AGlimpseofChineseCulture《中国文化概论》讲义chapters18.pdf

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1、Chapter 1 The Origin of Chinese Culture 文化词汇 Confucian philosophy 儒家哲学 Confucius 孔子 Mencius 孟子 the descendants of Yan and Huang 炎黄子孙 the Spring and Autumn and the Warring States Periods 春秋战国时期 The Art of War孙子兵法 porcelain 瓷器 三皇五帝 Three Emperors and Five Sovereigns)Gregorian calendar/solar calendar 格

2、里高利历,是国际通用的历法,即公历 lunar calendar 阴历 the Twenty-four Solar Terms 二十四节气 Chinese Zodiac 生肖 Chinese Culture-Past and Present Chinese history began with two legendary figuresEmperor Huang and Emperor Yan,who,together with their tribes,inhabited the drainage area along the middle reaches（中游）of the Yellow

3、River.By the time of Xia Dynasty,after centuries of living side by side,these two tribes had gradually merged into（合并，融合）one.Consequently,the Chinese people usually call themselves“the descendants of Yan and Huang”.People at that time believed that the land they lived on was the center of the world,

4、and called their state the Middle Kingdom(中国),thus giving China its country name.Traditional Chinese culture is recorded not only in history books and documents,but also in archeological records(考古记载),such as ancient city walls,palaces（宫殿）,temples（寺庙）,pagodas（宝塔）,and grottos（洞窟）;artifacts（史前古器物）,suc

5、h as bronze objects,weapons,bronze mirrors,coins,jade and pottery objects,and curios;and folk culture,including song and dance,embroidery（刺绣）,cuisine（烹饪）,clothing,tea ceremonies,drinking games,lanterns,riddles,martial arts（武术）,chess and kites.With a continuous history of 5,000 years,it has undergone

6、 frequent transformations to produce a rich and vital cultural heritage.In the modern day,with the rise of western economic and military power beginning in the mid-19th century,Western systems of social and political organization have gained adherents in China.Indeed,within todays globalized environ

7、ment,modern cultures interact and cooperate increasingly more with each other.Chinas culture of the future will most likely reflect this cross-cultural dimension.Thus,obtaining a solid understanding of Chinas culture of the past is necessary in order to successfully embrace all that the culture has

8、to offer to the world.The Appellation of China China is the appellation of our country given by foreigners.The porcelain china is the transliteration of the place name Changnan(昌南),which was the old name for Jingdezhen（景德镇）.The porcelain made in Changnan was smooth and bright,and earned another name

9、 of artificial jade.It became famous both home and abroad and was exported to Europe in large quantities.As time passed,people in Europe forgot the meaning of Changnan and switched the original meaning of porcelain of the word“china”to the place of its origin.The Alternative Names of China Chixian,S

10、henzhou(赤县、神州)Jiuzhou(九州)Hua(华)Huaxia(华夏)Zhonghua(中华)Hainei(海内)Chinese Mythology Chinese Mythology is a collection of cultural history,folktales（民间故事）,and religions that have been passed down in oral or written form.Chinese mythology is similar to modern religion in that they both believe in relatio

11、nships between mankind and a higher power.Historians have conjectured（推测）that Chinese mythology began in 12th century BC(close to the time of the Trojan War 特洛伊战争).The myths and legends were passed down in oral form for over a thousand years,before being written down in early book such as Shui Jing

12、Zhu and Shan Hai Jing.The classification of myth 神话的分类 Creation myth 创世神话：Nvwa Created Man(女娲造人）Hero myth 英雄神话：Houyi Shooting the Sun(后羿射日)War myth 战争神话：Yellow Emperor Tackled Human-God(黄帝擒蚩尤)Cultural Mosaic Heavenly Stems and Earthly Branches The standard Gregorian calendar is generally referred to

13、 as the solar calendar in China.The traditional Chinese lunar calendar,also known as the Jiazi calendar,counts the years in sixty-year cycles by combining two series of numbers-the 10 Heavenly Stems and 12 Earthly Branches.The Twenty-four Solar Terms The traditional Chinese lunar year is divided int

