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1、毕业设计中英文翻译起重机开展史、分类及前景 学生姓名： 学号： 学 院： 机械工程与自动化学院 专 业： 机械设计制造及其自动化 指导教师： 2021年5月Crane history, classification and prospects 概念 Concept 起重机 (Crane) 属于起重机械的一种， Crane (Crane) is a kind of lifting, 是一种作循环、 Is a for loop 间歇运动的机械。 Intermittent motion machinery. 一个工作循环包括： A work cycle, including: 取物装置从取物地把物品

2、提起， Extract plant extract to the items from the institute, 然后水平移动到指定地点降下物品， Then move to the designated location lowered the level of items 接着进行反向运动， Then, the reverse movement, 使取物装置返回原位，以便进行下一次循环。 Back to extract device in situ for the next cycle. 通常起重机械由起升机构 ( 使物品上下运动 ) 、 Usually by the crane hoi

3、sting mechanism (the items up and down movement), 运行机构 ( 使起重机械移动 ) 、 Operating agencies (the lifting movement), 变幅机构和回转机构 ( 使物品作水平移动 ) ， Luffing and slewing mechanism (the articles for the horizontal movement), 再加上金属机构， Coupled with the metal body 动力装置， Power plant, 操纵控制及必要的辅助装置组合而成。 Control and man

4、ipulation of a combination of the necessary auxiliary equipment. 类型 Type 在建桥工程中所用的起重机械， In the bridge used in the construction crane, 根据其构造和性能的不同， According to its structure and properties of different 一般可分为轻小型起重设备、 Can be divided into light and small lifting equipment, 桥式类型起重机械和臂架类型起重机三大类。 Bridge t

5、ype crane and jib type crane three categories. 轻小型起重设备如： Small-sized lifting equipment such as: 千斤顶、 Jack, 葫芦、 Gourd, 卷扬机等。 Winch and so on. 桥架类型起重机械如梁式起重机、 Such as the type of crane girder bridge cranes, 龙门起重机等。 Gantry cranes. 臂架类型起重机如固定式回转起重机、 Type of crane boom, such as fixed slewing cranes, 塔式起重

6、机、 Tower crane, 汽车起重机、 Crane, 轮胎、 Tires, 履带起重机等。 Crawler cranes. 在一定范围内垂直提升和水平搬运重物的多动作起重机械。 Within a certain range to enhance the vertical and horizontal multi-action heavy lifting crane. 又称吊车。 Also known as the crane. 属于物料搬运机械。 Are material handling machinery. 起重机的工作特点是做间歇性运动， Cranes work is charac

7、terized by intermittent exercise to do, 即在一个工作循环中取料、 That is expected to take a work cycle, 运移、 Migration, 卸载等动作的相应机构是交替工作的。 Unloading the corresponding body is alternately moves the work. 起重机的雏形 Prototype crane 中国古代灌溉农田用的桔是臂架型起重机的雏形。 Ancient Chinese irrigation of farmland is used orange prototype t

8、ype cranes. 14 世纪， The 14th century, 西欧出现了人力和畜力驱动的转动臂架型起重机。 Western Europe, human and animal-driven emergence of the rotation type cranes. 19 世纪前期， Early 19th century, 出现了桥式起重机； There bridge crane; 起重机的重要磨损件如轴、 Important wear parts such as crane shaft 齿轮和吊具等开始采用金属材料制造，并开始采用水力驱动。 Spreader and other g

9、ear and began to use metal materials, and introducing the hydraulic drive. 19 世纪后期， The late 19th century, 蒸汽驱动的起重机逐渐取代了水力驱动的起重机。 Gradually replaced steam-driven crane crane with hydraulic drive. 20 世纪 20 年代开始，由于电气工业和内燃机工业迅速开展， 20th century, 20s, the electrical industry and the rapid industrial deve

