Application of image analyzer in metallographic analysis -- principle of image analyzer -- Nanjing HD intelligent（图像分析仪在金相分析中的应用-图像分析仪的原理-南京高清智能）.doc

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1、Application of image analyzer in metallographic analysis - principle of image analyzer - Nanjing HD intelligent图像分析仪在金相分析中的应用-图像分析仪的原理-南京高清智能Application of image analyzer in metallographic analysis - principle of image analyzer - Nanjing HD Intelligent Company home company profile, product catalog,

2、technical service knowledge, typical user image forum, contact our product catalogTCI series image analysis systemUniversal image analysis systemMetallographic image analysis systemAluminum alloy analysis systemCopper alloy analysis systemCopper tube measuring and analyzing systemGrain analysis syst

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6、ssional image acquisition cardVideo copierMetallographic sample preparation equipmentMetallographic sample preparation equipmentMetallographic sample making consumablesOtherPassenger broadcasting systemGPS satellite positioning systemCDC testing systemContact us, Tel:025-84827821, Fax:025-86602189,

7、marketing: turn 8002, service: turn 8000. Technology: turn 8001 linksNanjing HD Intelligent Technology Co., Ltd.Application of image analyzer in metallographic analysisWith the development of computer technology and stereology and image analyzer is widely used in metallurgical analysis, the traditio

8、nal metallographic analysis from qualitative or semi quantitative state gradually to the direction of the development of quantitative metallographic analysis.Metallurgical workers over the years has been from the metallographic sample polishing on the surface through the microscope to qualitatively

9、describe the microstructure characteristics of metal materials or using the method for evaluation of microstructure, compared with the standard picture of grain size, non-metallic inclusions and second phase particles, this method is not accurate, assessment with great subjectivity, the reproducibil

10、ity of the results are not satisfactory, and are measured in two-dimensional metallographic sample polishing on the surface, compared with the measurement results and the real three-dimensional space structure has a certain gap. The emergence of modern stereology provides an extrapolation from 2D im

11、age to 3D space science, 3D spatial data and the determination of metal materials to the two-dimensional plane of the actual microstructure shape, size, number and distribution link of a science, and can make the material three-dimensional organization shape and size the number and distribution of i

12、ts mechanical properties, the establishment of internal relations, provides the reliable data for scientific evaluation materials.Not because of the metal material microstructure and non-metallic inclusions such as uniform distribution, so the determination of any one of the parameters are not only

13、determined by the human eye one or several field under the microscope to determine the statistical method needs a large number of statistical work enough field, in order to ensure the reliability of measurement results. If only the eyes are visually evaluated by the microscope, the accuracy, consist

14、ency and reproducibility are very poor, and the measurement speed is very slow, and some of them can not be carried out because of the excessive workload. The image analyzer in the electron optics and electronic computer technology advanced instead of human observation and statistical calculation, c

15、an quickly and accurately measuring and data processing have statistical significance, also has the advantages of high precision, good reproducibility, avoid the characteristics of artificial factors on metallographic evaluation results, and the operation is simple, can directly print measurement re

16、port at present, has become an indispensable means of quantitative metallographic analysis.The image analyzer is a powerful tool for quantitative research on materials, but also the daily metallographic examination of a good helper, can avoid the subjective error caused by artificial assessment, so

17、as to avoid passing phenomenon. Although in the daily metallographic examination, not every time using an image analyzer, but when the quality of the products or abnormal microstructure level is between qualified and unqualified to judge, you can use the image analyzer for quantitative analysis, acc

18、urate result, to ensure product quality. The application of image analyzer in metallographic analysis has expanded the inspection items of metallographic examination, promoted the improvement of detection level, and is also beneficial to improve the quality of testing personnel.1 image analyzer prin

19、ciple and function brief introductionAn image analyzer consists of an optical imaging system consisting of a gold mirror, a telescope, and a macro camera. The purpose of this system is to make images of metallographic specimens or photographs. Metallographic microscope can be used for quantitative m

20、etallographic analysis of metallographic specimens. Macro camera station is suitable for analysis of metallographic photos, negatives and objects.In order to store, process and analyze images by computer, the image needs to be digitized first. A frame is composed of a distribution of different gray

21、levels. It is represented by mathematical notation as J = J (x, y), X and y are coordinates of pixels on the image, and j is the gray value of the pixel. Thus, an image can be represented by a m * n order of moments, each element in the moment corresponds to a pixel in the image, and the value of th

22、e AIJ is the gray value of the pixel in the image, which belongs to row I, column J. The CCD camera (charge coupled device camera) is an image digitizing device. The microscopic characteristics of the metallographic sample through optical systems on CCD imaging and realized by CCD photoelectric conv

23、ersion and scanning, and then as the image signal is amplified by the amplifier, removed, and quantified into gray level after stored, so as to obtain digital image. The computer sets the gray value threshold T according to the gray value range of the image to be measured in the digital image. For d

24、igital image in any one pixel, if its intensity is greater than or equal to T, in white (gray value 255) to replace the original gray level; if less than T in black (gray value 0) to replace the original gray, can put the image into two value image only black and white two a gray, then the image pro

25、cessing necessary to enable the computer to facilitate the value of two images of particle counting, measuring area and perimeter image analysis. If the use of pseudo color processing, can put 256 gray level into the corresponding color, the gray level is very close to the details and the surroundin

26、g environment or other details is easy to identify, so as to improve the image, more conducive to computer processing of multi feature image.Image analyzer usually has the following basic image processing and analysis functions:* image acquisition.* image enhancement and processing: including shadow