14、o twenty-four solar terms,according to the position of the sun on the ecliptic in relationship to the earth.The solar terms designate agricultural periods,and can predict changing seasonal conditions,temperature,and weather throughout the course of the year.They are extremely important to agricultur

15、al production.Changes in the four seasons are determined by eight solar terms:立春(the Beginning of Spring),春分(the Spring Equinox),立夏(the Beginning of Summer),夏至(the Summer Solstice),立秋(the Beginning of Autumn),秋分(the Autumnal Equinox),立冬(the Beginning of Winter),冬至(the Winter Solstice)Changes in temp

16、erature are indicated by five solar terms:小暑 Slight Heat,大暑 Great Heat,处暑 the Limit of Heat,小寒 Slight Cold,大寒 Great Cold Changing weather conditions are indicated by seven solar terms:雨水 Rain Water,谷雨 Grain Rain,白露 White Dew,寒露 Cold Dew,霜降 Frosts Descent,小雪 Slight Snow,大雪 Great Snow.Recurring natura

17、l phenomena are indicated by four solar terms:惊蛰 the Waking of Insects,清明 Pure Brightness,小满 Grain Full,芒种 Grain in Ear Chinese Zodiac In ancient times,our ancestors counted the years with 10 heavenly stems and 12 earthly branches.Although this was scientific,most people were illiterate and could no

18、t memorize or calculate easily.Thus the animals that influenced peoples lives were chosen to symbolize the terrestrial branches:the rat,ox,tiger,rabbit,dragon,snake,horse,sheep,monkey,rooster,dog and pig.Chapter 2 Culinary Culture 文化词汇 culinary 厨房的，烹饪的;烹调用的 cuisine 烹饪，烹调法;菜肴 main food 主食,主粮（staple f

19、ood）Fire temperature 火候 food tonic 食补 “Food is the first necessity of the people”(“民以食为天。”)“Governing a great nation is like cooking a small fish-too much handling will spoil it.”(Lao-tzu,Chinese philosopher)(“治大国若烹小鲜。”)Well fed,well bred.衣食足，而后知礼节。“There is neither rejection to his rice being of th

20、e finest quality,nor to his meat being finely minced.”(食不厌精，脍不厌细).A general introduction of Chinese food Chinese cuisine(菜肴)is widely seen as representing one of the richest and most diverse culinary(烹饪的)cuisines and heritages in the world.A meal in Chinese culture is typically seen as consisting of

21、 two or more general components:Zhushi(main food)-typically rice,noodles,or mantou(steamed bun),and accompanying dishes of vegetables,meat,fish,or other items,known as cai(dish)in the Chinese language.This cultural conceptualization is in some ways in contrast to cuisines of Northern Europe and the

22、USA,where meat or animal protein(蛋白质)is often considered the main food(主食).Rice is a critical part of much of Chinese cuisine.However,in northern China,wheat-based products including noodles and steamed buns predominate(占支配地位).Soup is usually served at the end of a meal.However,in southern China it

23、is more often served at the start of a meal.Food symbolism In China,foods are given particular meanings,so that in certain occasion a type of food,can only be eaten by some specific individuals,or must be eaten in specific occasion.The Chinese word for fish“Yu”sounds like the word abundance(盈余).As a

24、 result,fish is always served to symbolize accumulations of prosperity and wealth with the New Years Eve meals.In addition,the fish is served whole,with the head and the tail attached,symbolizing a good beginning and ending for the coming year.Long noodle is the symbol of longevity(长寿)in Chinese cul

25、ture.They are as much a part of Chinese birthday celebrations as a birthday cake with lit candles in many countries,so that youngsters or seniors all will have a bowl of Long Life Noodle in the expectation of a healthy life.The Chinese believe eggs symbolize fertility.After a baby is born,parents ma

