2015年考研英语(一)真题56229.pdf

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1、 权威师资 优质教学 博仁考研 第 1 页 2015 年全国硕士研究生招生考试 英语（一）试题 英语考研真题是最为核心的练习题，考研真题对于考生的重要程度不言而喻，不仅可以清楚的了解出题方向及特点，也为我们备考复习起到重要的指导作用，帮助考生更加顺利通过考试。参考答案及解析可咨询博仁老师。Section Use of English Directions:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)Tho

2、ugh not biologically related,friends are as“related”as fourth cousins,sharing about 1%of genes.That is _(1)_a study,published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,has_(2)_.The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted _(3)_1,932

3、 unique subjects which _(4)_pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers.The same people were used in both_(5)_.While 1%may seem_(6)_,it is not so to a geneticist.As James Fowler,professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego,says,“Most people do not even _(7)_their fourth cousins but somehow m

4、anage to select as friends the people who_(8)_our kin.”The study_(9)_found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity.Why this similarity exists in smell genes is difficult to explain,for now,_(10)_,as the team suggests,it draws us to similar environments bu

5、t there is more_(11)_it.There could be many mechanisms working together that _(12)_us in choosing genetically similar friends_(13)_”functional Kinship”of being friends with_(14)_!One of the remarkable findings of the study was the similar genes seem to be evolution_(15)_than other genes Studying thi

6、s could help_(16)_why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years,with social environment being a major_(17)_factor.The findings do not simply explain peoples_(18)_to befriend those of similar_(19)_backgrounds,say the researchers.Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of Europ

7、ean extraction,care was taken to_(20)_that all subjects,friends and 被学员誉为“最信得过、最值得上”的辅导班 第 2 页 strangers,were taken from the same population.1.A when B why C how D what 2.A defended B concluded C withdrawn D advised 3.A for B with C on D by 4.A compared B sought C separated D connected 5.A tests B s

8、 Csamples D examples 6.A insignificant B unexpected Cunbelievable D incredible 7.A visit B miss C seek D know 8.A resemble B influence C favor D surpass 9.A again B also C instead D thus 10.A Meanwhile B Furthermore C Likewise D Perhaps 11.A about B to Cfrom Dlike 12.A drive B observe C confuse Dlim

9、it 13.A according to B rather than C regardless of D along with 14.A chances Bresponses Cmissions Dbenefits 15.A later Bslower C faster D earlier 16.Aforecast Bremember Cunderstand Dexpress 17.A unpredictable Bcontributory C controllable D disruptive 18.A endeavor Bdecision Carrangement D tendency 1

10、9.A political B religious C ethnic D economic 20.A see B show C prove D tell Section II Reading Comprehension Part A Directions:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET.(40 points)Text 1 King Juan Carlos of Spain once

11、 insisted“kings dont abdicate,they dare in their sleep.”But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down.So,does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy 权威师资 优质教学 博仁考研 第 3 页 is seeing its last days?Does

12、that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals,with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyle?The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy.When public opinion is particularly polarised,as it was following the end of the Franco regime,monarchs can rise above

13、“mere”politics and“embody”a spirit of national unity.It is this apparent transcendence of politics that explains monarchscontinuing popularity polarized.And also,the Middle East excepted,Europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world,with 10 kingdoms(not counting Vatican City and Andorra).B

14、ut unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia,most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure.Even so,kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside.Symbolic of national unity as they claim to

15、be,their very historyand sometimes the way they behave today embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities.At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warning of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth,it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic familie

16、s should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways.Princes and princesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles,not horses(or helicopters).Even so,these are wealthy families who party with the international

17、1%,and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.While Europes monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come,it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchys

18、reputation with her rather ordinary(if well-heeled)granny style.The danger will come with Charles,who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world.He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service as non-controver

19、sial and non-political heads of state.Charles ought to know that as English history shows,it is kings,not republicans,who are the monarchys worst enemies.21.According to the first two Paragraphs,King Juan Carlos of Spain A used turn enjoy high public support 被学员誉为“最信得过、最值得上”的辅导班 第 4 页 B was unpopula

20、r among European royals C cased his relationship with his rivals Dended his reign in embarrassment 22.Monarchs are kept as heads of state in Europe mostly A owing to their undoubted and respectable status B to achieve a balance between tradition and reality C to give voter more public figures to loo

21、k up to Ddue to their everlasting political embodiment 23.Which of the following is shown to be odd,according to Paragraph 4?A Aristocratsexcessive reliance on inherited wealth B The role of the nobility in modern democracies C The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families DThe nobilitys adheren

22、ce to their privileges 24.The British royals“have most to fear”because Charles A takes a rough line on political issues B fails to change his lifestyle as advised C takes republicans as his potential allies D fails to adapt himself to his future role 25.Which of the following is the best title of th

23、e text?A Carlos,Glory and Disgrace Combined B Charles,Anxious to Succeed to the Throne C Carlos,a Lesson for All European Monarchs DCharles,Slow to React to the Coming Threats TEXT 2 Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data?The Supreme Cpurt will now consider whether police can

24、search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling,particularly one that upsets the old assumptions that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the t

25、ime of their arrest.It is hard,the state argues,for judges to assess the implications 权威师资 优质教学 博仁考研 第 5 页 of new and rapidly changing technologies.The court would be recklessly modest if it followed Californias advice.Enough of the implications are discernable,even obvious,so that the justice can a

