Chapter6Education(精品).ppt

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1、Chapter 6 EducationThe Purpose of Education:1)Toprovidechildrenwithliteracyandotherbasicskillstheywillneedtobecomeactivemembersofsociety.2)2)TosocializechildrenThe relationship bet.Education and social class1)TheenduringfeatureofBritisheducationisthecontinuingdebateabouthowEqualeducationalopportunit

2、yshouldbe.wThe opportunitiesforworkingclass(51%)andmiddleclass(49%)canbeverydifferent.InBritain,theaccentyouspeakwith,theclothesyouwear,andtheschoolyouattendareallmarkersthatidentifyyoursocialclass.2)The school or college tieisaclearmarkerofsocialclass.Tohaveattendedthe“right”schoolsesp.thefamousboy

3、spublicschoolslikeEtonandWinchesterandthe“right”universitiesOxfordandCambridge(Oxbridge)isstillthebestwaytoguaranteeasuccessfulcareer.e.x.graduatesfromOxbridgeoccupytheimportantandseniorpostsinParliament,Government,Companyetc.w1.Inthepast,private tutoring and attending private Universitiesarethemain

4、meansofthewealthyfamilieseducatingtheirchildren.w2.Historically,educationwasvoluntaryandmanyoftheschoolsweresetupbychurches.(Christianity,Islam,Protestantsetc.)w3.By 1880,attendanceatschoolforchildrenbet5and10wascompulsoryratherthanvoluntary;andbytheend of World War I,theschoolleavingagewasraisedto1

5、4.The History of British Educationw4.World War IIbroughtforth equalityineducation.The1944EducationActguaranteedthatallchildrenweregivenrighttoafreesecondaryeducationandthemainconcernwastomakesuremorechildrenhadaccesstoagoodeducation.w5.Inthe1960s,comprehensive schoolswereintroducedalloverthecountry,

6、whichendedthedivisionbet.Grammarschoolandvocationalschools.Entrance exams were abolishedandschoolswerenolongerallowedtoletchildrencompeteforplaces.w6.In 1989thegovernmentintroduceda National Curriculum.Studentsmustpassnationaltestsandschoolsarerankedaccordingtothesuccessoftheirpupilsinreachingnation

7、altargets.ThuscompetitionbetweenschoolsarereintroducedwWhat are the different types of secondary school in Great Britain?wWhat are the differences between state schools国立学校国立学校 and“public schools”私立学校？私立学校？The Education SystemEverychildinBritainmustbylawreceivefull-timeeducationfromtheageof5to16.The

8、greatmajorityofparentssendtheirchildrentostateschools,whereeducationandequipmentareentirelyfree.The school year begins in September,and isdivided into 3 terms,with holidays at Christmas,EasterandintheSummer.Thesummerholidayisthelongest,lasting throughout August and part ofSeptember.Mostchildrenstart

9、theireducationat5inaninfants school,which lasts 2 years.After that,theyentera“juniorschool”.Secondary SchoolsThetwosystemsforsecondaryschoolsaretheselectiveandthecomprehensiveSelective School(优选制优选制)Comprehensive School（普选制）（普选制）County Schools:schoolsrunbythestate.Aboutone half of the money is provi

10、ded by the localauthorityandtheotherhalfbythecentralgovernment.Voluntary schools:mostlychurchofEnglandorRomanCatholicinorigin,andgiveacertainamountofdenominationalreligiousinstruction.Theyarepartlycontrolledbythelocalauthority.Educationhereisalsofree.Independent schools:schoolssupportedentirelybyfee

11、sandprivatefunds.Thebestknownsarethe“public”boardingschoolsforboysaged1317or18.Theseschoolsarerestrictedtothestudentswhoseparentsarecomparativelyrich.Public schools:Thoseparentswhoarebothrichandconservativeinpoliticswillmostprobablysendtheirchildrentopublicschools.Public schools laid the foundations

