四级阅读最新摸底测试三12802.pdf

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1、 更多资料 学英语 找长喜 1 四级阅读 摸底测试三 TEST 3 摸底测试三 Passage 1 题材字数做题时间 社会安全 1038 词 15 分钟 The Ugly Side of Cosmetics Suzanne Anich of Minneapolis，MN，has a morning routine similar to that of many women.She shampoos and conditions her hair with products that contain“natural ingredients”，according to the labels.She

2、 brushes her teeth，then washes her face with an upscale(优质价高的)facial wash with the word“purity”decorated across the jar.Then，she applies an anti aging moisturizer(润肤霜).Suzanne was surprised to find out that nearly all of the personal care products she uses on her face and body contain ingredients su

3、spected of causing cancer;potential neuro，liver，and immunotoxins(免疫毒素);and suspected hormone disruptors that could cause birth defects in any children she might bear in the future.Fortunately，it s easier than ever to find products that won t endanger your health and companies that do care about thei

4、r customers well being.Here s what you need to know about the personal care products you may be using.Like Suzanne，many consumers may be surprised to learn that the US federal government doesn t require health studies or pre market testing on personal care products.Manufacturers are free to put just

5、 about anything they want into cosmetics a far reach ing category us ed by the US Food and Drug Administration(FDA)to include everything from deodorant(除臭剂)to lotions(乳液)and mouthwashes(漱口水).Instead，the safety(or not)of the ingredients in these products is looked into almost exclusively by a manufac

6、turer control led safety committee.Consequently，“89 percent of 10，500 ingredients used in personal care products have not been evaluated for safety by the safety committee，the FDA，nor any other publicly accountable institution，says the nonprofit Environmental Working Group(EWG).”The absence of gover

7、nment oversight for this$35 billion industry leads to companies routinely marketing products with ingredients that are poorly studied，not studied at all，or worse，known to pose potentially serious health risks.For example，EWG found ingredients certified by the US government as“known or probable carci

8、nogens(致癌物质)”in one of every 120 cosmetic products on the market，including shampoos，lotions，and lip balm(香膏).What this adds up to，says the group，is that“one of every 13 women and one of every 23 men are exposed to ingredients that are known or probable human carcinogens every day through their use o

9、f personal care products.”Also of particular concern are the inclusion of phthalates(邻苯二甲酸盐)a group of industrial chemicals linked to birth defects that are used in many cosmetic products，from nail polish to deodorant.Phthalates are not listed as ingredients on product labels;they can only be detect

10、ed through laboratory analysis.In April of this year，the Campaign for Safe Cosmetics(CSC)learned that the FDA has completed a study on the safety of phthalates in cosmetics but is refusing to release its findings.According to preliminary information uncovered by the CSC，two thirds of health and beau

11、ty products analyzed by the FDA late last year contained phthalates.Two of the most toxic phthalates，DBP and DEHP，have been banned from cosmetics products sold in the 更多资料 学英语 找长喜 2 European Union(EU)but remain unregulated in the US.In response to the FDA s refusal to publicly release this informati

12、on，Friends of the Earth，a founding member of the CSC，has filed a Freedom of Information Act request to obtain the study.Another class of chemicals that s gotten some press recently is parabens(苯甲酸脂类).These preservatives(防腐剂)are widely used in cosmetics，particularly nail polish.Recent studies have im

13、plicated parabens are associated with breast cancer，though more testing is needed.Though there isn t definitive evidence that a given chemical can cause adverse health affect s，the fact that so few have been studied for safety is of significant concern.Plus，there s the effect over time of all these

14、chemicals we re applying to our bodies to consider.It is estimated that the average person s morning routine puts him/her into contact with over 100 chemicals before breakfast.The cumulative effect of all of the chemicals in these products can add up over time，and no one truly knows what the results

15、 are.There are signs of hope that the cosmetics industry could be poised for a major overhaul，however:Major Companies Phase Out Phthalates:Top cosmetics companies L Oral，Revlon，and Unilever recently said they have voluntarily removed phthalates DBP and DEHP from products sold in the US.Avon，Procter&

16、Gamble，and Este Lauder agreed to remove phthalates from their products in 2004.FDA Gets Tough:By law，companies are required to post a warning label on products that have not been assessed for safety.In the past，most companies haven t adhered to this law.But last February，the FDA issued an unpreceden