10、lopment of internal combustion engines, 以电动机或内燃机为动力装置的各种起重机根本形成。 To motor or internal combustion power plant basically formed of various cranes. 起重机主要包括起升机构、 Cranes include hoisting mechanism, 运行机构、 Run institutions, 变幅机构、 Luffing, 回转机构和金属结构等。 Slewing mechanism and metal structure. 起升机构是起重机的根本工作机构，

11、Crane hoisting mechanism is the basic working body 大多是由吊挂系统和绞车组成， Mostly formed by the hanging system and winch, 也有通过液压系统升降重物的。 Also lift heavy objects through the hydraulic system. 运行机构用以纵向水平运移重物或调整起重机的工作位置， Operating agencies to adjust the vertical or horizontal transport heavy cranes working posi

12、tion, 一般是由电动机、 Generally by the motor, 减速器、 Reducer, 制动器和车轮组成。 Brake and wheel components. 变幅机构只配备在臂架型起重机上， Luffing jib crane in only with, the 臂架仰起时幅度减小， When looked up and boom amplitude and 俯下时幅度增大， Bent over when the rate increases, 分平衡变幅和非平衡变幅两种。 Points amplitude balance both amplitude and non-

13、equilibrium. 回转机构用以使臂架回转， Slewing mechanism for rotating the arm, 是由驱动装置和回转支承装置组成。 By the drive and the rotary bearing device composition. 金属结构是起重机的骨架， Crane metal structure is the skeleton, 主要承载件如桥架、 Main bearing parts such as bridge, 臂架和门架可为箱形结构或桁架结构，也可为腹板结构， Arm and the door frame structure or fo

14、r the box truss structure, but also for web structure, 有的可用型钢作为支承梁。 Some are available as supporting steel beams. 起重机根据结构的不同分类： Crane according to the structure of the different classification: 梁式型起重机 Crane beam 1 、 1 梁式型起重机。 Beam crane. 可在长方形场地及其上空作业， Over a rectangular space in its operations, 多用于

15、车间、 Used for workshops, 仓库、 Warehouse, 露天堆场等处的物品装卸， Open yard loading and unloading of goods, etc., 有梁式起重机、 A beam crane, 桥式起重机、 Crane, 龙门起重机、 Gantry cranes, 缆索起重机、 Crane, 运载桥等。 Carrying bridges. 梁式起重机： beam crane: 梁式起重机主要包括单梁桥式起重机和双梁桥式起重机 Beam cranes including single girder overhead crane and doubl

16、e girder overhead crane 单梁桥式起重机桥架的主梁多采用工字型钢或钢型与钢板的组合截面。 Single girder overhead crane girder bridge of the word to use more steel or steel type and steel composite section. 起重小车常为手拉葫芦、 Crab often hand chain hoist, 电动葫芦或用葫芦作为起升机构部件装配而成。 Hoist electric hoist or lifting mechanism as assembled parts. 按桥架

17、支承式和悬挂式两种。 Supported by bridge type and the hanging of two. 前者桥架沿车梁上的起重机轨道运行； The former bridge crane beam along the orbit vehicles; 后者的桥架沿悬挂在厂房屋架下的起重机轨道运行。 The latter suspension bridge along the roof of the plant under the crane track. 单梁桥式起重机分手动、 Single girder overhead crane points manually, 电动两种。

18、 Electric two. 手动单梁桥式起重机各机构的工作速度较低， Manual single girder overhead crane operating speed of the lower body, 起重量也较小， Starting weight is also smaller, 但自身质量小， But their quality is small, 便于组织生产， Facilitate the organization of production, 本钱低， Low cost, 时候用于无电源后搬运量不大， When the power handling capacity fo

19、r non-small, 对速度与生产率要求不高的场合。 Speed and productivity for less demanding applications. 手动单梁桥式起重机采用手动单轨小车作为运行小车， Manual Single-girder overhead crane with manual monorail car as a running car, 用手拉葫芦作为起升机构， Hand pull hoist as the lifting body 桥架由主梁和端梁组成。 Bridge from the main beam and side beams formed. 主

