12. 猪病诊断和控制研讨班Reproductive Disease 繁殖障碍.doc

《12. 猪病诊断和控制研讨班Reproductive Disease 繁殖障碍.doc》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《12. 猪病诊断和控制研讨班Reproductive Disease 繁殖障碍.doc（18页珍藏版）》请在淘文阁 - 分享文档赚钱的网站上搜索。

1、Instructor: HanSoo Joo演讲者 ： 朱汉守Lecture No. 6 , August 18 15:30-16:30第六讲 8月18日 15:30-16:30REPRODUCTIVE DISEASES繁殖障碍疾病Reproductive Failure (Failure to produce a healthy, thriving litter of 5 or more pigs)繁殖衰竭（未能产出五头及其以上健康、有活力的仔猪） Conception failure 怀孕失败 Abortion 流产 Mummification 木乃伊胎 Stillbirth 死胎 Wea

2、k born and neonatal death 弱仔和新生仔猪的死亡Terminology 相关的术语 Embryo: gestational days 0 - 30 (no calcification, can be absorbed) 胚胎：妊娠030天（没有钙化，能被吸收） Fetus: gestational days 30-114 (calcification) 胎儿：妊娠30114天（钙化） Gestational day 10 16 Implantation 妊娠1016天着床 Gestational day 70 Immunocompetency 妊娠70天具有免疫能力In

3、fection Routes 感染的途径 Descending- peritonitis, ovary, oviducts 下行途径腹膜炎，卵巢，输卵管 Ascending- vaginitis 上行途径阴道炎 Systemic infection- viremia 全身性感染病毒血症Return to Service返情复配 Early RTS- lack of fertilization 早期的返情复配受精失败 Late RTS - Embryonic death, Likely due to infection 晚期的返情复配胚胎死亡，可能时由感染所致Abortion 流产 Common

4、ly associated with placentitis 常常与胎盘炎有关 High body temperature following a systemic infection 全身感染后的体温升高Mummification 木乃伊胎 Common feature of viral infection 病毒性感染的常见表现 Dehydration, shrinkage and black color 脱水、收缩和发黑 No more than 4% 不超过4Stillbirth 死胎 Intrapartum - difficult birth, lung float to test i

5、f animal breathed 分娩期难于产出，利用肺脏的漂浮试验来检验动物是否已开始呼吸 Prepartum- likely due to infection, no more than 10% 分娩期前很可能由感染所致，不会超过10。Early Death新生（仔猪）死亡 Death within 3 days of birth 出生后3天内死亡Diagnostic Samples 诊断的样品 Abortionplacental membrane & fetus, sow serum 流产胎盘膜和胎儿、母猪血清 Mummification-largest and smallest mu

6、mmies 木乃伊胎最大和最小的木乃伊胎 Small litter sizepresuckled serum of littermates 窝产崽数少同窝出生的哺乳前仔猪的血清 Return to servicepaired sow serum samples 返情复配配种母猪的血清样品 Stillbornsfetal serum or thoracic fluid 死胎胎儿的血清或者胸腔液体 PRRSWeak born alive pigs, not mummies PRRS活的弱仔猪，不要取木乃伊胎Infectious Causes of Reproductive Failure繁殖衰竭的

7、传染性因素Reported Isolations: 报道的分离物Viruses病毒Bacteria细菌Fungi真菌PRRS virus猪繁殖和呼吸障碍综合征病毒ParvovirusLeptospiraA. 细小病毒 钩端螺旋体fumigatus烟曲霉菌PRV/ADVBrucella 伪狂犬病病毒/奥叶兹基氏病病毒 布氏杆菌Mycotoxins霉菌毒素EMC virus脑心肌炎病毒EnterovirusesStaph. Aureus肠道病毒 Hog choleraStaph equisimilis猪瘟Chlamydia衣原体BVDListeria牛病毒性腹泻 李斯特菌IBRActinobaci

8、llus suis传染性鼻气管炎 猪放线杆菌InfluenzaActinomyces流行性感冒放线菌Parasites寄生虫CytomegaloB. anthracis细胞巨化病 炭疽芽胞杆菌JEVMycobacterium aviumToxo. 日本乙型脑炎病毒 鸟分枝杆菌 弓形虫gondii弓形体SVD, FMDE. Suis水疱病，口蹄疫ASFPasteurella非洲猪瘟 巴氏杆菌Reo, Adeno, Corona逆转录病毒、腺病毒、冠状病毒However: Most of the bacteria are either secondary invaders or rare. Man