17、ted warning to the cosmetics industry stating that it will take steps to enforce the label law.“Such an enforcement action could ultimately require companies to issue consumer warnings for the more than 99 percent of personal care products on the market that have not been publicly assessed for safet

18、y，”says the EWG.The EU Gets Tougher:This past September，an amendment to the EU s Cosmetics Directive took hold，which requires companies doing business in Europe to eliminate chemicals in their cosmetics that are known or strongly suspected of being carcinogens.Of the thousands of questionable chemic

19、als in these products，the directive targets about 450.California Follows the EU s Lead:Hoping to emulate the EU s efforts，California state senator Carole Migden has introduced the California Safe Cosmetic Act of 2005.This bill would require manufacturers peddling(推销)cosmetic products in California t

20、o provide the state Department of Health Services with a list of their products and to identify products that contain chemicals identified as carcinogens.And another recent bill(AB 908)，introduced by Assemblywoman Judy Chu，would ban phthalates DBP and DEHP from cosmetics sold in the state.The Campai

21、gn for Safe Cosmetics:The CSC is calling on all cosmetics companies to phase the chemicals banned from the EU out of products sold in the US.Visit www.safecosmetics.org to help the CSC call on companies to be responsible.“Consumers have real power they re not exercising，”Janet of the CSC said.“We ne

22、ed to let cosmetics companies know we re not going to buy their products unless they make a strong commitment to safety.”1.The example of Suzanne Anich shows that.people shouldn t use cosmetics marked with the words“natural ingr edients”B many people are using cosmetics with harmful chemicals uncons

23、ciously C people all have a similar morning routine in America 更多资料 学英语 找长喜 3 D cosmetics with natural ingredients are more dangerous than others 2.Perhaps consumers are surprised to know that the US federal government.did not take its responsibility lawfully B classified the category of cosmetics b

24、roadly C didn t require pre market testing on personal care products D brought deodorant and mouthwashes into cosmetics 3.The EWG found that one out of every cosmetic products on the market probably contains carcinogens.13 B 23 C 120 D 450 4.Using the cosmetics containing phthalates may lead to.birt

25、h defects B breast cancer C blindness D liver cancer 5.has completed a study on the safety of phthalates in cosmetics.FDA B CSC C EWG D EU 6.Parabens are especially widely used in.shampoo B facial wash C moisturizer D nail polish 7.It is estimated that an average person contacts about chemicals befo

26、re breakfast.100 B 200 C 20 D 1,000 8.In the past，many cosmetics companies didn t adhere to the label law to on products that haven t been assessed for safety.9.The EU shows its tough action by putting forward.10.The author is calling on readers to visit www.safecosmetics.org to help to make cosmeti

27、cs companies committed to safety.Passage 2 题材字数做题时间 商业研究 260 词 8 分钟 American state and county fairs have their roots in ancient times.The earliest fairs，such as the great Aztec 11 that Spanish conquistadors（征服者）found on the present day site of Mexico City，were created to solve problems of distributi

28、on.12，fairs were located on major trade 13 and gave people the chance to show off their skills and crafts，and sell or 14 their goods.In the days when people did not travel much，fairs were also an 15 to see different areas and socialize with others.Today，state and county fairs tend to have an 16 flav

29、or，where city folk can get a taste of country life and children who grow up in the country can 17 off their farming and craft skills.Boys and girls in 18 areas often take part in 4 H Clubs，where they can try raising their own farm animals，vegetables，and flowers.Each year people enter into 19 with th

30、eir animals and crafts in hopes of winning a blue ribbon for“best of show”.Going to the state fair was a 20 event.Some people even came and camped out so they could stay for several days.Here s how one woman from Portland，Oregon，described the experience.“The State Fair.was the big event of the year.

