如果有

23、两个以上的并列分句，而且要用同样的并列连词时，通常只在最后一个句子前用这个连词，其他分句之间用逗号。The camerawork is perfect and the cast is good.电影拍摄得好极了，演员也不错。Henry has already left,Sally is going to leave,but I havent made any decision yet.亨利已经走了，莎莉也打算走，但我还没做出决定。Any medicine can be dangerous;for example,even aspirin can cause illness.任何药物都可能是危险

24、的；比如说，连阿司匹林都能致病。值得注意的是，有些副词，如 besides,consequently,furthermore 等在句中起承接作用，这些词所连接的并列分句一般要用分号隔开，但前面若有and，but，or 等并列连词时，则不有分号，要用逗号。I dont want to go;besides Im tired.我不想去，再说，我也累了。The rain was heavy;consequently the land was flooded.雨下得很大，结果地都被淹了。He drank too much,and consequently he became drunk.他酒喝得太多，

25、所以醉了。并列句的常用连词关系连词 关系 连词 例示 表并列 and Last year I met Kate and we became friends.as well as Shed washed where others could not see as well as others could see.她不仅清洗了别人能看到的地方，别人看不到的地方她也做了清洗。eitheror Either my uncle can do it,or my aunt can do it 学英语 找长喜 5.neithernor Neither would I consult him nor would

26、 he ask me for advice.not onlybut also Not only was the room decorated,but also the meal was ready.表转折 but It has no mouth,but it can talk.yet He is poor,yet he is clever and noblehearted.表因果 so The meeting began at eight,so he must start at half past seven.表对比 while/whereas He likes sports,while I

27、would rather collect stamps.rather than Rather than you say anything,I would speak to the manager myself.与其让你说，我想亲自同经理谈。表选择 or(else)Now you can have a rest or you can go to the cinema.otherwise He must have had an accident,otherwise he would have been here then.他一定出事故了，要不然他应该已经到了。并列句中表句际关系副词一览表 关系 副

28、词 例示 表转折 however,nevertheless,still,yet,rather,contrarily He is charming;nevertheless,I dont trust him.表因果 therefore,thus,hence,then,accordingly,consequently She felt very tired,and therefore she went to bed early.=She felt very tired;therefore she went 表选择 ratherthan Shes rather die than give a spe

29、ech.表列举 first(ly),second(ly)finally He studies hard;finally he gained high marks.表概括 generally,overall,altogether 等 Shes not really ill;generally she is rundown.表补充 furthermore,besides,moreover,likewise,again The house isnt big enough for us;furthermore,it is too far away from the town.说明：以上所列词是副词，在

30、连接句子时，要么需借助分号，要么需借助连词 and。同学们在写作中一定注意，千万别误用为连词而直接连接两个句子。真题难句 Im selfemployed and need the Internet for my work,but Im failing to accomplish my work,to take care of my home,to give attention to my children.(10.06 阅读)【分析】并列句。前后两个分句由转折连词 but 连接。该并列句的主干是 Im selfemployed and need the Internet,but Im fail

31、ing to。前一个分句中的 and 连接并列谓语 am 和 need，第二个分句中有三个并列的不定式作 fail 的宾语。【译文】我是一名自雇人士，我的工作需要上网，但我无法完成我的工作，无法照顾我的家庭，无法给孩子们关爱。复合句 由一个主句和一个或多个从句构成的句子叫复合句。主句是复合句的主干部分，从句用以修饰主句或主句的某个成分或用以充当主句的某个成分。从句在主句中可以充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、同位语等。从句的种类有很多，但根据其性质和作用可以分为：名词性、形容词性、副词性从句。名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句；形容词性从句就是指定语从句； 学英语 找长喜