9、y reproductive failure cases in pigs cannot be assigned to a specific infectious agent.然而，大多数细菌是继发感染或者是很少见的。很多繁殖衰竭的病例不能归咎于单一的传染性因素。PORCINE PARVOVIRUS猪细小病毒 Very common, worldwide incidence 非常普遍，世界范围内有发生 Susceptible when passive antibodies become negative 当被动免疫获得的抗体耗尽时易受感染 Infection of susceptible dam

10、s 易感母猪的感染- Variable damage in full-term litter - mummifications, stillbirths - 足月的窝次损伤多样化木乃伊胎，死胎- Conception failure, return to service, small litters - 怀孕失败、返情复配、每窝产仔数少- Abortion is not common- 流产不常见Characteristics of PPV猪细小病毒的典型特征 Excellent hemagglutination ability-HI test 凝血能力很强血凝抑制试验 Very stable

11、-High temp, chemicals-highly infectious 非常持续强耐热性，对化学药物不敏感高度的传染性 High affinity for actively dividing cells e.g fetus, vascular endothelium 对分裂细胞有高亲和力，比如，胎儿的细胞和血管内皮细胞Infection - Newborn & Adults 感染新生仔猪和育肥猪 No clinical signs, viremia for 1-6 days 无明显的临床症状，病毒血症持续16天。 Rapid and strong antibody response-l

12、ifelong immunity 迅速强烈的抗体反应终身免疫- 6-9 days PI-1st antibody- 感染后69天开始产生抗体- 2-3 weeks PI-peak antibody- 感染后23周抗体达到峰值 Fecal excretion for 2-14 days 粪便排毒持续214天 *Dermatitis (vesicular lesion) in young pigs 仔猪发生皮炎（水泡样损伤） Kresse type isolates-probably high temp mutants Kresse型分离株可能是耐高温变异种 Infection Boars 感染公

13、猪 No clinical signs 无明显的临床症状 Semen quality not affected 精液质量未受影响 No virus in semen 精液没有病毒存在Characteristics of Reproductive Failure Caused by PPV猪细小病毒引起的繁殖衰竭的特征 Almost limited to gilts 几乎局限在后备母猪 May be seen in old sows in strict crated conditions 在饲养密度大的经产母猪中可能发现 Largely mummies, some SB, rarely abor

14、tion 多数为木乃伊胎，部分死胎，流产少见 Mostly acute case-within one month 大多数为急性病例病程在一个月以内 Life-long protection upon infection 感染后能获得终身免疫 Sporadic cases even under heavy vaccination program 在严格的免疫程序下仍有零星的爆发Epidemiology流行病学 Totally susceptible herds-all gilts and sows infected 全群易感所有的后备母猪和经产母猪可被感染 Typical acute prob

15、lems with high mummies 典型的急性病例问题在于木乃伊胎比率很高 Chronic infected herds-only gilts 慢性感染的猪群仅发生于后备母猪- Gilts-RTS, M, SB, small litter- 后备母猪重新配种，死胎，产仔数少- Passive antibody averages. 24 wks- 被动获得抗体平均可以维持24天- Up to 47% of gilts-negative at mating- 47的后备母猪在交配时为阴性- Carriers (in utero infected pigs may carry virus-

16、12 weeks)- 带毒猪（子宫内感染猪可能仍携带病毒12周）- Rats-mechanical carrier- 老鼠机械的携带病毒者Farms with High Risk of PPV Reproductive Disease容易发生猪细小病毒繁殖障碍的猪场 Completely seronegative herds-newly established 完全阴性的猪群最近诊断出的 Farm with high securitySPF 高度安全的猪场无特定病原 Depopulation and repopulated recently 空群与新近复群 Breeding group wit

17、h high number of gilts 后备母猪比例大的猪群Diagnosis诊断 On-farm现场诊断- Results from recent changes that reduce herd infection eg. all-in all-out, tethered sows - 新近采用的可以降低群体感染的措施，比如，全进全出，限制母猪流动- Increase return to service and mummies - 返情复配和木乃伊胎的增加- Only gilts or sows involved - 仅仅包括后备母猪和经产母猪- Variable abnormali

