《毕业设计外文翻译—西安旅游资源开发的现状及问题研究》.doc

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1、 Tourism development and residents attitude: a case study of YAZD, IRANThe Yazd residents look at tourism development with a promising future to bring more income to the area that can be shared.Investors search to find new attractive business and middle and low classes in the community look to find

2、better job opportunities.This paper assesses the attitude and perception of local residents toward this fast growing industry and also their expectation of authority regarding tourism development in Yazd city.A questionnaire was designed based on five point Likert scale and total 320 usable question

3、naires were collected from local residents.Though the result shows positive attitude of local people towards tourism development but they are not totally satisfied with tourism management in the area.Keywords:Tourism development,Yazd(Iran),Local residents,Attitude.INTRODUCTION In general residents a

4、ttitudes towards tourism development can be improved by increasing both tangible and intangible benefits that these populations receive from involving directly in decision-making processes. As Choi & Sirakaya (2006) indicate host community attitudes towards tourism is one of important indicators for

5、 sustainable tourism development. A number of factors can influence residences perceptions about benefits of tourism development and, hence, the extent of their support. Both community participation and recognition of the role of traditional values consistently have been recognized as a fundamental

6、to the success of development projects (Alexander 2000). Stakeholder involvement in the tourism development is a critical factor for success, yet there are many examples of local communities being excluded or only minimally involve in the initial planning and management (Hough 1998; Jacobson 1991; W

7、est &Brechin 1991; Heinen 1993; Durbin & Ralambo 1994). There are different levels of people in community which need different levers for motivation and satisfaction which should be identified. Negative attitudes towards tourism development often arise from poor relationship between local resident a

8、nd authority, problems with distributions of benefits to local population and lack of local involvement in the decision - making and/ or management. The key to successful implementation of tourism programs is in actively addressing relevant factors with residence who traditionally have been ignored

9、but who today are recognized as the main stakeholders in the process. The study aimed to identify residence a) attitude and perceptional towards tourism development, b) feeling about management of tourism in the area, c) involvement in tourism sector and receiving tangible and intangible benefits an

10、d at the end, d) suggest a strategic planning for sustainable tourism development in the area. LITERATURE REVIEW As travel and tourism industries are among the words fastest growing industries and are the major source of foreign exchange earning for many developing countries (Megan Epler Wood 2002),

11、 it is very important to study socioeconomic impact of these industries. Community participation, a Western paradigm in natural resource management and utilization, is currently much discussed in sustainable tourism development research (Agrawal 2000, Archabald and Naughton-Treves 2001, Brohman 1996

12、, Inskeep 1991, Prentice 1993, Simmons 1994 and Straede and Helles 2000). It is thought that only when local communities are involved in decision- making, can their benefits be ensured and their traditional lifestyles and values respected (Gunn 1994, Lankford and Howard 1994, Linderberg and Johnson

13、1997, Mitchell and Reid 2001, Sheldon and Abenoja 2001, Timothy 1999 and Wells 1996). Ashley and Roe (1998) suggest that tourism can involve and affect local residents without being driven and controlled by community and therefore there can be many forms of their involvement. These may include a ran

14、ge of involvement from passive to active and include lease agreement, concessions, partnership and active involvement in businesses. Involvement of local community can have many positive incomes include: a) public values and opinions are incorporated in the decision - making process ( Beierle 1998,

15、Carmin, Darnall & Mil Homens 2003) b) new ideas are generated (Carmin, Darnall & Mil Homens 2003, Fiorino 1990) c) empowerment of community (Scheyvens 1999) d) a cost effective process ( Beierle 1998) e) a reduction in conflict and lawsuits (Beierle 1998, Carmin, Darnall & Mil Homens 2003, Simrell K

16、ing & Feltey 1998, Steelman 2001). Usually the local government is responsible to introduce and implement the program in the area but there is seldom perfect relationship between key stakeholders. Finding out the local resident attitude towards tourism development can be a proper way to understand t