31、Everybody who was anybody as well as those who were not，would come from all the country round about，within a radius of a hundred miles or more，depending on what and how much they had to exhibit in stock and products.”A opportunity B commercial C market D ability E competitions 更多资料 学英语 找长喜 4 F displ

32、ay Gagricultural H Historically I show J urban Kroutes Lbig M rural N trade O Recently Passage 3 题材字数做题时间 社会文化 357 词 9 分钟 To talk about problem solving within a national environment means examining many complex cultural forces.It means trying to measure the impact of these forces on contemporary lif

33、e，and also coming to grips with changes now taking place.For example，the concept of professional identity differs markedly between the US and Japan.In the west，the emphasis is on what a man or a woman does for a living.In Japan the most important thing is what organization you work for.This becomes

34、significant when you want to analyze the decision taking or decision making process.While we differ in many ways，such differences are neither superior nor inferior to each other.A particular pattern of management behavior develops from a complexity of unique cultural factors and will only work in a

35、given culture.A characteristic is based on“census opinion”and“bottom up direction”.In Japan consideration is given to and reliance placed on the thoughts and opinions of everyone at all levels.To understand this，it is important to realize that Japan is a densely populated homogeneous country.Moreove

36、r，the people are aware and articulate.Literacy is almost 100 per cent.Problems are shared.This brings us the second part of this characteristic.The term，“bottom up”，refers to a style of management perhaps what you would call keeping your finger on the impulse of the public important issue.The differ

37、ence is that in Japan we record the impulse and it has a real meaning.It influences the direction finally taken at the top regarding a specific important issue.In other words，western style of decision making process comes predominately from top management and often does not consult the middle manage

38、ment or the workers，while in Japan the direction can be formulated at the lowest level，travel upward through an organization，and have an impact on the final decision.This places time at a different perspective.In Japan the western deadline is secondary to a thorough job.Thus Americans are often exas

39、perated(激怒)by seemingly endless meetings of the Japanese.But where the Americans are pressing for a specific decision，the Japanese are trying to formulate a rather broad direction.21.According to the passage，when we solve a problem within a national environment we don t have to plex cultural forces

40、B preference for harmony or confrontation C the impact of cultural force on contemporary life D changes taking place in life 22.According to the author，that Japanese ordinary employees have impact on decision making is connected with.Japanese dense，homogeneous and literate population B Japanese emph

41、asis on the organization one works for C Japanese tradition of avoiding professional identity D Japanese avoidance of confrontation whenever possible 更多资料 学英语 找长喜 5 23.Which of the following is a typical American practice?The middle management is consulted for a decision.B A person likes to have a s

42、table job.C A decision is made by the top management.D Several weeks of meetings are held before a decision is made.24.The phrase“to keep your finger on the impulse of the public important issue”means to.find what is wrong with the public B know the feeling of a group of people C understand and take

43、 appropriate actions D find out if the public approve of a decision 25.What can we infer from the passage?Japanese employees stay at work until the decision has been made.B It is difficult for Japanese pattern of management to work in an American company.C In Japan，one s position in a company define

44、s his professional identity.D The Americans seem to lack concern for the deadline.Passage 4 题材字数做题时间 生活百态 321 词 8 分钟 Many of the home electric goods which are advertised as liberating the modern woman tend to have the opposite effect，because they simply change the nature of work instead of eliminati

45、ng it.Machines have a certain novelty value，like toys for adults.It is certainly less tiring to put clothes in a washing machine，but the time saved does not really amount too much:the machine has to be watched，the clothes have to be carefully sorted first，stains removed by hand，buttons pushed and wa

46、ter changed，clothes taken out，aired and ironed.It would be more liberating to pack it all off to a laundry and not necessarily more expensive，since no capital investment is required.Similarly，if you really want to save time，do not make cakes with an electric mixer，go to a shop.If one compares the im

47、age of the domesticated woman fostered by the women s magazines with the goods advertised by those periodicals，one realizes how useful a projected image can be commercially.A careful balance has to be struck:if you show a labor saving gadget(小机件)，follow it up with a complicated recipe on the next pa

48、ge;on no account hint at the notion that a woman could get herself a job，but instead，foster her sense of her own usefulness，emphasize the creative aspect of her function as a housewife.So we get cake mixes where the cook simply adds an egg herself，to produce“that lovely home baked flavor the familie

49、s love”，and knitting patterns that can be made by hand，or worse still，on knitting machines，which became a tremendous vogue(时尚)when they were first introduced(difficult to know who would wear all those rapidly produced sweaters，which lacked the advantages of handmade woolens).Automatic cookers are ad

50、vertised by pictures of pretty young mothers taking their children to the park，not by professional women presetting the dinner before catching a bus to the office.26.According to the author，many of the aids which are supposed to liberate women.save the housewife very little time B save the housewife