18、ties in litters - 窝中可见各种畸形- Stillborn alone or abortions are rare- 单纯的死胎或流产很少见 Laboratory 实验室诊断- Sow serology-not meaningful (Detect early antibody - 2 ME test) - 经产母猪的血清学检测没有意义（早期的抗体检查2ME试验）- FA lung or liver - very intense fluorescence - 肺脏和肝脏的直接荧光抗体试验荧光强度很强- Direct HA using tissue extracts-Mummie

19、s 1:1000 6-months- 6个月内的自然感染 大于1：1000 - Vaccine 1:100-1000 3-6 wks - 疫苗 1：1001000 36周- FA: Kidney Culture: Urine- 直接荧光抗体法： 肾培养物 尿液Control控制 No penicillin 青霉素无效 Tetracycline 600g/ton feed dry sow /300ug/ton lactating sows 干乳的母猪饲料里每吨含600克四环素，泌乳母猪饲料每吨含300微克四环素（？） Bacterins twice initially and boost at

20、breeding 先用两倍的菌苗免疫，配种前再次接种 Control Wildlife - rodents 控制野生动物啮齿动物PORCINE REPRODUCTIVE AND RESPIRATORY SYNDROME (PRRS)猪繁殖与呼吸综合征 1. PRRS infection costs an average of $252/inventoried sow/year!平均每年存栏母猪在PRRS上的花费和损失高达 252美元！2. PRRS has forced veterinarians and pork producers to THINK about infectious dis

21、eases!PRRS迫使兽医和养猪业生产者关注传染性疾病！ Production techniques have failed to control PRRS consistently常规的生产技术已不能够稳定的控制PRRSExample: SEW, Commingled nurseries如：早期隔离断奶，混合保育Management has failed to control PRRS consistently管理制度已不能够稳定的控制PRRSExample: pig flow strategies (nursery depopulation)例如：猪的流动措施（保育期空群）Vaccina

22、tion has failed to control PRRS consistently疫苗接种已经不能够稳定的控制PRRSExample: MLV or Killed products例如：活毒苗或者灭活苗Depopulation has failed to control PRRS consistently空群措施已经不能够稳定的控制PRRSExample: re-infection from seed stock suppliers例如：从种猪身上的再感染 *Four essential points to remember regarding the PRRS virus:关于PRRS

23、病毒，以下四个重要的问题很值得注意：1. PRRS virus is not very contagious in endemically infected herd地方性感染的猪群PRRS病毒传染性不强- “subpopulations”: pockets of infected, protected and nave animals - “亚群”： 感染的、被保护的和幼年的猪- replacement gilt is key subpopulation- 替换后备母猪是关键的亚群- consistent acclimation of breeding stock is difficult

24、to achieve- 很难使种猪适应新的环境2. PRRS virus produces persistent infections PRRS病毒会产生持续感染 presence of the virus in a host for prolonged periods post-infection 病毒感染后可在宿主体内长时间存在 86 days in sows (shedding day 49, 56, and 86 days post-infection) 病毒在经产母猪体内可以存在86天（感染后49、56和86天排出病毒）93 days in semen 病毒在精液里能活93天157

25、days in tonsils of weaned pigs 在断奶仔猪的扁桃体内能存在157天210 days following in utero infection (shedding for 112 days) 病毒在子宫感染后持续存在210天（排毒时间112天）long term carriers: shed virus to susceptible swine and maintain diseaseprocess长期带毒猪：排出病毒使易感猪感染并维持疾病的过程3. Immunity to PRRS virus cannot be measure PRRS病毒的免疫不能够被测出-

26、Cell mediated immunity is essential for protection- 细胞介导的免疫对机体的保护很重要- Commercially available diagnostic tests cannot measure CMI- 商品化的诊断试验不能够测得细胞介导的免疫反应- The presence of an antibody indicates EXPOSURE, not protection !- 抗体的存在证明已经感染，而不是受到抗体的保护4. PRRS virus can be transmitted by mechanical vectorsPRRS

27、病毒能够通过一些机械的载体传播Needles, coveralls, boots, hands, insects针头、工作服、靴子、手和昆虫Action steps: .Diagnose the disease process, ie. LOCATE THE VIRUS步 骤：诊断疾病的进程，例如，对病毒进行定位Method: Diagnostic profiling方法：诊断方式Sample by stage of production to determine point of infection in the life of the pig.每阶段取样以确定猪在哪一阶段感染Example

