英语作文基础知识.ppt

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1、英语作文基础知识英语作文基础知识 HU Ming-yong第一章第一章 造造 句句1.1.熟悉五种基本句型熟悉五种基本句型(1.1.简单句简单句)1）主语主语+谓语（不及物动词）谓语（不及物动词）The earth trembled.2)主语主语+谓语（及物动词）谓语（及物动词）+宾语宾语The earthquake destroyed the city.3）主语主语+谓语（联系动词）谓语（联系动词）+主语补足语主语补足语The trees are oaks.4)主语主语+谓语（及物动词）谓语（及物动词）+间接宾语间接宾语+直接宾语直接宾语Business gave the museum mo

2、ney.5)主语主语+谓语（及物动词）谓语（及物动词）+宾语宾语+宾语补足语宾语补足语The results proved Jane wrong.2.并列句并列句用并列连词连接单词、词组或分句，可以增加句子的内容，加强句子的表达力。并并 列列 连连 词词And but For no Both.andNot onlybut alsoNotbutEitherorOr yet SoNeithernorWhetherorAsasnShe asked the question in a loud voice，but no one answered.nShe was tired，and she decid

3、ed to have a restnHurry up，or youll miss the planenShe couldnt go to the park to meet him，nor could she send anyone instead of hernIt must have rained last night，for the ground is wetnHe is a clever boy，yet you cant help liking him连接副词连接分句，以说明分句之间的关系。连连 接接 副副 词词AccordinglyAlso AnywayBesidesCertainly

4、ConsequentlyFinallyFurtherFurthermoreHenceHoweverIncidentallyIndeedInsteadLikewisemeanwhileMoreoverNamelyNeverthelessNextNonethelessNowOtherwisesimilarlyStill SubsequentlyThenThereafterThereforeThusundoubtedlynShe planned to go with them on the trip;however，her sons sudden illness prevented her from

5、 leaving home.nBuses are always crowded;hence he prefers to cycle.nThe invention brought him fame;moreover,it brought him money3.复合句n复合句指的是含有两个或更多的主谓结构的句子，其中有一个（或更多）主谓结构充当句子的某一（些）成分，如主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、同位语等。名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句都属于复合句。n名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句n定语从句在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词，词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现

6、在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。关系代词有：who,whom,whose,that,which等。关系副词有：when,where,why等；定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。n状语从句按其意义可分为时间、地点、条件、原因、目的、结果、让步、方式、比较九种。nWe carved their names on the stone in order that people should always remember them.nHe made a proposal that the meeting be postpone.nIs this the reason why(for w

7、hich)he refused our offer?nHe seems not to have grasped what I meant,which greatly upsets me.Part3.7-6Correct the mistakes in the following sentences and tell what kinds of mistakes they belong to.1.Some of the students in our class is rather addicted to netgaming.Some of the students in our class a

8、re rather addicted to netgaming.(subject-verb disagreement)2.There are only a few students in our class want to take the CET-6.There are only a few students in our class who want to take the CET-6.(double predicates in a sentence)Part3.7-73.Looking to the future,the computer field may seem very attr

9、active to many people.When we look to the future,the computer field may seem very attractive to many people.(dangling modifiers)4.They need an expert to help them fix the computer badly.They need an expert badly to help them fix the computer.(misplaced modifiers)5.Some people are afraid of stress,ot

10、hers overcome it and succeed at last.Some people are afraid of stress,while others can face up to it.(comma splice/run-on sentence)Part3.7-86.She has fallen in love with him not because he is handsome but that he is diligent.She has fallen in love with him not because he is handsome but because he i

11、s diligent.(imbalance)7.People can through the Internet to get useful information.People can browse(or surf)the Internet to get useful information./People can get useful information through the Internet.)(misuse of parts of speech)8.There are many ways to know the world.For example,by TV,radio,newsp

12、aper,the Internet and so on.There are many ways to know the world,for example,by TV,radio,newspaper,the Internet and so on.(sentence fragments)Part3.7-99.While writing an e-mail to his friend,the computer suddenly broke down.While he was writing an e-mail to his friend,the computer suddenly broke do

13、wn.(dangling modifiers)10.The increasing use of chemical substances in agriculture also makes pollution.The abusive use of chemical substances in agriculture also causes/produces/leads to pollution.(error in diction)Part3.7-611.People under a lot of stress may experience headaches,to have minor pain

14、s and sleeping difficulties.People under a lot of stress may experience headaches,to have minor pains and sleeping difficulties.(lacking parallelism)12.Stress can cause physical,emotional and behavioral disorders which can influence your health,vitality,and peace of mind.Stress can cause physical,em

15、otional and behavioral disorders which can influence affect your health,vitality,and peace of mind.(wrong diction)She was very tense as she was waiting for the interview though because she knew there were a lot of candidates competing for the position in this big company.(misused conjunction)Part3.7

