(精品)Chapter5(2)Motivation.ppt

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1、.2、Motivation词义的理据词义的理据Motivation refers to the connection between thelinguisticsymbol(word)anditsmeaning.Asweknow,most words can be said to be non-motivated because the relationship between theword-form and meaning is conventional andarbitrary.Thatis,theconnectionofthesignandmeaningdoesnotaccountfo

2、rthemeaning.Nevertheless,Englishdoeshavewordsthemeaningsofwhicharetransparentandreasonablyexplicable.Manywordsaremotivatedto acertainextent in termsof sound,morphology,semanticsandetymology.2.1 Onomatopoeic(echoic)/Phonetic Motivation(sound-basedwords拟声理据拟声理据)non-arbitrarinessSome words whose phonet

3、ic forms suggest theirmeaningsasthewordswerecreatedbyimitatingthenaturalsoundsornoises.人的声音人的声音:giggle(吃吃地笑吃吃地笑),twitter(嗤嗤地笑嗤嗤地笑),murmur(喃喃地说喃喃地说),whimper(呜咽地说呜咽地说),hiss(嘶嘶地说嘶嘶地说),babble(牙牙牙牙地说地说),haha,groan(低沉地哀叫低沉地哀叫),scream(尖叫尖叫),动物的声音动物的声音:bow-wow/woof(dogbarks),moo(cow),miaow/mew/meow(cat),cuc

4、koo(cuckoo),crow(cock),quack(duck),trumpet(elephant),buzz(bee/fly/telephone),croak(frog),squeak(mice),neigh(horse),bleat/baa(goat),hiss(snake),roar(lion),swish(嗖嗖声嗖嗖声horsestail),coo(dove/pigeon),grunt(pig),honk(wildgoose),howl(wolf),shriek(mouse),事物的声音事物的声音:bang(砰砰作响砰砰作响 closingofadoor),ping-pong,ti

5、ck-tuck,Dingdong(bell),rumble(thunder),boom(cannon),crack(apistolshot),ripple(water),gurgle(waterfollowingintoanarrow-neckedbottle/drinkwater),clash(金属碰撞声金属碰撞声),tinkle(叮叮当当叮叮当当),bubble(汩汩汩汩),splash(扑通扑通,哗哗哗哗),plump(扑通一声落下扑通一声落下),zoom(飞机陡直上升的低沉嗡嗡声飞机陡直上升的低沉嗡嗡声).lPoetsandgreatwritersoftenusethesoundsof

6、wordstoachieveveryexpressiveeffectascanbeseeninthefollowingpoem:Theicewashere,theicewasthere,Theicewasallaround:It cracked and growled,and roared andhowled,Likenoisesinaswound!lWordsandphraseslikeHumpty-Dumpty(矮胖子矮胖子),tick-tock(动力动力/因因),andtit for tat(针锋相对针锋相对)arecalledreduplicatives(反复词反复词).Can you

7、 complete the following reduplicatives?1.chitchat闲聊闲聊2.clip-clop嚓嚓声嚓嚓声3.crick-crack噼啪声噼啪声4.criss-cross十字行十字行/交叉地交叉地5.dineandwine大吃大喝大吃大喝6.dingdong叮当声叮当声7.downtown市中心区市中心区8.drip-drop滴滴9.dilly-dally(因犹豫不绝因犹豫不绝)浪费时间浪费时间/磨蹭磨蹭10.flip-flap啪嗒声啪嗒声16.hustleandbustle忙忙碌碌忙忙碌碌17.thelastbutnottheleast最后也是很重要的最后也

8、是很重要的18.nit-wit笨蛋笨蛋19.ning-nong傻瓜傻瓜20.pit-a-pat噼啪作响噼啪作响21.ping-pong乒乓球乒乓球22.pitter-patter噼啪响噼啪响23.prittle-frattle空谈空谈24.razzle-dazzle狂欢狂欢25.roly-poly圆圆胖胖的的;有有果果酱酱,葡葡萄萄干干的的卷卷形形布布丁丁26.riffraff坏蛋坏蛋27.shilly-shally犹豫不决犹豫不决28.snip-snap咔嚓声咔嚓声29.splish-splash扑哧声扑哧声30.tip-top绝顶的绝顶的31.tweedledumandtweedledee