17、he success of the program in the area that have been previous ly discussed by researcher such as Ross (1992), Ryan &Montgomery (1994), Mac Cool & Martin (1994), Hernandez et al (1996), Lankford (1994) and Lankford & Howard (1994). All these studies shows local people have more positive attitude towa

18、rds tourism develo pment when they have right to involve in decision- making and management of the programs. Unfortunately there is lack of research on tourism development in the selected study area which leads to a sustainable tourism development. STUDY AREA Officially the Islamic Republic of Iran

19、and formerly known internationally as Persia (from 600 BC until 1935), is a country in Central Eurasia located on the northeastern shore of the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea and the southern shore of the Caspian Sea. Iran is the 18th largest country in the world in terms of area at 1,648,195 km, and has

20、 a population of over seventy million. With a long- standing and proud civilization, Persian culture is among the richest in the world.Two and a half millennia of inspiring literature, thousands of poets and writers, magnificent and impressive architecture, live customs dating back to Zoroastrians o

21、ver 3000 years ago, and other unique characteristics of the nation are rivaled by only a few countries. It is rich with the history of humanity and has a high concentration of archaeological sites ( Zendeh Del 20001). Among the ceremonies still being held are Norouz (Iranian New Year), Charshanbeh S

22、uri (last Wednesday of the year), Sizdah Bedar (thirteenth day of spring) and Yalda Night (the longest night of the year). The province of Yazd is situated in center of Iran with area of 73467 km2. The capital of the province is Yazd with the population of more than 505,037 people, located 1230 mete

23、r above the sea level with mean annual temperature and precipitation of 18.9 C0 and 64mm (NGDIR 2021). The province of Yazd is dry for two basic reasons, firstly Yazd is located on the arid belt of the world, and secondly is very far from Persian Gulf, Oman Sea and the Iranian lakes, as well as the

24、humid currents of the sea. One of the important factors which makes the weather moderate and also suitable for living, is being surrounded by high mountains, which affect the weather. Beautiful green valleys, wonderful country sides, marvelous springs, pleasant peaks and hill sides, caves, protected

25、 wild life fields (the protected wild areas Kalmand and Bahadoran with and area of 250 hectares and the protected area of Kooh Bafq& areez with an area of 100 hectares are very interesting for their location on the edge of the central desert of Iran which caused an unique varieties of desert plants

26、and animals like: Asiatic cheetah, wild goat and so on) and more importantly the wonderful desert views of the province are very attractive for foreign and domestic tourists. Cultural attractions of the province are remarkable. The rich legacy of the peoples culture shows nice and old traditions of

27、the Zoroastrians as well as the now Muslims which consist together a marvelous tourism attraction. The native Zoroastrians of the province hold their traditional ceremonies in different occasions every year, and observing them doing so, is attractive for tourists from different cultures. The native

28、Zoroastrians of the province still speaks their old language and practice all their traditional ceremonies in that language. The old part of city is made out of clay and adobe; it seems that it has risen out of sand. Yazds architecture is unique. During its long history, Yazd and its residents have

29、adapted themselves to the desert surrounding. Majority of international tourists, who enter Iran, visit Yazd as a historical city. According to Yazd provincial Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Department, during March 2021-2021, 28,521 foreign tourists and 202,615 Iranian tourists toured h

30、istorical monuments and natural sites in Yazd province. Moreover most of the international visitors were from European countries including Germany, France, Spain and Italy as well as Asian states of China, Japan and Korea in addition to several African countries. The province has more than 2,800 bed

31、s in 40 hotels (Yazd province had only 25 hotels in 2005, which increased to 40 in 2021) (Iran Daily 2021). 旅游业的开展和居民的态度的关系以伊朗亚兹德为例亚兹德居民认为旅游的开展有一个光明的未来，那些能进行观光旅游的地方可以带来更多的收入。投资者试着去寻找找到新的有吸引力的商业和在社会上中低阶层的人们去寻找更好的工作时机。本文评估了对于这个快速开展的行业的当地居民的态度和感知，也是他们对于在亚兹德市旅游业的开展的期望。以五点李克特量表为根底，设计了一份问卷，并且从当地居民中收集了共320