16、-713.China was called“the Middle Kingdom”because Chinese people in ancient times believed that its country was at the centre of the world.China was called“the Middle Kingdom”because Chinese people in ancient times believed that its their country was at the centre of the world.(misused pronoun)14.She

17、 was very tense as she was waiting for the interview though she knew there were a lot of candidates competing for the position in this big company.Part3.7-815.Mr.Johnson is under tremendous pressure in his work with heavy business responsibilities and,much as he would like to do so,he could not spen

18、d a whole day,or even a whole evening,with his children.Mr.Johnson is under tremendous pressure in his work with heavy business responsibilities and,much as he would like to do so,he could cannot spend a whole day,or even a whole evening,with his children.(improper use of tense)16.They have studied

19、advanced mathematics and how to solve different equations.They have studied advanced mathematics and learned how to solve different equations.(lacking parallelism)Part3.7-917.Without doubt,the Wenchuan earthquake has certainly been the most serious one in China in the past few decades.Without doubt,

20、the Wenchuan earthquake has certainly been the most serious one in China in the past few decades./Without doubt,The Wenchuan earthquake has certainly been the most serious one in China in the past few decades.(redundance)18.As college students,we should be economic of electricity and water.As colleg

21、e students,we should be economical of electricity and water.(wrong wording)Part3.7-1019.Justice,as well as the law,demand that these criminals be severely punished.Justice,as well as the law,demands that these criminals be severely punished.(subject-verb disagreement)20.Too much stress can contribut

22、e to potentially life-threatening diseases,for example,high blood pressure and heart disease.Too much stress can contribute to potentially life-threatening diseases,for example,like high blood pressure and heart disease.(wrong expression of enumeration)学生作文典型错句举例There are many people agree to have a

23、 spoken English test.()Many people think that it is necessary to have a spoken English test.I was born in a small town,in the town there was only one school,I studied there for six years.()I was born in a small town.In it there was only one school.I studied there for six years.In the small town wher

24、e I was born,there was only one school,and I studied there for six years.I was born in a small town,where there was only one school.I studied there for six years.I studied for six years at the only school in the small town where I was born.Somebody think they can buy everything by money.Someone else

25、 believe money is the evil of everything.()Some people believe that money can buy everything,but others think that money is the root of all evils.The telephone is ringing again.Im busy at the moment.So someone must answer it.（有个人，某个人）Now it is more and more difficult to find a good job,for the posit

26、ions are less and less and the people that need them are more and more.()With more and more people looking for a good job,it is becoming more difficult for one to get employed or find a satisfactory job these days.The newspapers make me know what take place in the world.Computers make us to solve di

27、fficult math problems in a short time.Newspapers keep me informed of what is going on at home and abroad.Computers enable us to work out complicated math problems very easily.Electric can make a machinery production more machines.We all know that fail is the mother of succeed.Chinas economics level

28、is low,and most people cant afford car presently.词性不分的错误My father does most housework such as cooking and washing.Because my mother is extremely busy.What you are doing can be successful or not,this depends on information.My father does most housework such as cooking and washing because my mother is

29、 extremely busy.Whether or not you can be successful in what you are doing depends on the amount of information you get.How can we study English well?If you want to be a success in the future,it must be paid attention to.A mans determination is also important in it.It is often neglected.Someone ofte

30、n depends on good luck.If you want to be a success in your future work,you should attach importance to the study of English.But how can you do well in your English studies?Among other things,determination is an important factor in learning English.However,some people tend to neglect this and only ho

31、pe that luck will help them.Make our cities greener is important.Plant trees and flowers is the best measure to obtain the goal.Our earth is difficult to support so large population.Mass media include advertisements,newspapers,radio station,and watching TVMaking our cities greener is important.Plant

32、ing trees and growing flowers is the best measure to obtain the goal.It is difficult for the earth to support so large a population.Mass media include advertisements,newspapers,radio,and televisionCars can cause air pollution while bicycles cant.I guessed he came Sichuan.For he could not conceal his

33、 pronunciation.Bicycles dont cause air pollution as cars usually do.Unlike cars,bicycles cause no pollution.I guessed he came from Sichuan.His accent betrayed him.第二章第二章 段落的写作段落的写作 我们在写文章之前应该拟出一个提纲，而提纲的每一个要点都能发展成一个段落。段落是指一组相互关联，用来阐述某一中心思想的句子群。例如：要写一段中心思想是“I prefer to live in the city”的段落请拟一个提纲：1）Tra

34、nsportation and communication is more convenient than in the country.2)Cultural life is richer.3)Material life is better.一一 段落和提纲段落和提纲我们修改一下提纲：1）Culture life is richer.2)Material life is better.3)Transportation and communication is more convenient.请写出下面短文的提纲 Growing cities use more land.Over the yea

35、rs,Los Angeles has been spreading out.The city has also been using land in new ways.Much of the land is used for large roads called freeways.The freeways connect the many communities that are part of Los Angeles.The city has grown higher.Office buildings,hotels and stores are now taller.Public place