32、6 副词性从句包括时间、地点、方式、目的、结果、条件、原因、让步、比较状语从句。有关各种从句的具体用法及注意事项，我们将在接下来的讲堂中逐一讲解。复合句的从句类型 类型 例示 名词性从句 主语从句 That the sea are being over fished has been known for years.多年来人们一直知道海洋正在被过度捕捞。表 语 从句 The reason why he was dismissed is that he was careless and irresponsible.他被开除的原因是工作疏忽，不负责任。宾语从句 I will give this d

33、ictionary to whoever wants to have it.谁想要这本字典，我就给谁。同 位 语从句 He expressed the hope that he would write a novel someday.他表示希望有一天能写一部小说。形容词性从句 定语 从句 I still remember the days when/in which we stayed together.我还记得我们在一起的日子。副词性从句 时间 The earth revolves a little more rapidly when it is closer to the sun.当靠太阳

34、较近时，地球旋转得比较快。地点 Please make a mark where you have any doubts and questions.请在您有疑问的地方做上一个记号。原因 She probably didnt attend the meeting because I didnt see her in the hall.她可能没有参加会议，因为我在大厅里没有看见她。目的 He always studies hard so that he may make great progress.他总是那么努力学习，这样，他才会取得很大的进步。结果 He didnt plan his tim

35、e well,so that he didnt finish the work in time.他没有把时间计划好，结果没有按时完成这项工作。让步 Fail as I did,I would not abandon my goal.虽然我失败了，但我不会放弃我的目标。条件 As long as we dont lose heart,well find a way to overcome the difficulty.只要我们不丧失信心，我们就能找到克服困难的方法。方式 I have changed it as you suggest.我已经按照你的建议作了修改。比较 The project w

36、as completed earlier than we had expected.这项工程完成得比我们预计的要早。一、简单句和并列句的区别 从简单句和并列句的定义中我们可以看出，简单句中只有一套主谓，而并列句却有两套或两套以上的主谓结构。如果一个句子只有一个主语，而有连词连接的两个或多个谓语结构，那么是属于简单句还是并列句呢？请看如下实例：真题难句 Cerlings team collected tap water samples from 600 cities and constructed a map of the regional differences.（09.06 阅读）【分析】简

37、单句。该句有一个主语 Cerlings team,两个谓语 collected 和 constructed，所以仍是简单句而不是并列句。 学英语 找长喜 7【译文】Cerling 的小组采集了来自 600 个城市的自来水样本，并制出了具有区域差异性的地图。真题难句 Most hydrogen and oxygen atoms in water are stable,but traces of both elements are also present as heavier isotopes(同位素).（09.06 阅读）【分析】并列句。该句有两套独立的主谓表结构，故而是并列句而不是简单句。【

38、译文】水里大部分的氢和氧原子是稳定不变的，但是这两种元素留下的痕迹也以较重的同位素的形式出现。二、并列句、复合句的更深层次的划分 并列复合句 由 and 或其他并列连词或分号将一个或多个简单或复合句同一个或多个复合句连接起来构成的句子称为并列复合句。Tell me whether you can come or not and Ill get ready for it.告诉我你能不能来，我好为此做好准备。(复合句+and+简单句)Remember you may be taken to court for n ot doing so,and you may be fined if you ca

39、nnot prove to the court that you have been excused from wearing it.请记住，你会因没这样做而被送上法庭，并且如果你不能向法院证明你被允许不系它的话，有可能会被罚款。提示：and 连接两个并列分句，在后个分句中含有一个由 if 引导的条件状语从句，在这个条件句中还包含一个宾语从句。The policeman looked at me suspiciously,and he asked me what I wanted.警察用怀疑的眼光看着我，问我要干什么。（简单句+and+复合句）It may have been a sharp

40、criticism of the pupils technical abilities in writing,but it was also a sad reflection on the teacher who had omitted to read the essay,which contained some beautiful expressions of the 提示：该句由连词 but 连接两个并列分句；但在后一个分句中，又出现了以 who,which 为关系词的定语从句，所以，该句为一个并列复合句。childs deep feelings.可能这是对这名学生写作技能的尖锐批评，但也