9、一模一样的两个人一模一样的两个人,半斤八两半斤八两32.walkie-talkie步话机步话机33.willy-nilly不愿意不愿意34.wishy-washy淡而无味淡而无味35.zigzag“之之”字形字形36.yo-yo优柔寡断的人优柔寡断的人;溜溜球溜溜球2.2 Morphological/Grammatical Motivation(structured-basedwords形态理据形态理据)Compounds and derived words are multi-morphemicwordsandthemeaningsofmanyofthem are the sum total

10、 of the morphemescombined.Often,whenoneknowsthemeaningsofthemorphemesorbases,onecandeducethemeaningsofthewords.e.g.,airmail-“tomailbyair”,reading-lamp-“thelampforreading”,miniskirt-“asmallskirt”,good-looking,headache,daydream,anticancer,kilogram,modernize,lSomewordswhosestructureareopaque,i.e.,their

11、meaningsarenotthecombinationsoftheconstituentparts.e.g.,black marketforillegal selling and buying黑市交易黑市交易,eggheadfora learnedperson知识分子知识分子.Crowsfeet(wrinklesbesidethecorneroftheeyes),dog-ear(therumbledcornersofabook),pigtail(longplaitofhair),rabbitears(akindoftheaerialoftheTVset),catspaw(apersonwho

12、isusedasatoolbyanother)mininurseIdioms:1.thedogsofwar:战争造成的破坏战争造成的破坏2.the green-eyed monster:嫉嫉妒妒 3.the salt of theearth:社社会会中中坚坚4.adarkhorse:黑黑马马-实实力力难难测测的的竞竞争争者者,竞竞争争中中出出入入意意料料的的获获胜胜者者5.onthinice:如如履履薄薄冰冰,处处境境极极其其危危险险6.downplay:低低调调报报道道7.deadline:最最后后期期限限8.deadlock:僵僵局局,僵僵持持9.coldnews:使使人人扫扫兴兴的的消消

13、息息10.biggun:有有影影响响或或势势力力的的人人物物11.animalyear:本本命命年年12.ambassador-at-large:巡巡回回大大使使13.all-roundtitle:全全 能能 冠冠 军军 14.bonded area:保保 税税 区区 15.tertiaryindustry:第第三三产产业业16.grapevine:小小道道消消息息17.covertcoverage:秘秘密密采采访访18.humaninterest:人人情情味味19.waitinggame:观观望望政政策策20.triple-Astudent:三三好好学学生生21.thinktank:智智囊囊

14、团团,顾顾问问班班子子22.talkshow:访访谈谈节节目目 23.tall talk:夸夸夸夸其其谈谈 24.switchtrade:转转手手贸贸易易25.staplecommodity:大大宗宗商商品品26.recoupfund:回回笼笼资资金金27.red-letter day:大大 喜喜 日日 子子,值值 得得 纪纪 念念 的的 日日 子子 28.quadrilateral negotiations:四四方方会会谈谈 29.professionalescort:三三陪陪(色色情情)服服务务30.pressrelease:新新闻闻稿稿31.nuclearfamily:小小家家庭庭32.

15、non-governmentparty:在在野野党党33.mysterystory:侦侦探探小小说说34.multi-candidateelection:差差额额选选举举35.marriagelines:结结婚婚证证书书36.manofmark:名名人人,要要人人37.manofparts:人人才才38.man of wheel:实实 权权 人人 物物 39.liquidinvestment:短短期期投投资资40.injectionofcapital:资本注入资本注入41.incumbermayor:现任市长现任市长42.highlightsandsidelights:要闻与花絮要闻与花絮43

16、lameduck:破产企业破产企业44.happygame:开心词典开心词典45.hitparade:流行音流行音乐乐,歌曲排行榜歌曲排行榜lDo you know the different meanings of the following singles and plurals?1.green,greens绿色绿色/蔬菜蔬菜2.custom,customs习惯习惯/关税关税3.paper,papers纸纸/文件文件/证件证件4.spirit,spirits精神精神/酒精酒精5.manner,manners方法方法/样式样式/礼貌礼貌6.arm,arms手臂手臂/武器武器7.air,air

17、s空气空气/气派气派/架子架子8.term,terms学期学期/条件条件9.color,colors颜色颜色;棋子棋子/立场立场10.interest,interests利息利息/利益利益11.rank,ranks排列排列/士兵士兵/队伍队伍12.cloth,clothes布布/衣服衣服13.water,waters水水/河流河流/海洋海洋14.work,works工作工作/工厂工厂/著作著作15.mean,means(数学数学)中数中数/项项;方法方法/手段手段16.scale,scales规模规模/天平天平17.letter,letters信信/文学文学18.good,goods好处好处/