20、梁一般采用单根工字钢， Generally use the single main beam I-beam, 端梁那么用型钢或压弯成型的钢板焊成。 End beam is bent shape with a steel or welded steel plate. 电动单梁桥式起重机工作速度、 Electric single girder overhead crane speed, 生产率较手动的高， Higher productivity than manual, 起重量也较大。 From the weight as well. 电动单梁桥式起重机由桥架、 Electric single g

21、irder overhead crane by the bridge, 大车运行机构、 Traveling mechanism, 电动葫芦及电气设备等局部组成。 Electric hoist and electrical equipment components. 桥式起重机： bridge crane: 桥式起重机是桥架在高架轨道上运行的一种桥架型起重机， Overhead bridge crane is a bridge in the orbit of a bridge crane, 又称天车。 Also known as the crane. 桥式起重机的桥架沿铺设在两侧高架上的轨道纵向

22、运行， The bridge crane lay along the elevated track in the vertical sides of runs 起重小车沿铺设在桥架上的轨道横向运行， Lifting trolley along the track laid on the bridge on the horizontal run 构成一矩形的工作范围， The scope of work constitutes a rectangular, 就可以充分利用桥架下面的空间吊运物料， Can take full advantage of the space under the lif

23、ting bridge materials 不受地面设备的阻碍。 Ground equipment is not hindered. 桥式起重机广泛地应用在室内外仓库、 Bridge crane is widely used in indoor and outdoor storage, 厂房、 Plant, 码头和露天贮料场等处。 Pier and open storage yard, etc. 桥式起重机可分为普通桥式起重机、简易梁桥式起重机和冶金专用桥式起重机三种。 Overhead crane bridge crane can be divided into ordinary, simp

24、le beam bridge crane and metallurgical three special crane. 普通桥式起重机一般由起重小车、 General bridge crane lifting trolley generally, 桥架运行机构、 Bridge run institutions, 桥架金属结构组成。 Bridge the metal structures. 起重小车又由起升机构、 Crab and the hoisting mechanism, 小车运行机构和小车架三局部组成。 Car run institutions and small frame of th

25、ree parts. 起升机构包括电动机、 Lifting mechanism including motors, 制动器、 Brakes, 减速器、 Reducer, 卷筒和滑轮组。 Reels and pulleys. 电动机通过减速器， Motor through reducer, 带动卷筒转动， Driven drum rotation, 使钢丝绳绕上卷筒或从卷筒放下， The rope around the drum or from the reel down, 以升降重物。 To lift heavy objects. 小车架是支托和安装起升机构和小车运行机构等部件的机架， Is

26、supporting for small frame and installation of lifting the car to run institutions, agencies and chassis components, 通常为焊接结构。 Usually welded structure. 2 、 2 悬臂起重机旋臂起重机 Cantilever crane (jib crane) 悬臂起重机有立柱式、 Cantilever crane with high column, 壁挂式、 Wall, 平衡起重机三种形式 . Three forms of balance crane. 柱式悬

27、臂起重机是悬臂可绕固定于基座上的定柱回转， is a cantilever crane cantilever column can be fixed around the column base fixed on the rotary, 或者是悬臂与转柱刚接， Column with the transfer or rigid cantilever, 在基座支承内一起相对于垂直中心线转动的由立柱和悬臂组成的悬臂起重机。 Together within the base support in the vertical center line of rotation relative to the

28、 columns and cantilever formed by the cantilever crane. 它适用于起重量不大， It applies from the weight of small, 作业效劳范围为圆形或扇形的场合。 Operating range of services to round or fan of the occasion. 一般用于机床等的工件装卡和搬运。 Generally used for machine tools and handling the workpiece chucking. 柱式悬臂起重机多采用环链电动葫芦作为起升机构和运行机构， Pi