32、份的有效问卷。虽然结果显示了当地居民对旅游业开展的积极态度，但是他们不完全满意的是在该地区的旅游管理。关键词：旅游业的开展，亚兹德伊朗，当地居民的态度。引言一般来说，随着当地居民在参与作决定的过程中获得到的有形和无形的好处的增加，居民们对旅游开展的态度会渐渐转好。就像蔡和斯拉卡亚2006所说，主办社区居民对旅游业的态度是可持续旅游开展的重要指标之一。居民对旅游所带来的好处的认知和理解会受到一系列因素的影响，这些因素也就影响着他们对旅游业的支持程度。让社区居民参与其中并让他们认识到传统价值观的重要性一直被认为是旅游开展工程能成功的根本条件(Alexander 2000)。 有利益相关者参与旅游开

33、展是一个成功的关键因素，但也有许多当地社区排除或者只有最低限度涉及初步规划和管理的例子(Hough 1998; Jacobson 1991; West &Brechin 1991; Heinen 1993; Durbin & Ralambo 1994)。在社会中有不同层次的人，需要不同的程度的刺激和规定程度的满意度。对旅游业开展的消极态度，经常导致出现当地居民和政府之间的不利关系，与当地人口有关的利益分配问题和缺少与当地利益相关的决策或者管理。旅游工程成功实施的关键是在积极地寻访与居民有关联的的因素，曾经被传统性地忽略了，但是现今已经被确认为是在这个过程中的主要利益相关因素。这项研究的目的是确

34、定居住地的居民 A对旅游业的开展的态度及认知， B对该地区的旅游管理的感知， C旅游部门的参与和接收有形和无形的利益， D对该地区旅游业可持续开展的战略规划的建议。 文献综述 旅游观光业是增长最快的行业之一，以及是许多的开展中国家Megan Epler Wood 2002的外汇收入的主要来源，研究这些行业的社会经济影响是非常重要的。社会居民的参与，作为一个西方的在自然资源管理和利用方面的例子，在目前旅游业可持续开展研究中被比拟多的讨论(Agrawal 2000, Archabald and Naughton-Treves 2001, Brohman 1996, Inskeep 1991, Pr

35、entice 1993, Simmons 1994 and Straede and Helles 2000)。 据人们认为，只有当地社区参与了决策，他们的利益才能得到保障和他们的传统生活方式和价值观才能得到尊重(Gunn 1994, Lankford and Howard 1994, Linderberg and Johnson 1997, Mitchell and Reid 2001, Sheldon and Abenoja 2001, Timothy 1999 and Wells 1996) 。Ashley和Roe1998，认为旅游业涉及和影响当地居民不被社会所驱使和控制，因此他们可以有很

36、多形式来参与其中。其中可能包括参与的性质从被动到主动的范围，包括租赁协议，特许经营权，合作伙伴和企业的积极参与。有当地社区的参与可以获得很多积极的收益包括：a公众的价值观和意见会被纳入的决定 - 决策过程中Beierle 1998, Carmin, Darnall & Mil Homens 2003b促使新的想法产生Carmin, Darnall & Mil Homens 2003, Fiorino 1990c使得社区更具活力Scheyvens1999d一个值得且有效的过程Beierle 1998E减少冲突和诉讼Beierle 1998, Carmin, Darnall & Mil Homen

37、s 2003, Simrell King & Feltey 1998, Steelman 2001。 通常情况下，当地政府负责在该地区的引进和实施方案，但是几乎很少有完美的关键利益相关者之间的关系。找出对旅游业的开展当地居民的态度可以作为一个适当的方法来了解该方案在该地区的成功，这已被早先的研究者例如Ross (1992)，Ryan &Montgomery (1994),Mac Cool & Martin (1994), Hernandez et al (1996), Lankford (1994) and Lankford & Howard (1994)等人讨论过。所有的这些研究都显示了当当