18、货物货物19.time,times时间时间/时代时代 20.force力量力量,forces武力武力21.look看看,looks外貌外貌22.provision供应供应,provisions供养供养/口粮口粮23.bound跳跳,跃跃,bounds界限界限/范围范围24.advance前进前进,advances接近接近/殷勤殷勤/求爱求爱25.damage损坏损坏,damages赔偿物赔偿物26.authority权威权威,authorities当局当局27.import进口进口,imports进口的货物进口的货物28.minute分钟分钟,minutes记录记录2.3SemanticMot

19、ivation(meaning-basedwords语义理据语义理据)SemanticMotivationisthementalassociationsbasedontheconceptualmeaningofaword.Inotherwords,itisthefigurativesenseoftheworld.Whenwesaythe mouth of a river,weassociatetheopeningpartoftheriverwiththe mouth of a human being or an animal.the foot of the mountain-thefootof

20、ahumanbeing/thelowerpartofthemountain,bottleneck-anarrowstripofroad/anobstructioninthecaseoftrafficorproductionwhichresemblestheobstructionoftheneckofabottle.A stony heart-theheartwiththestone,the legs of a table-oneofthelowerlimbsofahumanbeing,penandswordinThe pen is mightier than the sword(文斗文斗胜于武

21、斗胜于武斗)issuggestiveofwritingandwar.l lDo you know the meaning of the following idioms?1.talkapersonsheadoff:wearyapersonbytoomuchtalking说话太多而令人生厌说话太多而令人生厌,对某人唠叨不停对某人唠叨不停2.offoneshead:outofonessenses,crazy精神错乱的精神错乱的,愚不可及的愚不可及的3.turntheothercheek:bepatientwheninjuredorinsultedbysomeone受到攻击而不还手受到攻击而不还手;

22、容忍容忍4.breaktheneck:doallonepossiblecan,tryoneshardest拼命做某事拼命做某事5.painintheneck:abothersomepersonorevent令人讨厌的令人讨厌的6.turnadeafear:refusetolisten,notpayattention充耳不闻充耳不闻7.giveanearto:listento倾听倾听8.lipservice:supportshownbywordsonlyandnotbyactions口惠而实不至口惠而实不至9.coldshoulder:unfriendlytreatmentofaperson故意

23、冷落别人故意冷落别人10.putonesshouldertothewheel:makeagreateffortoneselforwithothers努力工作努力工作11.cleanhands:freedomfromguiltondishonesty虔诚虔诚,问心无愧问心无愧,清白的清白的12.eatoutofoneshand:完全顺从完全顺从(信任信任)13.underthethumbof:becontrolledbyaobedienttosomeone在某人的支配下在某人的支配下,受控于某人受控于某人14.twiddleonesthumbs:sitstilldoingnothing抚弄大拇指

24、，闲着无事抚弄大拇指，闲着无事15.allthumbs:awkward,especiallywithoneshands,clumsy行动笨拙行动笨拙16.greenthumb:atalentforgardening园艺技能园艺技能(天赋天赋)17.turnthumbsdown:disapproveorreject,否定否定,不赞同不赞同18.theappleofoneseye:somethingextremelyprecioustoone掌上明珠掌上明珠19.burnonesfinger:getintroubledoingsth.andfeartodoitagain由于管闲事或鲁莽而吃苦头由于

25、管闲事或鲁莽而吃苦头20.fingerinthepie:sthtodowithwhathappens牵涉到牵涉到,参与某事参与某事21.haveacoldfeet:frightenedornervous临临阵阵退退缩缩或胆怯或胆怯22.onefootinthegrave:neartodeath行将就木，一只脚踏入坟墓，死期不远行将就木，一只脚踏入坟墓，死期不远23.makeonesbloodboil:exciteonewithanger,fright.etc使某人非常愤怒使某人非常愤怒24.drawblood:makesomeonefeelhurtorangry使某人生气或受伤使某人生气或受伤

26、25.bloodisthickerthanwater:血浓于水血浓于水26.stepononestoes:offendorannoyone触怒或者得罪某人触怒或者得罪某人27.ateachothersthroat:fightingorquarreling打架或争吵打架或争吵28.getonesteethinto:havesth.realorsolidtothinkabout专心于某事专心于某事,实实在在地考虑某事实实在在地考虑某事29.armedtotheteeth:havingallneededweapons全副武装全副武装,武装到牙齿武装到牙齿30.ononeslastlegs:about