29、llar jib cranes to use more electric chain hoist for lifting mechanism and operation of institutions, 较少采用钢丝绳电动葫芦和手拉葫芦。 Less use of wire rope hoist and chain hoists. 旋转和水平移动作业多采用手动， Rotation and horizontal movement to use more manual work, 只有在起重量较大 Only from the weight of the larger 时才采用电动。 When usi

30、ng electric. 壁上起重机是固定在墙壁上的悬臂起重机， wall crane is secured to the wall on the cantilever crane, 或者可沿墙上或其他支承结构上的高架轨道运行的悬臂起重机。 Or you can along the wall or other support structure on an elevated track running on the cantilever crane. 壁行起重机的使用场合为跨度较大、 Line where the wall using a crane to span a larger 建筑高度

31、较大的车间或仓库， Large workshop building height or warehouse, 靠近墙壁附近处吊运作业较频繁时最适合。 Close to the wall near the lifting operation at the more frequent the most suitable. 壁行起重机多与上方的梁式或桥式起重机配合使用， Multi-wall line and the top of the crane or bridge crane beam with the use of 在靠近墙壁处效劳于一长方体空间， Near the wall at the

32、service in a rectangular space, 负责吊运轻小物件， Responsible for the lifting of light and small objects, 大件由梁式或桥式起重机承当。 Large bridge crane from the beam or commitment. 平衡起重机俗称平衡吊， balance crane balance known as hoists, 它是运用四连杆机构原理使载荷与平衡配重构成一平衡系统， It is the principle of the use of four-bar linkage to balanc

33、e the weight load and form a balanced system, 可以采用多种吊具灵活而轻松地在三维空间吊运载荷。 Spreader using a variety of flexible and can easily load being lifted in the three-dimensional space. 平衡起重机轻巧灵活， Balance crane lightweight and flexible, 是一种理想的吊运小件物品的起重设备， Is an ideal lifting small items of lifting equipment, 被广泛

34、用于工厂车间的机床上下料， Is widely used in factory floor machine loading and unloading, 工序间、 Process between 自动线、 Automatic line 生产线的工件、 Production line of the workpiece, 砂箱吊运、 Sand box lifting, 零部件装配， Parts assembly, 以及车站、 And the station, 码头、 Terminals, 仓库等各种场合 Warehouse various occasions 起重机运行机构的驱动方式 Crane

35、organizations drive 可分为两大类： Can be divided into two main categories: 一类为集中驱动， One for focus driver 即用一台电动机带动长传动轴驱动两边的主动车轮； That is driven by an electric motor on both sides of the active long-wheel shaft drive; 另一类为分别驱动、 The other for each driver, 即两边的主动车轮各用一台电动机驱动。 That is active on both sides of e

36、ach wheel driven by an electric motor. 中、 In 小型桥式起重机较多采用制动器、 More frequent use of small crane brake, 减速器和电动机组合成一体的“三合一 Gear and motor combined into one of the triple play 驱动方式， Drive, 大起重量的普通桥式起重机为便于安装和调整， From the weight of a large bridge crane for the general ease of installation and adjustment, 驱

37、动装置常采用万向联轴器。 Universal coupling drive is often used. 结构起重机 (crane) 运行机构一般只用四个主动和从动车轮， Structure crane (crane) run institutions generally take the initiative and driven by four wheels, 如果起重量很大， If the effect is very heavy, 常用增加车轮的方法来降低轮压。 Commonly used methods to increase the wheel to reduce wheel pr

38、essure. 当车轮超过四个时， When more than four wheels when 必须采用铰接均衡车架装置， Must be balanced with articulated frame device 使起重机的载荷均匀地分布在各车轮上。 The cranes load evenly distributed throughout the wheel. 桥架的金属结构由主梁和端梁组成， Bridges metal structure from the main beam and side beams composed of 分为单主梁桥架和双梁桥架两类。 Divided in