26、y hold a“red egg and ginger party”,where they serve round hard-boiled eggs to announce the birth.Seeds-lotus seeds(莲子),watermelon seeds,etc.-represent bearing many children in Chinese culture.In a Chinese wedding,people often put red dates(红枣),peanuts,Longan,and lotus seeds on the bed of the new cou

27、ple,representing they will reproduce very soon.Chinese cooking art The complete presence of color,shape,aroma(芳香，香味)and flavor(色香味形俱全)Color：To have a bright,pleased and harmonious color is one of the main principles when cooking Chinese food.Shape：Shape mainly depends on methods of cutting.Aroma：Aro

28、ma means the fragrant and appetizing smell of the dishes.Flavor：Flavor refers to tasting the food:salty,sweet,sour,bitter,hot,etc.Cooking Methods Time and temperature play an important role in cooking.They include boiling(煮),stewing(煲/炖),braising(烧/焖/烩),frying(煎),stir-frying(炒),quick-frying(爆),deep-

29、frying(炸),frying and simmering(扒),sauting(快煎),simmering(煨),smoking(熏),roasting or barbecuing(烤),baking(烘),steaming(蒸)and scalding(白灼).Seasonings Taste mainly depends on the seasonings.There are many tastessalty(salt,soy sauce),sweet(sugar,honey),sour(vinegar),pungent(chili,ginger,scallion 葱),fragran

30、t(sesame oil 香油,coriander 香菜,wine),prickled(麻的)(prickly ash 花椒)and tangy(monosodium glutamate or MSG 味精)and bitter(dried tangerine 陈皮,bitter apricot kernel 苦杏仁).Eight Cuisines China is a vast country with diverse climate,customs,products,and habits.People in coastal areas prefer seafood and aquatic(

31、水产的)products,whereas those in central and northwest China eat more domestic animals and poultry.All together,the most influential and typical known by the public are the Eight Cuisines.These are as follows:Shandong Cuisine,Sichuan Cuisine,Guangdong Cuisine,Fujian Cuisine,Jiangsu Cuisine,Zhejiang Cui

32、sine,Hunan Cuisine,and Anhui Cuisine.Table manners At a formal banquet,the host prepares adequate seating for the guests.For a large number of guests,the elderly or people of high status are allocated specific seats.Special guests and elderly sit on the north side of the table or directly facing the

33、 entrance to the room.The concept of“honored south,humble north”is closely related with traditional Chinese etiquette.(一)Some Specific Guidelines:-Wait for the elders to begin the meal first.-When a new course is served,the elders are first to eat.-Since the food stand rotates on the round table,eat

34、 only what is in front of you.-Leave some food on the dish,but empty the rice in your rice bowl.-Chinese enjoy eating very much and are noisy during meals.It is important to adopt the same mood with a good attitude and joyful conversations.（二）Some Donts:-Dont Chew with Your Mouth Open-Dont Make nois

35、e while eating-Dont Speak with Your Mouth Full-Dont Pick/Suck Teeth-Dont Put Your Elbows on the Table-Dont Spit Food(Bones,Skin,etc.)out of Your Mouth-Dont Pick Up Your Plate or Bowl-Dont Pass Gas Or Burp-Dont Clean Ears with Fingernails-Dont Smoke-Dont eat only one food that suits your taste best.-

36、Dont flip over fish.-Dont get more food if there is some left in your dish,and wait for your turn after you empty your dish.-Dont Select food too slowly.Chapter3 Tea and Wine Culture Chinese Tea Culture China has a rich and sophisticated(成熟的)tea culture.The Chinese have a common saying,“Seven things

37、 in the house:firewood,rice,oil,salt,soy sauce,vinegar and tea”.Tea is a simple beverage(饮料),and one that has long been central to the lives of millions of people,originally in the East,and now virtually worldwide.The History of Tea Culture Tea as a beverage originated with Shennong.The Classic of T