27、tofail危殆，垂死危殆，垂死,奄奄一息奄奄一息31.pullonesleg:tofool,trick,ormakefunofone耍弄某人耍弄某人32.makeonesmouthwater:makeoneverymuchwanttoeatordrinksth.使某人直流口水使某人直流口水,垂唌欲滴垂唌欲滴33.putwordsintoonesmouth:speakforanotherwithoutright认为某人说过某话认为某人说过某话;教某人怎样讲教某人怎样讲34.heartinonesmouth:afeelingofgreatfearornervousness非常惊恐非常惊恐35.l

28、ivefromhandtomouth:livewithoutsavingforthefuture仅能满足眼前的生计仅能满足眼前的生计,勉强度日勉强度日36.fleshandblood:closerelatives亲人亲人,亲骨肉亲骨肉;(肉体肉体,人类人类,现实现实)37.intheflesh:oneself,personally亲自亲自;(活着的活着的;以肉体形式以肉体形式)38.atarmslength:awayfromclosecontact,atadistance以一臂之距以一臂之距;疏远疏远;(伸直手臂伸直手臂)39.withonesbacktothewall:unabletoesc

29、apewithoutfighting处于绝境处于绝境;被迫自卫被迫自卫,作困兽斗作困兽斗40.turnuponesnoseat:refuseasnotbeinggoodenoughforone对对嗤之以鼻，瞧不起嗤之以鼻，瞧不起41.underonesnose:inaneasilyseenornoticeableplace就在某人面前就在某人面前,当作面当作面;公然公然42.countnoses:countthenumberofpeopleinagroup点人数点人数(尤指支持者尤指支持者);单凭人数决定问题单凭人数决定问题43.readonesmind:knowwhatsomeoneelse

30、isthinking看出某人的心思看出某人的心思44.atthetipofonestongue:atthepointofbeingsaid差点说出某事差点说出某事,某事就在嘴边某事就在嘴边45.splithair:findandargueaboutsmallandunimportantdifferent作无益琐碎的分析，钻牛角尖作无益琐碎的分析，钻牛角尖46.bullseye靶心靶心,关键性的事物关键性的事物1.kicksb.sheels形容长时间等待形容长时间等待2.letsleepingdogslie不要惹事生非不要惹事生非3.killthegoosethatlaysthegoldeneg

31、gs杀鸡取卵杀鸡取卵,形容贪图眼前利益形容贪图眼前利益,不顾未来发展不顾未来发展4.fallguy替罪羊替罪羊5.catch-22第二十二条军规第二十二条军规,形容陷入窘境形容陷入窘境,进退进退两难两难6.holdsb.shorses形容要耐心形容要耐心7.knockonwood乞求好运乞求好运8.Hobsonschoice被迫作某事，没有选择被迫作某事，没有选择9.Bringhomethebacon谋生谋生10.Hotpotato烫手山芋烫手山芋,棘手的问题棘手的问题12.nestegg为应变或养老而做的储蓄为应变或养老而做的储蓄13.lock，stock，barrel全部全部2.4Etym

32、ologicalMotivation2.4EtymologicalMotivation(history-basedmeaningwords(history-basedmeaningwords词源理据词源理据词源理据词源理据)Theoriginsofwordsmoreoftenthannotthrowlightontheirmeanings.E.g.,lpen:“aheavyquillorfeather”(originally)foranywritingtool(now)lburiedthehatchet解除争端、和解解除争端、和解Theyhadbeenenemiesforages,butaft

33、erafighttheyburiedthehachet.(他们敌对多年，但一场搏斗后却和解了。他们敌对多年，但一场搏斗后却和解了。)lbackstairsinfluence暗中势力，幕后人物暗中势力，幕后人物Hemetthecongressmeninsecrettoexertbackstairsinfluence.(他秘密会见了议员，暗中对他施加影响。他秘密会见了议员，暗中对他施加影响。)1)Adamsapple(喉结喉结),AdamandEve亚当夏娃亚当夏娃:AccordingtothesecondaccountofcreationinthebiblicalbookofGenesis,Ad

34、amwascreatedfromthedustoftheearthandplacedintheGardenofEden;Eve,thefirstwoman,wascreatedfromoneofAdamsribs.TemptedbyEve,AdamatetheforbiddenfruitoftheTreeoftheKnowledgeofGoodandEvil,andthetwowereexpelledfromParadisefortheirdisobedience.Here,intheengravingAdamandEve(1504),byGermanartistAlbrechtDrer,th