12、 of Englisheducation.Eton,HarrowandRugbyarethethreeworld-famouspublicschool.EtonHarrowRugbyPrep schools:Alsocalledpreparatoryschools,theyare private elementary schools in Britain,whichpreparetheirstudentsforpublicschools.theprepschoolcurriculumdiffersconsiderablyfromthatofthejunior school,and there

13、is a distinctive boardingatmosphere.attheageof13,thestudentswilltakethe“common entrance”examination for admission toa“publicschool”.What is the greatest argument for public schools?Why do people say this is also thegreatest argument against public schools?Thegreatestargumentforpublicschoolsisthestri

14、kinglyhighproportionofex-public-schoolboysoccupyingseniorpostsinthegovernment,thearmedforces,thechurch,theuniversities,theprofessionsandeveninbusiness.Thisprovesthesuperiorityofapublicschooleducation.Italsosimplyprovesthesocialexclusivenessandfavouritism(now,progresshasbeenmade).Universities(4 Categ

15、ories)Oxford UniversityandCambridge UniversityLondon University has the biggest number ofstudentsthananyotheruniversities.OxfordCambridgeLondon Open University:Sofar,theUKhasonlyoneprivately fundeduniversity:the University of Buckingham.BritishUniversitiesarefreefromthecontrolofthecentralgovernment,

16、whichisreflectedinthedifferentcoursesanddegreesawardedbydifferentuniversities.MasterofArts：MA文科硕士MasterofScience:MSc理科硕士BachelorofArts:BA文学学士BachelorofScience:BSc理学学士DoctorofPhilosophy:哲学博士 FreedomisafeatureofBritisheducationasawhole because freedom can be noticed in thecomparative independence of t

17、he local educationauthorities,in the absence of centralized time-tablesandsyllabuses,inthedifferenttypesofschoolsandinthediversesystemofUniversitydegrees.wAt present,the Camerons government put forward some suggestions for educational reform,focusing on raising standards in schoolswBetterteachersand

18、tougherdisciplinewArigorouscurriculumandexamsystemwGiveeveryparentaccesstoagoodschoolState schools refertotheschoolsthataremaintainedbypublicfunds.IntheUK,thereare25,000nurseryand primary schools and nearly 5,000 secondaryschools,mostofwhicharestateschools.Educationinthe state schools is compulsory

19、for all between theagesof5(4inNorthernIreland)and16.“Public schools”areactuallyindependentschools(orprivateschools)whichoperateoutsidethestate educational system.Many of Britains publicschools are known for historical reasons and havegainedareputationfortheirhighacademicstandards.返回返回 Eton,foundedin

20、1440,issaidtohavebeenthefirst grammar school to be called“public school”.Boys schools include such well-known schools asEton,Harrow,WestminsterandWinchester.Amongleading girls public schools are Roedean andCheltenhamLadiesCollege.Originally,many public schools stressed aclassicaleducation,charactert

21、rainingandsports,butthe curriculum is now closely allied to stateeducation.MostofthemembersoftheBritishEstablishmentwereeducatedatcertainpublicschools.返回There are 3 types of secondary schools inBritain:comprehensiveschools,grammarschoolsandsecondarymodernschools.Over 85%secondary school pupils go to

22、comprehensiveschools.Thesetakechildrenofall abilities,and provide a wide range ofsecondary education for all or most of thechildreninadistrictfromtheageof11to16or18.Grammar schools offer a mainly academiceducationforthe11-to-18-yeargroup.返回Childrenentergrammarschoolsonthebasisoftheirabilities,firsts

23、ittingthe“11plus”orentranceexamination.Grammarschoolcaterfor4%ofchildreninsecondaryeducation.Modernsecondaryschools（现代中学）provideamoregeneralandtechnicaleducationforchildrenaged11-16.返回Underthissystem,“eleven plus”examinationistakenbychildrenintheirlast year at primary school.Those with thehighestmar

24、ksgotogrammarschool;othersmaygototechnicalschools,andtherest-byfarmajority-gotosecondarymodernschool.This division is now under attack on botheducationalandsocialgrounds.返回Underthissystem,allchildren,regardlessofability,can mix together.Here,students study a widevarietyofsubjectsatfirst.After2or3yea

