(精品)中级宏观经济学_Ch9_经济波动导论.ppt
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1、第九章第九章第九章第九章 经济波动简介经济波动简介经济波动简介经济波动简介 第九章第九章 经济波动导论经济波动导论 宏观经济学(第6版)(美)曼 昆任课教师 任力0第九章第九章第九章第九章 经济波动简介经济波动简介经济波动简介经济波动简介本章目的本章目的长期与短期的差别介绍总需求长期与短期总供给理解如何运用总供给与总需求曲线分析长期与短期的“冲击”效应1第九章第九章第九章第九章 经济波动简介经济波动简介经济波动简介经济波动简介美国实际美国实际GDP的增长的增长平均增长率=3.5%2第九章第九章第九章第九章 经济波动简介经济波动简介经济波动简介经济波动简介Short-run fluctuatio
2、ns in output and employment are called the business cycle.In previous chapters,we developed theories to explain how the economy behaves in the long run;now well seek to understand how the economy behaves in the short run.3第九章第九章第九章第九章 经济波动简介经济波动简介经济波动简介经济波动简介GDP is the first place to start when anal
3、yzing the business cycle,since it is the largest gauge of economic conditions.The National Bureau of Economic Research(NBER)is the officialdeterminer of whether the economy is suffering from a recession.A recession is usually defined by a period in which there are twoconsecutive declines in real GDP
4、.In recessions,both consumption and investment decline;however,investment(business equipment,structures,new housing and inventories)is even more susceptible to decline.4第九章第九章第九章第九章 经济波动简介经济波动简介经济波动简介经济波动简介In recessions,unemployment rises.This negative(when one rises,the other falls)relationship bet
5、ween unemployment and GDP is called Okuns Law,after Arthur Okun,the economist who first studied it.In short,it is defined as:Percentage Change in Real GDP=3.5%-2 the Change in the Unemployment RateIf the unemployment rate remains the same,real GDP grows byabout 3.5 percent.For every percentage point
6、 the unemployment raterises,real GDP growth typically falls by 2 percent.Hence,if theunemployment rate rises from 5 to 8 percent,then real GDP growthwould be:Percentage Change in Real GDP=3.5%-2 (8%-5%)=-2.5%In this case,GDP would fall by 2.5%,indicating that the economyis in a recession.5第九章第九章第九章第
7、九章 经济波动简介经济波动简介经济波动简介经济波动简介Many economists in business and government have the roleof forecasting short-run fluctuations in the economy.One waythat economists arrive at forecasts is through looking at leadingindicators.Each month,the Conference Board,a private economics Research announces the index
8、of leading economic indicators,which consists of 10 data series.6第九章第九章第九章第九章 经济波动简介经济波动简介经济波动简介经济波动简介1)Average workweek of production workers in manufacturing2)Average initial weekly claims for unemployment insurance3)New orders for consumer goods and materials adjusted for inflation4)New orders,no
9、ndefense capital goods5)Vendor performance6)New building permits issued7)Index of stock prices8)Money-supply(M2)adjusted for inflation9)Interest rate spread:the yield spread between 10-year Treasurynotes and 3-month treasury bills10)Index of consumer expectations7第九章第九章第九章第九章 经济波动简介经济波动简介经济波动简介经济波动简
10、介时间范围时间范围长期:价格是柔性,随供需变化而变化短期:在某一预定水平上价格是“刚性(或粘性)”的当价格是粘性时,经济行为大不相同。当价格是粘性时,经济行为大不相同。8第九章第九章第九章第九章 经济波动简介经济波动简介经济波动简介经济波动简介在古典宏观经济理论中,在古典宏观经济理论中,(我们在第3-8章已学习过)产出由供给方决定:资本与劳动的供给技术对商品与服务(C,I,G)的需求仅仅影响价格而不影响数量。完全的价格柔性是一个重要的假设,因此,古典理论适用于长期。9第九章第九章第九章第九章 经济波动简介经济波动简介经济波动简介经济波动简介当价格粘性时,当价格粘性时,产出与就业同样依赖于对商品
11、与服务的需求,它受下面因素影响:财政政策(政府支出G 与 税收T)货币政策(M)其它因素,如在 C 或 I 上的外生变化10第九章第九章第九章第九章 经济波动简介经济波动简介经济波动简介经济波动简介总供需模型总供需模型大多数经济学家和政策制定者有以考虑经济波动与经济稳定政策范例表明价格水平与总产出是如何决定的表明长期与短期的经济行为有何区别11第九章第九章第九章第九章 经济波动简介经济波动简介经济波动简介经济波动简介总需求总需求总需求曲线表示价格水平与需求产出量间的关系。为了介绍本章的 AD/AS 模型,我们使用一个简单的基于货币数量论的总需求理论。第10-12 章,更详细地发展了这个总需求理
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