38、地居民有权力参与到决策和管理的程序中时，他们对旅游开展是持有更加积极的态度的。可惜不幸的是，在所选择的研究领域中缺乏对旅游业开展的研究，这就导致了一个可持续开展的旅游业的开展。 研究区域 伊朗官方的伊斯兰共和国，以前作为波斯而国际知名从公元前600年至1935年，是指一个位于欧亚大陆中部，在波斯湾和阿曼海的东北海岸以及南部的里海岸边的国家。伊朗是在世界上国家面积排名第18大的国家，总共面积为1648195平方公里，人口总数超过7000万。伊朗是具有四五千年历史的文明古国，史称波斯。波斯文化是在世界上最珍贵的文化之一，拥有历史悠久和令人骄傲的文明。它有两千五百多年的鼓舞人心的文学，成千上万的诗人

39、和作家，气势恢宏、令人印象深刻的建筑，生活风俗可以追溯到在3000年前的拜火教徒，以及其他独一无二的国家特点，而能与之相媲美的只有世界上的少数几个国家。它有丰富的历史人文和拥有高度集中的考古遗址(Zendeh Del 2001)。许多古老的仪式至今仍有举行，例如Norouz(伊朗新年),Charshanbeh Suri(伊朗年的最后一个星期三),Sizdah Bedar(正月十三躲鬼节)和Yalda Night(每年最长的晚上)。亚兹德省是伊朗三十个省份之一，位于伊朗的中部，面积为73467万平方公里，在所有省份中排行第7。亚兹德省首府位于亚兹德市。该城市拥有人口数量超过505037,位于海平

40、面上方1230米以及年平均气温和降水量分别为18.9 C0和64毫米(NGDIR 2021)。亚兹德省的枯燥的气候有两个根本原因,首先亚兹德位于世界上的干旱带的地区,其次是地理位置与波斯湾、阿曼海和伊朗的湖泊相距较远,也与潮湿的海洋气流相距较远。其中一个使天气温和、也适合人们居住的重要因素是,亚兹德四周环绕着的高山影响了天气。 美丽的绿色山谷,美妙的乡村风景,令人惊异的春天风景,令人愉快的山峰和山边、洞穴，保护野生动物的区域(250公顷面积的野生动物保护区“Kalmand和“Bahadoran和总面积达100公顷的保护区“Kooh Bafq& areez是非常有趣的，位于伊朗沙漠边缘的地区，拥

41、有品种繁多且独一无二的沙漠植物和动物如:亚洲猎豹,野生山羊等等),更重要的是,该省的这些美妙的沙漠风景对于外国和国内游客来说，是很有吸引力的。该省的文化景点是非同寻常的。人类文化的丰富遗产展示了索罗亚斯德教的美丽的古老传统，以及与现今的穆斯林一起产生了令人惊异的旅游吸引力。该省当地的琐罗亚斯德教教民们，每年都在不同的场合举行他们的传统仪式,来自不同的文化地区的游客参观仪式的举行，并观察他们的行为做法。该省的当地琐罗亚斯德教教民仍然讲他们的古老的语言并用那个语言实践他们所有的传统仪式。 城市的旧址局部是由粘土和砖坯制成,如今看起来它已经变成了沙子。亚兹德的建筑是独特的。在它漫长的历史当中,亚兹德及其居民已经适应了周围的沙漠环境。多数的进入伊朗的国际游客,游览时将亚兹德看作是一个历史城市。根据亚兹德省级文化遗产、手工艺和旅游部门统计,在2021年3月到2021年的时间段里,28521名外国游客和202615名伊朗游客参观了历史古迹和亚兹德省的自然风景景点。而且大多数的国际游客除了来自几个非洲国家外，根本来自欧洲国家包括德国、法国、西班牙和意大利以及亚洲国家中国、日本和韩国。全省在40家酒店有超过2800张的床位(亚兹德省于2005年只有25个酒店,2021年增加到了40个酒店)(Iran Daily 2021)。