PartTwoTheEnglishRenaissanceShakespeare英国文艺复兴时期莎士比亚篇(下).pdf

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1、Part Two The English Renaissance-Shakespeare 英国文艺复兴时期莎士比亚篇(下)VI Hamlet 哈姆雷特 1.Background:Hamlet is considered the summit of Shakespeares art.The story comes from an old Danish legend.Before Shakespeare,Thomas Kyd had written a play on the same subject.It was a tragedy of“blood and thunder.”But under

2、 Shakespeares pen,the medieval story assumed a new meaning.哈姆雷特 被认为是莎士比亚的巅峰之作。这个故事取材于一个古老的丹麦传说。在莎士比亚之前，托马斯基德写过同样题材的剧本。它是一部“血与泪”的悲剧。然而，在莎士比亚笔下，这个中世纪故事却具有一种新意。2.The Character of Hamlet 哈姆雷特的性格 Hamlet is neither a frail and weak-minded youth nor a thought-sick book-worm.The play itself does not bear ou

3、t such ideas.In the play,nobody thinks of him in that way.Though he is deprived of his right to the throne,he is still loved and respected by everyone.We see him rushing after the Ghost,killing Polonius,dealing with Claudius agents on the ship,boarding the pirate,leaping into the grave and at last e

4、xecuting his revenge.A mere book-worm can never do any of these things.哈姆雷特既不是一个性格脆弱的青年，也不是一个被思想困扰的书呆子。剧本自身并没有这些看法。剧中，没有人以这种方式看待它。虽然他被剥夺了王权，但还是被所有人爱戴和尊敬。我们看见他追逐鬼魂、杀死波隆尼尔、与克劳狄斯派来的探子交涉让海盗上船、溜进墓地并最终报仇。一个书呆子是不可能做出其中的任何一件事儿。(1)Hamlet is a humanist,a man who is free from medieval prejudices and superstiti

5、ons.He has an unbounded love for the world instead of the heaven.Like other humanists,he cherishes a profound reverence for man,and a firm belief in mans power and destiny.哈姆雷特是一个摆脱了中世纪偏见和迷信的人文主义者。他对现实世界而非天堂有着无限的热爱。与其它人文主义者一样，他对人类怀有深切的崇敬，对人类力量与命运深信不疑。(2)Starting from his humanist love of man,he turn

6、s to those around him with the same eagerness.In his contact with the people around him,he cares for nothing but human worth and shows a contempt for rank and wealth.His democratic tendency is based on his humanist thought.因为他对人类具有人文主义的爱，他以同样的热情对待他周围的人。在人与人的交往中，他只在乎人的价值，而蔑视等级和财富。他的民主倾向是给予他的人文主义思想的。(

7、3)His intellectual genius is outstanding.He is a close observer of men and manners.He easily sees through people.His quick perception drives him to penetrate below the surface of things and question what others take for granted.So he is forever unmasking his world.His observation of his world is sum

8、med up in a bitter sentence:”Denmark is a prison.”他有杰出的智慧与天赋。他对人与人的行为方式有深刻的观察。他能很快看透人，他敏锐地观察让他透过事情的表面，从而找出别人以为是想当然的问题症结。所以，他一直在撕开这个世界的假面具。一句痛苦的话语踪迹了他对这个世界的观察：“丹麦是一座地狱。”(4)From these we may know that Hamlet is not a mere scholar,and his future is by no means simply meditative.On the contrary,Hamlet i

9、s a man of genius,highly accomplished and educated,a man of far-reaching perception and sparkling wit.He is a scholar,soldier and statesman.His image reflects the versatility of the men of the Renaissance.从这我们可以了解哈姆雷特不仅仅是一个学者。他的本性也绝不仅仅是沉思、默想。相反，哈姆雷特是一个天才，多才多艺而深有教养，具有深邃的洞察力和聪颖的智慧。他是一位学者、战士和政治家。他的形象也映

10、射出文艺复兴时期人们的多才多艺。3.The Melancholy of Hamlet 哈姆雷特的忧郁(1)At the beginning of the play,he is grieved for his fathers death and his mothers sudden marriage with his uncle,a man utterly contemptible and loathsome in his eyes.Hamlets profound melancholy shows,in a way,the crisis of humanism at the end of th