35、eSerpentpromptsEvetosharethefruitwithhermate.2)NoahsArk(诺亚方舟诺亚方舟),MountArarat阿勒山阿勒山(TurkishAriDai),inTurkeyseasternhighlands,risesintwopeaks;thehighest,GreatArarat,is5,165m(16,945ft)andisperpetuallycoveredinsnow.AccordingtotheOldTestament,Noahsark诺诺亚方舟亚方舟landedonMountAraratafterthedeluge(flood).3)Ab

36、rahamsbosomlAbraham例句例句HisgrandfatherisinAbrahamsbosom.误解误解他祖父在亚伯拉罕的怀里。他祖父在亚伯拉罕的怀里。正意正意他祖父安息了。他祖父安息了。l说明说明Abraham是是圣经圣经故事中犹太人的始祖，故事中犹太人的始祖，inAbrahamsbosom是个习语，意思是是个习语，意思是“同死去同死去的祖先一道安息的祖先一道安息”，“处于极福世界处于极福世界”。l“toberestinAbrahamsbosom”成了成了“死死”的的另一婉称另一婉称同死去的祖先一道安息。同死去的祖先一道安息。AbrahamorAbram,亚伯拉罕亚伯拉罕bib

37、licalpatriarch祖先祖先,accordingtotheBookofGenesis,progenitoroftheHebrews(希伯来人的希伯来人的始祖始祖),whoprobablylivedintheperiodbetween2000and1500BC.AbrahamisregardedbyMuslims,whocallhimIbrahim,asanancestoroftheArabsthroughIshmael以赛玛利以赛玛利.HewasonceconsideredacontemporaryofHammurabi,kingofBabylonia巴比伦尼亚巴比伦尼亚.Becaus

38、ethebiblicalaccountofhislifeisbasedontraditionspreservedbyoraltransmissionratherthanbyhistoricalrecords,nobiographyinthepresentsensecanbewritten.lSacrificeofIsaac以撒以撒:Accordingtothebiblicalaccount,AbrahamwasabouttosacrificehissonIsaactoGod.Butanangelintervenedandstoppedhim,pointingtoanearbyramasasub

39、stitute.ItalianartistGiovanniBattistaTiepolopaintedthisscenebetween1726and1728.ItisinthePalazzoArcivescovileinUdine,Italy.4)Pandorasbox(潘多拉的盒子潘多拉的盒子,灾难之源灾难之源)4)Pandorasbox(潘多拉的盒子潘多拉的盒子,灾难之源灾难之源)Pandora(mythologicalfigure)希神希神潘多拉潘多拉(火神用粘土火神用粘土做成的地上的第一个女人做成的地上的第一个女人),inGreekmythology,firstwomanonearth

40、,createdbythegodHephaestus赫菲斯托斯赫菲斯托斯attherequestofthegodZeus宙斯宙斯.Zeuswishedtocounteracttheblessingoffire,whichhadbeenstolenfromthegodsbytheTitanPrometheus提坦提坦.普罗米修普罗米修andgiventohumanbeings.Endowedbythegodswitheveryattributeofbeautyandgoodness,PandorawassenttoEpimetheus艾彼米托斯艾彼米托斯,whowashappytohaveher

41、forhiswife,althoughhehadbeenwarnedbyhisbrotherPrometheusnevertoacceptanythingfromZeus.InbestowingtheirgiftsonPandora,thegodshadgivenherabox,warninghernevertoopenit.Hercuriosityfinallyovercameher,however,andsheopenedthemysteriousbox,fromwhichflewinnumerableplaguesforthebodyandsorrowsforthemind.Interr

42、or,shetriedtoshutthebox,butonlyHope,theonegoodthingamongmanyevilstheboxhadcontained,remainedtocomforthumanityinitsmisfortunes.Inanotherlegend,theboxcontainedblessingsthatwouldhavebeenpreservedifPandorahadnotallowedthemtoescape.lPandoraOpenstheBoxisalate-19th-centurycoloreddrawingbyEnglishartistWalte

43、rCrane.5)Hobsonschoice(无无造造反反余余地地的的局局面面)(源源自自英英国国16-17世世纪纪的的租租马马房房经经营营者者托托马马斯斯霍霍布布森森,该该马马房规定租马顾客不许挑选房规定租马顾客不许挑选),6)Achillessheel(致致命命/唯唯一一的的弱弱点点)点点(传传说说阿阿基基里里斯除脚踵外全身刀枪不入斯除脚踵外全身刀枪不入),7)Aladdinslamp(aboywhoacquiresamagiclampandamagicringwithwhichhecansummontwojinntofulfillanydesire阿阿拉拉丁丁的的神神灯灯,能能满满足足持