39、to single-and dual-beam bridge girder bridge types. 单主梁桥架由单根主梁和位于跨度两边的端梁组成， Single-girder bridge by a single span both sides of the main beam and in the end beam composition 双梁桥架由两根主梁和端梁组成。 Double-beam bridge consists of two main beams and side beams formed. 主梁与端梁刚性连接， The main beam and side beams r

40、igidly connected 端梁两端装有车轮， End beam at both ends with wheels, 用以支承桥架在高架上运行。 To support the elevated bridge in the running. 主梁上焊有轨道， The main beam welded track, 供起重小车运行。 For lifting the car running. 桥架主梁的结构类型较多比拟典型的有箱形结构、 Bridge girder type of structure more typical of a box structure, 四桁架结构和空腹桁架结构。

41、Four truss truss structure and fasting. 箱形结构又可分为正轨箱形双梁、 Box structure can be divided into two-track box beams, 偏轨箱形双梁、 Partial double-rail box beam, 偏轨箱形单主梁等几种。 Partial rail box, such as several single main beam. 正轨箱形双梁是广泛采用的一种根本形式， Double-track box beam is widely used as a basic form 主梁由上、 From the

42、 main beam on 下翼缘板和两侧的垂直腹板组成， Under both sides of the vertical flange and web components, 小车钢轨布置在上翼缘板的中心线上， Car rail arranged in the center of the flange on the line 它的结构简单， Its structure is simple, 制造方便， The convenience, 适于成批生产， Suitable for mass production, 但自重较大。 However, larger self. 偏轨箱形双梁和偏轨箱形

43、单主梁的截面都是由上、 Partial double-rail box rail box beam and partial cross section of a single main beam are made on the 下翼缘板和不等厚的主副腹板组成， Ranging from under the flange and web thickness of the main and auxiliary components, 小车钢轨布置在主腹板上方， Arranged in the main web of rail car above 箱体内的短加劲板可以省去， Cabinets can

44、 save short-stiffeners, 其中偏轨箱形单主梁是由一根宽翼缘箱形主梁代替两根主梁， One side rail box is a single main beam box girder flange width instead of two main beams, 自重较小， Weight less 但制造较复杂。 However, more complex manufacturing. 四桁架式结构由四片平面桁架组合成封闭型空间结构， Four from the four truss structure to form closed space plane truss s

45、tructure 在上水平桁架外表一般铺有走台板，自重轻， Truss in the horizontal surface is paved walkway panels, light weight, 刚度大， Stiffness, 但与其他结构相比， But compared with other structures, 外形尺寸大， Size large, 制造较复杂， Create more complex 疲劳强度较低， Lower fatigue strength, 已较少生产。 Have less production. 空腹桁架结构类似偏轨箱形主梁， Partial fastin

46、g truss structure similar to the rail box girder, 由四片钢板组成一封闭结构， Plate by the four form a closed structure, 除主腹板为实腹工字形梁外， In addition to the main web is a real belly-section beams, the 其余三片钢板上按照设计要求切割成许多窗口， The remaining three pieces of steel plate cut into many windows in accordance with design requ

47、irements, 形成一个无斜杆的空腹桁架， The formation of a non-fasting truss diagonals, 在上、 In the last, 下水平桁架外表铺有走台板， The surface of a horizontal truss walkway lined with boards, 起重机运行机构及电气设备装在桥架内部， Crane agencies and electrical equipment installed in the bridge house, 自重较轻， Lighter weight, 整体刚度大， Overall stiffness, 这在中国是较为广泛采用的一种型式。 This is a more widely used in China as a type. 普通桥式起重机主要采用电力驱动， General bridge crane mainly electrically driven, 一般是在司机室内操纵， Control room is usually the driver, 也有远距离控制的。 There are remote control. 起重量可达五百吨， From the weight of up to five hundred tons, 跨度可达 60 米。 Span of