27、 correction, pseudo color processing, grayscale transformation, smoothing and sharpening, image editing, etc.* image segmentation.* two value image processing: including morphological processing (corrosion, expansion, skeleton, etc.) two value image arithmetic, connection, automatic repair etc.* mea

28、surements: include characteristic statistics, and measure the perimeter, area, X / Y projection, axis length, orientation angle and other parameters.* data output.Application of 2 image analyzer in metallographic analysis2.1 determination of grain sizeThe measurement of grain size is a frequent insp

29、ection item in metallographic examination. The traditional method is based on standard (GB63942002) standard in the picture, the picture with the standard method of comparison evaluation of grain size, this method is simple and fast, but the subjective error is relatively large. If the other two met

30、hods specified in GB6394, namely area method and intersection point method (the method), although accurate measurements can be obtained, but these two methods is not convenient to use, the complexity of the daunting. If the image analyzer is used for the determination of grain size by the intercept

31、point method, the grain size grade can be calculated directly and rapidly.The truncation point method is used to determine the grain size by calculating the grain boundary number of the measured grid on a given length, and the formula for calculating the grain size index G is:3.28776.6439lg (G = M *

32、 N / L)Type: use the measuring grid length L (mm)M observed with magnificationN - measure the number of points on the grid LL and M are known, and only N is measured, and the grain level can be obtained by image analyzer. In the actual work, because the grains may exist in a variety of precipitates

33、and due to corrosion caused by improper control of grain boundary fracture, bring some difficulties to the accurate determination, the corrosion image analyzer and expansion of the function, the removal of precipitates in the grain and grain boundary reconstruction, in order to get a complete pictur

34、e of the grain.2.2 determination of the content of the visible tissueIt is one of the main applications of image analyzer in metallographic analysis to quantitatively determine the percentage of microstructure in metal material and study its influence on mechanical properties. For example: Determina

35、tion of gray cast iron, ductile iron, cast steel and low carbon steel in the ferrite and pearlite percentage body; martensite in dual phase steel and iron ferrite percentage; carburizing hardening layer and Austempered Ductile Iron in the residual austenite content; high phosphorus brake shoe in pho

36、sphorus eutectic content; eutectic cast the silicon content of Aluminum Alloy in the Bush White alloy in beta phase content. Using the basic functions of the image analyzer makes it easy to do the work. If quantitative analysis of microstructure and mechanical properties of different matrix material

37、s of a certain material is carried out, the quantitative relation between microstructure and mechanical properties can be further studied.2.3 determination of coating thickness and decarburization layer, carburized layer depth2.3.1 coating thickness measurementThe effect of surface roughness under m

38、atrix material coating or plating process, the coating exists uneven phenomenon, in order to solve the measurement error due to uneven thickness caused by image analyzer in measurement of coating, the first line of many parallel and perpendicular to the surface of the coating, and coating on display

39、 across the cross section of the coating the morphology of the screen, so that each line can measure a coating thickness data, then these data were processed by coating average thickness, maximum thickness and minimum thickness. If the measured object is very small wire, its circumference is coated,

40、 then take its cross section image, starting from its center, at different angles, along the radial draw many straight lines, the same can be measured.The determination of microstructure of ferrite content, and then draw a parallel to the surface and can move the line on the screen, by calculating t

41、he linear ferrite content, with the mobile line core, when the iron matrix structure and find consistent ferrite content area, the linear distance from the surface is decarburization or a layer of carburized layer depth.2.4 determination of non-metallic inclusionsThe image analyzer for the analysis

42、of non metallic inclusions, mainly in two aspects: one is the quantity, determination of non metallic inclusions morphology, size, distribution and other parameters, and the mechanical properties of inclusions (especially fatigue) the quantitative relationship between; the other is based on non meta

43、llic inclusions GB10561 level standard particles in steel. For example: compared with the double slag process of single slag smelting process of locomotive cast steel production, has low energy consumption, high production efficiency and low cost, but due to the single slag smelting process without

44、diffusion deoxidation, non-metallic inclusions in cast steel quantity, shape, size, distribution and other aspects of the double slag smelting steel smelting in the presence of large differences, and thus affect the mechanical properties of cast steel. The image analyzer used in Qishuyan studied thi

45、s problem, taking 12 specimens from each of the two smelting processes (taken from 4 furnaces) and each sample measuring 30 field of view. The results show that the two kinds of non-metallic inclusions in steel smelting process is basically consistent in quantity, morphology, particle size, dispersi

46、on and average spacing etc.; the microstructure in the same conditions, their mechanical properties are similar. This shows that if the single slag smelting process is properly controlled,The non-metallic inclusions in its cast steel will not increase.According to the GB10561 non establishment evalu

47、ation method of micro inclusions in steel and the standard of inclusion rating software, the main function of inclusions should be determined on the basis of the 4 types of inclusions, specified in the GB10561 standard (i.e. a sulfide and B class and C class a alumina silicate, a spherical D oxide)

48、classification, then according to the standard rating.2.5 calculation of spheroidization rate of graphite in ductile ironThe spheroidization rate of graphite in ductile cast iron has a great influence on its mechanical properties. Therefore, to evaluate the spheroidization rate of graphite is an important item in metallographic examination. Usually by using the method of comparison evaluation, calculation rules for arbitration, GB9441 standard before calculating the spheroidization rate required to obtain the area of every single graphi