25、rstheymaystudyonlythosetheylikebest.Suchschoolsvary widely throughout Britain.At 15 or 16,studentswillprobablytakeanexamination,eitherthe Ordinary level of the General Certificate ofEducation（G.C.E.）综合教育考试证书or thecertificateofsecondaryEducation（C.S.E.）中等教育证书返回 secondary boarding schools that prepare

26、studentschieflyforuniversities.Theyaresupportedentirelybyfeesandprivatefunds.The name is traditional one with littlemeaningtoday,sincefarfrombeingpublictheseschoolsarerestrictedtoacomparativelysmallsectionofthepopulation.w返回Oxfordwasfoundedinthe12thcentury,Containingabout30separatecolleges.Cambridge

27、wasfoundedin the 13th century,containing about 20 separatecolleges.ThetwoadmiredfeaturesofoxfordandCambridgearethecollegesystemandthetutorialsystem.Thecollegesystemisonewherebyallstudentsliveincollege during at least part of their course.Thevalueofthisliesinfosteringacommunityspiritinwhich a useful

28、mingling of intelligence can takeplace.Thetutorialsystemisonewherebyeachstudentgetspersonal tuition once a week in his tutors ownroom.返回goontonextpagewWhat kind of universities are Oxford and Cambridge(牛津大学和剑桥大学是什么性质的牛津大学和剑桥大学是什么性质的学校学校)？wOfalltheEnglish-speakinguniversitiesOxfordandCambridgearethem

29、ostprestigious.Withahistoryofseveralhundredyears,theyserveaspace-settersforhighereducationinBritainandintellectualcentersofEurope.wBothuniversitieshaveseveralsourcesofincome,suchasgrantbycentralgovernment,personalendowmentandcontributionbytheirformergraduates.wTheyusuallygivetheirstudentsmorefreedom

30、inchoosingwhatlecturestoattend.Norecordsofattendancearekept;tuitionismostlydonebyseniorstudents,calledFellows.Thesystemencouragesindependentthoughtandjudgment.wThesetwouniversitieshavealwaysbeenconsideredasuniversitiesfortheupper-middleclassbecauseoftheirhighfees.Abouthalfoftheirstudentsarefrompubli

31、cschools.Nowifastudentwhoseparentsarenotwell-offwinsaplaceinthem,hereceivesagrantfromthepublicauthoritiestocoverthecost.TheimportanceofthesetwouniversitiescanbeseeninthefactthatmanyoftheEnglishPrimeMinistersaretheirgraduates.AndOxfordhasmorethanCambridge;allthePrimeMinistersfrom1945to1974werefromOxf

32、ord.OpenuniversitywasfoundedinBritainin1969forpeoplewhomaynotgettheopportunityforhighereducationforeconomicorsocialreasons.Itisopentoeverybody,anddoesnotdemandthesameformalqualificationsasotherUniversities.It is non-residential,and thecoursesarefollowedinthestudentssparetime.Lecturesarebroadcastonte

33、levisionandradio,andstudentscorrespondwiththeirtutorsbypast.Attheendofthecourse,successfulstudentsarewardedaUniversitydegree.返回w1.The ancient universities:Oxbridge,UniversitiesofStAndrews,Glasgow,AberdeenandEdinburgh(inScotland)w2.Red brick universities(6)wTheuniversitiesofBirmingham,Liverpool,Leeds

34、,Sheffield,BristolandManchesterBackw3.Plate glass universitieswThegroupofuniversitiesbuiltinthe1960swithpeculiarmodernarchitecturaldesigns,oftenlinkedwithtownsratherthanbigcities,includingBath,Essex,Kent,WarwickandothersUni.ofBathUni.OfKentw4.New universitieswAnyoftheformervocationalpolytechnicsthatweretransformedintothemodernuniversities,includingGreenwich,Coventry,ManchesterMetropolitanandSheffieldHallamUni.OfGreenwichCoventryUni.Back