11、e 16th and the beginning of the 17th centuries.戏剧一开始，他为父亲的死和母亲突然嫁给令他讨厌的叔叔而悲伤。(2)Before his death Hamlet shows all the nobility and sweetness of his nature.In the pangs of death,he has will to think,not of the past,but of the future,and to take care for the welfare of his country.临死前，哈姆雷特表现出他本性中所有的高贵

12、与可爱。在面临死亡的悲痛中，他的遗言是要思考。不是思考过去，而是思考未来，要关注这个国家的安定。(3)Hamlet is a hero of the Renaissance.His learning,wisdom,noble nature,limitation and tragedy are all representative of the humanists at the turn of the 16th and the 17th centuries.哈姆雷特是一位文艺复兴时期的英雄，他的学识、智慧、高贵品质、局限性与悲剧都代表着 16 世纪与 17 世纪之交人文主义者的特征。*Hamle

13、t 哈姆雷特 Theme Shakespeare adopted revenge subject,but the main purpose was for the revelation of something more profound and realistic:contradiction between humanist ideals and the reality.莎士比亚使用复仇主题，其主要目的是为了解释更为深远的现实：人文主义思想与现实之间的矛盾。The Main of Character 主要人物 Hamlet:Prince.哈姆雷特：王子 Claudius:King,Hamle

14、ts uncle.克劳迪亚斯：国王，哈姆雷特的叔叔 Gentrude:Queen,Hamlets mother.乔特鲁德：往后，哈姆雷特的母亲 Polonius：Lord Chamberlain under Claudius 波洛尼厄斯：克劳迪亚斯的大臣 Ophelia:Polonius daughter,Hamlets love.欧菲莉亚：波洛尼厄斯的女儿，哈姆 雷特的爱人 Laertes:Polonius son.雷欧提斯：波洛尼厄斯的儿子 VII The Later Comedies 晚期的喜剧 1.Works:Pericles,Cymbeline,The Winters Tale,an

15、d The Tempest,written between 1608 and 1611,are Shakespeares later comedies.创作于 1608 年至 1611 年间的 佩力克尔斯、辛白林、冬天的故事和 暴风雨是莎士比亚的晚期喜剧。2.Features:Owing to their tragi-comic nature,they are sometimes called his“romances”.These plays portray a wide range of tragic events,pathetic emotions,and difficult condi

16、tions,but they all end in reconciliation and reunion and emphasize upon a renewal of hope that comes from repentance and forgiveness,together with a faith in the younger generation,who by love will heal the wounds inflicted in the past.由于它们具有悲喜剧的特点，有时又被称为“罗曼史”。这些戏剧描述了大量的悲剧事件、令人同情的情感和艰难的处境，但都以和解与团圆结局

17、，同时也强调了希望的再临，这希望来源于悔悟与谅解，以及对年青一代的新人，因为爱会治疗过去造成的伤口。VIII Features of Shakespeares Drama 莎士比亚戏剧的特征 1.Shakespeare is one of the founders of realism in world literature.Through Hamlets famous speech to the players in Hamlet(III.2.).Shakespeare makes comment of dramatic performance.Its purpose,he maintain

18、s,is“to hold,as it were,the mirror up to nature;to show virtue her own feature,scorn her own image,and the very age and body of the time his form and pressure.”This is,in essence,the the principle of realism.“Realism,”according to Engels,“implies,besides truth in detail,the truthful reproduction of

19、typical characters under typical circumstances.Living in the historical period of the transition from feudalism to capitalism,Shakespeare faithfully and vividly reflects,through a host of typical characters in his plays,the major social contradictions of his time.Thus,his historical plays describe t

20、he decaying of the old feudal nobility and the rising of the new Tudor monarchy which represented the interests of English merchants and well-to-do citizens.His comedies paint,in bright colors,the life and love of the young men and women just freed from the fetters of feudalism.Meanwhile,his great t

21、ragedies,in the main,depict the life-and-death struggle between the humanists,representing the then newly emerging forces,and the corrupt kings,the ambitious noble lords and all sorts of adventurists,parasites and flatterers who represent the dark power of the time.莎士比亚式世界文学中现实主义的奠基人之一。在哈姆雷特（第三幕第二场）