44、持有人一切愿望的法宝有人一切愿望的法宝),8)Caesarswife(不用怀疑的人不用怀疑的人),9)meetoneswaterloo(遭到惨败遭到惨败).10)星期星期:Monday以以moon命名命名(dayofthemoon),月份月份:July以凯撒大帝以凯撒大帝JuliusCaesar命名命名5)Hobsonschoice(无选择余地的无选择余地的)(源源自自英英国国16-17世世纪纪的的租租马马房房经经营营者者托托马马斯斯霍霍布布森森,该马房规定租马顾客不许挑选该马房规定租马顾客不许挑选)。很很 久久 以以 前前，在在 英英 国国 有有 一一 个个 叫叫 托托 马马 斯斯 霍霍 布

45、布 森森（ThomasHobson）的的人人开开了了一一家家出出租租马马的的马马房房。他他对对自自己己的的马马十十分分公公平平，专专门门设设立立了了一一条条规规矩矩，每每位位顾顾客客必必须须依依照照顺顺序序去去牵牵靠靠近近马马房房门门口口的的那那匹匹马马。他他严严格格地地执执行行这这种种轮轮流流交交替替的的制制度度，不不容容顾顾客有任何选择。客有任何选择。6)“theleoninecontract”（狮子的合同）（狮子的合同）这这条条习习语语来来源源可可追追溯溯到到古古希希腊腊的的伊伊索索寓寓言言。有有一一次次，几几个个动动物物同同狮狮子子一一起起去去打打猎猎，分分配配战战利利品品时时，狮狮子

46、子宣宣布布：应应该该将将猎猎物物分分为为四四份份，一一份份归归他他自自己己，因因为为他他是是兽兽中中之之王王；第第二二份份也也应应归归他他，因因他他勇勇猛猛无无比比；第第三三份份则则要要喂喂养养他他的的老老婆婆孩孩子子；至至于于第第四四份份嘛嘛“谁谁打打赢赢我我就就给给谁谁吧吧！”其其含含义义不不言言而而喻喻：狮狮子子的的份份额额最最大大、最最好好、甚甚至至是是全全部部。那那么么，“狮子的合同狮子的合同”也就是也就是“最不合理的合同最不合理的合同”。StrongClauses7)Achillesheel(致命致命/唯一的弱点唯一的弱点)(传说阿基里斯除脚踵外全身传说阿基里斯除脚踵外全身刀枪不入

47、刀枪不入)inGreekmythology,greatestoftheGreekwarriorsintheTrojanWar.HewasthesonoftheseanymphThetis(塞蒂斯：海的女神之一塞蒂斯：海的女神之一)andPeleus珀琉斯珀琉斯,kingoftheMyrmidonsofThessaly塞萨利塞萨利希腊东部一地区希腊东部一地区dieintheTrojanWar,ThetisbathedherinfantsonintheRiverStyx(冥冥河河)tomakehimimmortal.Thewatersmadehiminvulnerableexceptfortheh

48、eelbywhichhismotherheldhim.ThetermAchillesheelhasbecomeproverbialforreferringtoaweakness.ThetisDippingAchillesintheStyxTheseanymphThetisisseendippinghersonAchillesintheRiverStyxtomakehimimmortal.Onlytheheelbywhichsheholdshimremainsuntouchedbythewatersandthusvulnerabletoinjury.Thissketchinoilonboardb

49、yFlemishartistPeterPaulRubenswasoneofaseriesofdesignsfortapestriesillustratingthehistoryofAchilles.ItisnowintheBoymans-vanBeuningenMuseuminRotterdam,TheNetherlands.8)Aladdinslamp8)Aladdinslamp(aboywhoacquiresamagiclampandamagicringwithwhichhecansummontwojinntofulfillanydesire阿拉丁的神灯阿拉丁的神灯,能满足持有人一切愿望的

50、法宝能满足持有人一切愿望的法宝),infolktale,theheroof“AladdinandtheWonderfulLamp”inthecollectionofstoriesknowninEnglishasArabianNights天方夜谭天方夜谭(一千零一夜一千零一夜).Inmostversionsofthestory,AladdinisthelazysonofapoorChinesetailor.Afterhisfathersdeath,hemeetsamagicianwhoposesashisuncleandpersuadesAladdintoretrieveawonderfulla