36、s,such as sports stadiums,have grown bigger.They must fit the growing number of people that Now live in the city.Today more than7 million people live in Los Angeles.Growing city means more people,too.提纲可以写成：1）More land 2)Buildings Higher and Bigger3)More People二二 段落主题句段落主题句（topic sentence)主题句：主题句：每一

37、段落只能包含一个中心思想，表达这一每一段落只能包含一个中心思想，表达这一中心思想中心思想 的句子就是主题句。的句子就是主题句。请找出下面段落的主题句。There are two factors which determine an individuals intelligence.The first is the sort of brain he is born with.Human brains differ considerably,some being more capable than others.But no matter how good a brain he has to be

38、gin with,an individual will have a low order of intelligence unless he has opportunities to learn.So the second factor is what happens to the individual the sort of environment in which he is brought up.If an individual is in poor environment,it is likely that his brain will fail to develop and he w

39、ill never attain the level of intelligence of which he is capable.主题句位于句首，后面的辅助句发展主题句的中心意念。请找出下面段落的主题句。In the small French town,the town clerk spends two hours or so talking in the cafe every day.The village doctor often drops in for an aperitif when he is between calls.People from outlying sections

40、 of the valley who come to the village only on official business at the town hall drop into the cafe and leave news of their neighborhood.Through the cafe owner the postman relays messages that he has been given on his route.With these and many other sources of information at his disposal,the cafe o

41、wner usually knows better than anyone else in the village the news of the community.本段落主题句位于段末。前面的辅助句首先充分发挥某一中心意念，然后逐渐收拢，最后以主题句点睛。请找出下面段落的主题句。In the past it was possible to know in advance what occupations would exist when a boy become a man.Today the life span of occupations has also been compresse

42、d.The computerprogrammer,who was first heard of in the 1950s,will be as extinct as the blacksmith within a number of years.Individuals now train for a profession and look forward to remaining in that profession for the entire period of their working life.Yet within a generation the notion of serving

43、 in a single occupation for ones entire life may seem quaintly antique.Individuals may need to be trained to serve successively in three,four,or half a dozen different professions in the course of a career.The job will no longer serve as mans anchor and organizing principle.该段落主题句位于段落中间“Individuals

44、may need to be trained to serve successively in three,four,or half a dozen different professions in the course of a career.”三三 段落的统一性段落的统一性(unity)一段文章只应该集中说明一个问题或一个问题的某一方面；只能叙述一件事情或一件事情的某一阶段。句子是一组词汇在某一语法形式下的集合。段落则是一组句子在某一中心思想下的逻辑组合。中心思想通常包含在主题句中，其他的事实、例证、说理等都应围绕这一中心思想以辅助句的形式出现。统一性原则是写好英语段落的极其重要的原则。因

45、此，我们在写作时要摈弃一切与本段的中心、主题无关因此，我们在写作时要摈弃一切与本段的中心、主题无关的句子。的句子。The bright children is patient.He can tolerate uncertainty and failure and will keep trying until he gets an answer.When all his experiments fail,he can even admit to himself and others that for the time being he is not going to get an answer.

46、This may annoy him,but he can wait.very often,he does not want to be told how to do the problem or solve the puzzle he has struggled with.because he does not want to be cheated out of the chance to figure It out for himself in the failure.This is not so for the dull child.He cant stand uncertainty o

47、r failure.To him,an unanswered question is not a challenge or an opportunity,but a threat.If he cant find the answer quickly,it must be given to him,and quickly;and he must have answers for everything.这这段段文字的中心思想十分明确，即论述聪明孩子和不聪明文字的中心思想十分明确，即论述聪明孩子和不聪明孩子在对待疑难问题时的不同态度。第一部分论述聪明孩子的孩子在对待疑难问题时的不同态度。第一部分论述

48、聪明孩子的态度，第二部分进行对比，却不枝不蔓。态度，第二部分进行对比，却不枝不蔓。请删去下列段落中与主题句无关的句子。Books are placed on the library shelves in numerical order.In other words,all the books on one subject are put together under the same number;for example,all books on United States history are numbered 973,and are placed together on the 973

49、shelf or shelves.Of course,such books are borrowed mostly by students who learn history.把最后一句去掉。请删去下列段落中与主题句无关的句子。Malthus calculated that two parents would have four children.The four children would marry.Each child would have four children.This would go on and on.In our country,most people Like boy

50、 babies.In this way,the population would grow very rapidly.In fact,he thought it would double every twenty-five years,if food was available.将“In our country,most people like boy babies.”去掉。四四 段落的连贯性段落的连贯性 (coherence)段落的连贯性段落的连贯性着眼于句与句之间的连接与组织，它包含句与句之间外部结构及过渡词(transition)的通迅自然和内部逻辑关系的清晰明确。英语写作与汉语写作是完