28、: 例如Breeding herd-collect 30 blood samples, 5 samples/parity种猪群收集30个血样，5个样品/组 5 gilts 5头后备母猪 5 P1 sows P1：5头经产母猪 5 P2 sows P2：5头经产母猪 5 P3 sows P3：5头经产母猪 5 P4 sows P4：5头经产母猪 5 P5 sows P5：5头经产母猪Sample size will vary, based on the percentage of positives in the herd (prevalence) and herd size!根据猪群中的阳性比

29、率（流行性）和猪群的大小，样品的量要作出改变， 10 sample will detect prevalence of 30% or higher阳性率为30或更高的猪群取样10个30 samples will detect prevalence of 10% or higher阳性率为10或更高的猪群取样30个60 samples will detect prevalence of 5% or higher阳性率为5或更高的猪群取样60个Weaned piglets-collect 10 samples, 1 pig/litter断奶的仔猪收集10个样品，每窝一头Late nursery (

30、8-10 weeks)-collect 10 samples, 1 pig/pen晚期保育猪（810周）收集10个样品，每圈一头Late finisher (5-6 months)-collect 10 samples, 1 pig/pen晚期育成猪（56月）收集10个样品，每圈一头*REMEMBER:ACUTE INFECTION = HIGHER PREVALENCE=LOWER SAMPLE SIZE记住：急性感染=较高的流行率较少的样品量*REMEMBER:CHRONIC INFECTION=LOWER PREVALENCE=HIGHER SAMPLE SIZE记住：慢性感染较低的流行

31、率较多的样品量Tools: Antibody tests and antigen tests工具：抗体检测和抗原检测Antibody tests: ELISA抗体检测：酶联免疫吸附试验ELISA reports results in the form of a Sample to Positive ratio (s/p)ELISA试验的结果是以样品/阳性比率的形式S/P ratio of .4 or higher is positive样品/阳性比率为4或更大时为阳性Antigen tests: PCR (polymerase chain reaction)-detects nucleic a

32、cid抗原检测：PCR（聚合酶链式反应）检测核酸Virus isolation-detects replicating virus病毒分离检测复制的病毒Molecular sequencing-provides genetic picture of the virus分子测序能提供病毒的基因图谱Immunohistochemistry-detects antigen in fixed tissues免疫组织化学检测在已经用固定液固定的组织中的抗原Tools: Clinical observations工具：临床的观查Farrowing: Sniffling, sneezing, thumpin

33、g in piglets, anorexia/agalactiae in sows分娩舍：流鼻涕、打喷嚏、仔猪发出低声的噪音、母猪厌食或无乳Nursery: Healthy at weaning (3 weeks)保育猪：断奶时健康（3周）Sniffling/sneezing/anorexic at 6 weeks在6周时出现流鼻涕、打喷嚏和厌食Poor condition, concurrent bacterial infections at 10 weeks在10周时健康状况不良，伴发细菌的感染Ex: meningitis, pneumonia, septicemia, arthritis

34、例如：脑膜炎、肺炎、败血症、关节炎Finishing: Pneumonia, acute mortality, poor growth rate育成猪：肺炎、急性死亡、生长缓慢REMEMBER THAT OTHER DISEASES OF SWINE CAN PRODUCE SIMILAR CLINICAL SIGNS, THEREFORE, IT IS VERY IMPORTANT TO COLLECT TISSUES AS WELL !记住猪的其它疾病也能引起类似的临床症状，所以收集一些组织病料显得非常的重要！ l Lung (alveolar macrophage washings),

35、tonsil, and lymph nodes are the bestl 肺（肺泡巨噬细胞洗出物）、扁桃体和淋巴结是最佳选择l Keep refrigerated at all times, do not freeze unless 70 degrees!l 保持冷却，除非在-70（华氏？）度以下，否则不要冻结。l PRRS virus is very sensitive to heating, UV light, chemical disinfectionl PRRS病毒对热、紫外光、化学消毒药非常敏感l Always collect formalin-fixed tissues for microscopic analysis l 常常收集用福尔马林固定的组织来进行显微镜下的分析EXAMPLES OF POINT OF INFECTION DIAGNOSTIC STRATEGY:对诊断此传染病的措施要点举例：PIG# BREEDING WEANERS NURSERY FINISHER 猪 哺乳猪 断奶猪 保育猪 育成猪1 2.54 0.06 1.44 2.102 0.54 1.79 2.44 2.333 1.66 2.99 0.56