22、中，通过哈姆雷特对演员门将的一段有名的发言，莎士比亚评价了戏剧表演。他认为，“自有戏剧以来，他的目的是忠实反映人生，显示善恶的本来面目，给时代看一看它自己演变发展的模型”。从本质上讲，这是一种现实主义原则。恩格斯说，“现实主义意味着，除了细节的真实性外，是对典型环境中典型人物的真实再现”。处于封建主义向资本主义过渡历史时期的莎士比亚，通过剧中众多典型人物的描写，真实而生动地反映了那个时代的主要社会矛盾。因此，他的历史剧描写了旧的封建贵族的腐朽，以及代表英国商人和富裕市民利益的新的都铎王朝的兴起。他的喜剧出色的描绘了摆脱封建桎梏的青年男女的生活与爱情。同时，他的伟大悲剧主要描述了代表当时新兴力量

23、的人文主义者同腐朽过往、野心贵族、代表当时黑暗势力的形形色色冒险者、食客与阿谀奉承的人之间的生死决斗。2.Shakespeares dramatic creation often used the method of adoptation.He borrowed his plots widely from greek legends and Roman history,from Italian stories and English chronicles,and from romances by his English con temporaries.Sometimes he rewrote

24、old plays by certain inferior authors.But the results of all these labours become original compositions.Whatever he touches sparkles a peculiar beauty of its own and an old story is thus turned into a superb work of dramatic art.莎士比亚的戏剧创作经常采用改编的方法。他的剧情广泛借用自希腊传说、罗马历史、意大利故事、英国编年史以及英国同时代人写的罗曼史。有时，他还重写一

25、些不出名作家创作的旧剧本。然而，这些工作的结果都成了原创作品。不管他接触哪一类素材，他自身特有的魅力火花与老故事的糅合使之变成了戏剧艺术的完美作品。3.Shakespeares long experience with the stage and intimate knowledge of dramatic art thus acquired make him a master hand for playwriting.Under his hand,drama becomes very elastic.The action develops freely,without being hinde

26、red by the classical ruled of three unities.It moves from city to city,from country to country,or from the court and the battlefield.It may cover several days,several week,or even many years.Sometimes,a single play may contain more than one theme,and the main plot exists side by side with the sub-pl

27、ot or sub-plots.Shakespeare often combines the majestic with the funny,the poetic withe the prosaic,and the tragic with the comic.His characters also bear this manifold quality.They are full-blooded people,representing all the complexities and implications of real life.莎士比亚漫长的舞台经历和其中获得的深刻的戏剧艺术只是让他成为

28、一名戏剧创作的高手。在他的笔下，戏剧灵活多变，收发自如，情节开展自由奔放，没有受“三一”传统原则的舒服。情节转移变化有城市到城市、有农村到农村或由宫廷到战场；可能持续几天、几个星期或者许多年。有时，一个剧本可能包含不止一个主题，主要情节与一个或几个次要情节同时存在。莎士比亚经常把庄严与滑稽、诗歌与散文以及悲剧与喜剧结合在一起，他的人物也具有这样的多种特质。他们是具有代表性的人物，代表了现实生活的复杂性深刻内涵。4.Shakespeare was killed in many poetic forms:the song,the sonnet,the couplet,and the dramati

29、c blank verse.He was especially at home with the blank verse.莎士比亚在许多是个文学样式方面技艺娴熟：歌、十四行诗、对句以及戏剧无韵体诗。他尤其对无韵体诗运用的游刃有余。5.Shakespeare was a great master of the English language.He commanded a vocabulary larger than any other English writer.Many of his new coinages and turns of expression have become ever

30、yday usage in English life.Shakespeare and Authorize Version of the English Bible are the two great treasuries of the English language.莎士比亚式一位英语语言大师。他所掌握的词汇量比其他任何英语作家都多，他所创造的许多新词和表达方法成为英国生活中的常用语。莎士比亚戏剧与钦定版英文圣经是英语语言的两大瑰宝。6.Shakespeare has been universally acknowledged to be the summit of the English

31、Renaissance,and one of the greatest writers the world over.莎士比亚被公认为是英国文艺复兴的巅峰，是全世界最伟大的作家之一。7.The popularity of Shakespeare is a worldwide phenomenon.His name has been known to China for more than a hundred years,and many of his plays have been widely read among Chinese people.There are now two Chinese versions of his Complete Works,and his great comedies,histories and tragedies have appeared separately in very good translation by Chinese poets and writers.莎士比亚的流星雨声望是一种世界现象。100 多年前中国就知道他的名字，他的许多戏剧也被中国人广泛阅读。目前，他的作品全集中有两个中译本，他的伟大喜剧、历史剧和悲剧都分别被中国诗人和作家翻译成了很好的版本。