26、nd should provide updated guidelines to police,lawyers and defendants.They should start by discarding Californias lame argument that exploring the contents of a smartphone-a vast storehouse of digital information is similar to say,going through a suspects purse.The court has ruled that police dont v

27、iolate the Fourth Amendment when they go through the wallet or porcketbook,of an arrestee without a warrant.But exploring ones smartphone is more like entering his or her home.A smartphone may contain an arrestees reading history,financial history,medical history and comprehensive records of recent

28、correspondence.The development of“cloud computing.”meanwhile,has made that exploration so much the easier.But the justices should not swallow Californias argument whole.New,disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitutions protections.Orin Kerr,a law professor,compares

29、the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a digital necessity of life in the 20th:The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then;they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment app

30、lies to digital information now.26.The Supreme court,will work out whether,during an arrest,it is legitimate to A search for suspectsmobile phones without a warrant.B check suspectsphone contents without being authorized.C prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents.D prohibit suspects from

31、using their mobile phones.27.The authors attitude toward Californias argument is one of A tolerance.B indifference.C disapproval.D cautiousness.28.The author believes that exploring ones phone content is comparable to A getting into ones residence.B handing ones historical records.被学员誉为“最信得过、最值得上”的辅

32、导班 第 6 页 C scanning ones correspondences.D going through ones wallet.29.In Paragraph 5 and 6,the author shows his concern that A principles are hard to be clearly expressed.B the court is giving police less room for action.C phones are used to store sensitive information.D citizensprivacy is not eff

33、ective protected.30.Orin Kerrs comparison is quoted to indicate that(A)the Constitution should be implemented flexibly.(B)New technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution.(C)Californias argument violates principles of the Constitution.(D)Principles of the Constitution should never be alt

34、ered.Text 3 The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process,editor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today.The policy follows similar efforts from other journals,after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irrepro

35、ducibility of many published research findings.“Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal,”writes McNutt in an editorial.Working with the American Statistical Association,the journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of reviewing editors(SBoRE).Manu wil

36、l be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journals internal editors,or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer reviewers.The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review these manus.Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change,McNutt said:“The

37、 creation of the statistics boardwas motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Sciences overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish.”Giovanni Parmigiani,a biostatistician at the Harvard School of

38、Public Health,a member of the SBoRE group,says he expects the board to“play primarily an advisory role.”He agreed to join because he“found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel,unique 权威师资 优质教学 博仁考研 第 7 页 and likely to have a lasting impact.This impact will not only be thro

39、ugh the publications in Science itself,but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science.”31、It can be learned from Paragraph I that A Science intends to simplify its peer-review process.Bjournals are strengthening their statistical checks.

40、Cfew journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysis.Dlack of data analysis is common in research projects.32、The phrase“flagged up”(Para.2)is the closest in meaning to Afound.Brevised.Cmarked Dstored 33、Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE may Apose a threat to all its

41、 peers Bmeet with strong opposition Cincrease Sciences circulation.Dset an example for other journals 34、David Vaux holds that what Science is doing now A.adds to researchersworklosd.B.diminishes the role of reviewers.C.has room for further improvement.D.is to fail in the foreseeable future.35.Which

42、 of the following is the best title of the text?A.Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in Papers B.Professional Statisticians Deserve More Respect C.Data Analysis Finds Its Way onto EditorsDesks D.Statisticians Are Coming Back with Science Text 4 Two years ago,Rupert Murdochs daughter,Elisabeth,s

43、poke of the“unsettling dearth of 被学员誉为“最信得过、最值得上”的辅导班 第 8 页 integrity across so many of our institutions”Integrity had collapsed,she argued,because of a collective acceptance that the only“sorting mechanism”in society should be profit and the market.But“its us,human beings,we the people who create t

44、he society we want,not profit”.Driving her point home,she continued:“Its increasingly apparent that the absence of purpose,of a moral language within government,media or business could become one of the most dangerous foals for capitalism and freedom.”This same absence of moral purpose was wounding

45、companies such as News International,shield thought,making it more likely that it would lose its way as it had with widespread illegal telephone hacking.As the hacking trial concludes finding guilty ones-editor of the News of the World,Andy Coulson,for conspiring to hack phones,and finding his prede

46、cessor,Rebekah Brooks,innocent of the same charge the winder issue of dearth of integrity still standstill,Journalists are known to have hacked the phones of up to 5,500 people.This is hacking on an industrial scale,as was acknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire,the man hired by the News of the World in 2001

47、 to be the point person for phone hacking.Others await trial.This long story still unfolds.In many respects,the dearth of moral purpose frames not only the fact of such widespread phone hacking but the terms on which the trial took place.One of the astonishing revelations was how little Rebekah Broo

48、ks knew of what went on in her newsroom,wow little she thought to ask and the fact that she never inquired wow the stories arrived.The core of her successful defence was that she knew nothing.In todays world,title has become normal that wellpaid executives should not be accountable for what happens

49、in the organizations that they run perhaps we should not be so surprised.For a generation,the collective doctrine has been that the sorting mechanism of society should be profit.The words that have mattered are efficiency,flexibility,shareholder value,businessfriendly,wealth generation,sales,impact

50、and,in newspapers,circulation.Words degraded to the margin have been justice fairness,tolerance,proportionality and accountability.The purpose of editing the News of the World was not to promote reader understanding to be fair in what was written or to betray any common humanity.It was to ruin lives