41、很遗憾地反映出这名教师压根就没读过这篇文章，孩子在文章里优美地表达了自己内心深处的情感。真题难句 Like most consumers,she finds little time to shop,and when she does,shes on the hunt for“cute stuff that isnt too expensive.”（09.06 阅读）【分析】并列复合句。and 连接两个并列分句，第一个分句的主干是 she finds，第二个分句的主干是 she is on，在第二个分句中，包含有 when 引导的时间状语从句和 that 引导的定语从句修饰 stuff。【译文】

42、像大多数消费者一样，她很少有时间购物，等有时间购物时，她也是在寻找那些“不是太贵的漂亮衣服”。真题难句 Last year the influential trade show Designers&Agents stopped charging its participation fee for young green entrepreneurs(企业家)who attend its two springtime shows in Los Angeles and New York and gave special recognition to designers whose collectio

43、ns are at least 25%sustainable.（09.06 阅读）【分析】复合句。stop 和 give 是两个并列的谓语，所以主干结构是一个简单句，不是并列句，故而不是并列复合句。其中的 who 和 whose 从句是定语从句，分别修饰 entrepreneurs和 designers。【译文】去年，颇具影响力的贸易展会 Designers&Agents 对参加其在洛杉矶和纽约举办的两次春季展览的年轻环保企业家们实行免费入场，同时给予那些作品中包括至少四分之一可持续产品的设计师们以特别表彰。 学英语 找长喜 8 多重复合句 在一个复合句的从句中又嵌套入一个或一个以上的从句则称

44、为多重复合句。Slowly,you recognize that the things that matter are those that cant be bought.渐渐地你会认识到，真正重要的东西是买不到的。提示：该句虽短，却是一个多重复合句。结构是宾语从句中又嵌套了两个定语从句。真题难句 “Most designers with existing labels are finding there arent comparable fabrics that can just replace what youre doing and what your customers are use

45、d to,”he says.（09.06 阅读）【分析】多重复合句。finding 后省略了由 that 引导的宾语从句，该宾语从句中又含有由 that引导的定语从句修饰 fabrics,该定语从句中又包含有两个 what 引导的并列从句作 replace 的宾语。【译文】他说:“大多数现有品牌的设计师发现，并没有合适的面料能比得上并取代你正用着的和顾客们已经适应的面料。”由于英语借助于时态、各种从句、分词、介词搭配等手段来连接事件之间的逻辑关系，故而英语中的长难句的出现频率极高。考生在碰到长难句时，首先要抓住句子的主干，再分析句中所包含的各种从句，一定要分析清楚各个不同层次的从句之间的逻辑关

46、系，这样才能正确理解句子含义。一、完形填空练习 The fire was finally brought under control,but not 1 extensive damage had been caused.These people once had happy and peaceful life;now 2 is left to them is utter poverty.1.A after B before C since D as 2.A all that B all what C all which D that all Just as the builder is ski

47、lled in the handling of his bricks,3 the experienced driver is skilled in the handling of his vehicle.Work hard,4 you will pass the driving test.We will give you as much help as we can.3.A as B thus C so D like 4.A or B but C because D and A survey was carried out on the death rate of new born babie

48、s in that region,5 were surprising.The government must tell the truth to the public,6 they will be criticized and punished 5.A as results B which results C the results of it D the results of which 6.A and B neither C or D so 二、难句分析翻译 1.People think of cowboys as free people,unafraid to battle with w

49、ild animals,living close to nature,with the trees and the sky and the stars.2.According to an article in The Wall Street Journal,some of the more shameless tactics include placing attractive bottles on the table for a visual sell,listing brands on the menu without prices,and pouring bottled water wi

50、thout even asking the diners if they want it.3.Clearly,science may involve not only careful observation but also a willingness to be creative;this may entail looking beyond existing paradigms governing research in a given area of study.1.选B。该题考查时间状语从句。本题需对前后句逻辑关系进行判断。根据 but not 便可以断定，只有在空格处填上 before