38、ea“茶为之饮，发乎神农也。”茶经 Shennong tasted hundreds of herbs;he encountered seventy two poisons daily and used tea as an antidote.“神农尝百草，日遇七十二喜，得茶而解之。”神农本草经 It is often said that“tea started in the Tang Dynasty and flourished in the Song Dynasty”.In the Tang Dynasty a method called“green steaming”was invente

39、d.After steaming,the tea leaves were ground,made into cakes,and then dried and sealed for storage.In the Tang Dynasty,Lu Yu（陆羽）,the Saint of Tea/Tea sage”（茶圣）,wrote the worlds first monographThe Classic of Tea(茶经).Tea was popular among men of letters（文人）,the upper class,the temple and ordinary peopl

40、e in Song dynasty.Then,in the Ming Dynasty(1368-1644),tea culture underwent a renaissance(复兴)with the familiar dark tea,green tea,and Oolong tea all developed during this time.Zhu Yuanzhang(reigned 1368-1398),the first Ming Emperor,oversaw a change from roll tea to loose tea,and this tradition has b

41、een retained ever since.As their understanding of tea improved,people were no longer content to harvest tea from the wild,but began to plant and cultivate tea trees,while at the same time processing techniques were improving,with different methods producing different types of tea.The Classifications

42、 of Chinese Tea Green tea 绿茶 Black tea 红茶 Oolong tea 乌龙茶 Yellow tea 黄茶 White tea 白茶 Scented tea 花茶 Compressed tea 砖茶 Customs of Tea Drinking unique customs of taking tea in different regions and of different nationalities:Guangdong Morning tea Fujian Kongfu tea Hunan Lei tea Sichuan “covered-bowl te

43、a”The Bai nationality “Three Cups of Tea”Tibetan Buttered tea(酥油茶)Inner Mongolia Milk tea To show respect To apologize To express thanks to the elders on ones wedding day Chinese Wine Culture The Origin of Chinese Wine Chinese wine,as a special form of culture,has a history of more than five thousan

44、d years.Chinese wine making can be traced back as far as 4000 BC,to the early period of the Neolithic Yangshao Culture(新石器时代的仰韶文化 ).During its long development,Chinese wine has developed distinctive characteristics.Types of Chinese Wine Huangjiu(yellow rice wine)Huangjiu is one of three dominated br

45、ewed wines(beer and grape wine)in the world.Huang Jiu predates all the other liquors,with a history of several thousand years.Among these liquors the Shaoxing Rice Wine is the most famous.Baijiu(white wine)Being made from sorghum,corn,barley or wheat Fruit Wine Fermented alcoholic beverages made fro

46、m a variety of base ingredients(other than grapes);May also have additional flavors taken from fruits,flowers,and herbs.Red Wine A type of wine made from dark-coloured(black)grape varieties.The actual colour of the wine can range from intense violet,typical of young wines,through to brick red for ma

47、ture wines and brown for older red wines.Beer Toast etiquette Chinese Drinking Etiquette(礼仪)The Chinese people care more about the people we drink with.That is Chinese drinking etiquette reflects the respect of the drinkers The host and guests have their own seat and order of toast(敬酒顺序)When toast,t

48、he host come first,and firstly,they should toast the most honored guest.Tthe wine vessel must be full.The younger should toast the elder and drink all of the wine.(先干为敬)Western Drinking Etiquette The drinking etiquette of west show the respect of wine.To distinguish wine we need to watch its color,s

49、mell its fragrance,taste its taste(观其色、闻其香、品其味)They drink for enjoying,so sometimes they drink themselves.They do not encourage others to drink,neither do they consider letting other drunk is a way to show their etiquette.Chapter 4 Traditional Festivals and Customs 文化词汇 Spring Festival（春节）Spring Fes

50、tival Gala 春节联欢晚会 Lantern Festival(元宵节）Tomb-sweeping Festival(清明节）Dragon Boat Festival（端午节）Mid-autumn Festival（中秋节）Double Ninth Festival（重阳节）Intangible Cultural Heritage 非物质文化遗产 Chinese major traditional festivals Spring Festival（春节）Chinas most important festival falls on the 1st day of the 1st luna