DifferencebetweenModernismandPostmodernism(现代主义和后现代主义的不同).pdf

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1、Difference between Modernism and Postmodernism According to some theorists,the 20th century can be divided into two distinct periods;one characterized by the modernism movem ent and the other by postmodernism.Some believe that postmodernism was a response to modernism and hence consider them as two

2、aspects of the same movement.There are some major differences between modernism and postmodernism.These distinctions make clear,the basic difference in the ways of thinking that led to these movements.The difference between modernism and postmodernism highlights the difference in the approaches towa

3、rds life.Modernism describes a collection of cultural movements of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century.It consists of a series of reforming movements in art,architecture,literature,music and applied arts.Modernism was characterized by a dramatic change of thought,whereby human intellect

4、sought to improve their environment.There was a trend of improving every aspect of life by involving science and technology into it.Modernism brought about a reform in all spheres of life including philosophy,commerce,art and literature,with the aid of technology and experimentation.It led to progre

5、ss in all the aspects of life by changing the approach of mankind of looking at them.Postmodernism means,after the modern.It was a reaction to modernism and was influenced by the disenchantment brought about by the Second World War.Postmodernism refers to the state that lacks a central hierarchy and

6、 one that is complex,ambiguous and diverse.The developments in society,the economy and the culture of the 1960s were impacted by postmodernism.Modernism Vs.Postmodernism Modernism began in the 1890s and lasted till about 1945.Postmodernism began after the Second World War,especially after 1968.Moder

7、nism was based on using rational,logical means to gain knowledge while postmodernism denied the application of logical thinking.Rather,the thinking during the postmodern era was based on unscientific,irrational thought process,as a reaction to modernism.A hierarchical and organized and determinate n

8、ature of knowledge characterized modernism.But postmodernism was based on an anarchical,non-totalized and indeterminate state of knowledge.Modernist approach was objective,theoretical and analytical while the postmodernism approach was based on subjectivity.It lacked the analytical nature and though

9、ts were rhetorical and completely based on belief.The fundamental difference between modernism and postmodernism is that modernist thinking is about the search of an abstract truth of life while postmodernist thinkers believe that there is no universal truth,abstract or otherwise.Modernism attempts

10、to construct a coherent world-view whereas postmodernism attempts to remove the difference between high and low.Modernist thinking asserts that mankind progresses by using science and reason while postmodernist thinking believes that progress is the only way to justify the European domination on cul

11、ture.Modernist thinking believes in learning from past experiences and trusts the texts that narrate the past.On the other hand postmodernist thinking defies any truth in the text narrating the past and renders it of no use in the present times.Modernist historians have a faith in depth.They believe

12、 in going deep into a subject to fully analyze it.This is not the case with postmodernist thinkers.They believe in going by the superficial appearances,they believe in playing on surfaces and show no concern towards the depth of subjects.Modernism considers the original works as authentic while post

13、modernist thinkers base their views on hyper-reality;they get highly influenced by things propagated through media.During the modernist era,art and literary works were considered as unique creations of the artists.People were serious about the purpose of producing art and literary works.These works

14、were believed to bear a deep meaning,novels and books predominated society.During the postmodernist era,with the onset of computers,media and advancements in technology,television and computers became dominant in society.Art and literary works began to be copied and preserved by the means of digital

15、 media.People no longer believed in art and literary works bearing one unique meaning;they rather believed in deriving their own meanings from pieces of art and literature.Interactive media and Internet led to distribution of knowledge.Music like Mozart,Beethoven,which was appreciated during moderni

16、sm became less popular in the postmodern era.World music,Djs and remixes characterized postmodernism.The architectural forms that were popular during modernism were replaced by a mix of different architectural styles in the postmodern times.Post-modern literature Main article:Postmodern literature T

17、he term Postmodern literature is used to describe certain tendencies in post-World War II literature.It is both a continuation of the experimentation championed by writers of the modernist period(relying heavily,for example,on fragmentation,paradox,questionable narrators,etc.)and a reaction against

18、Enlightenment ideas implicit in Modernist literature.Postmodern literature,like postmodernism as a whole,is difficult to define and there is little agreement on the exact characteristics,scope,and importance of postmodern literature.Henry Miller,William S.Burroughs,Joseph Heller,Kurt Vonnegut,Hunter

19、 S.Thompson,Truman Capote,Thomas Pynchon.Postmodernism Postmodernism is a range of conceptual frameworks and ideologies that are defined in opposition to those commonly associated with ideologies of modernity and modernist notions of knowledge and science,such as formalism,materialism,metaphysics,po

20、sitivism,realism,reductionism,and structuralism.Postmodernism is not a philosophical movement,but rather a number of philosophical and critical methods.In other words,postmodernism is not a method of doing philosophy,but rather a way of approaching traditional ideas and practices in non-traditional

21、ways that deviate from pre-established superstructural modes.This has caused difficulties in defining what postmodernism means and it therefore remains a controversial concept.Postmodernism postulates that many,if not all,apparent realities are only social constructs and are therefore subject to cha

22、nge.It claims that there is no absolute truth and that the way people perceive the world is subjective and emphasises the role of language,power relations,and motivations in the formation of ideas and beliefs.In particular it attacks the use of sharp binary classifications such as male versus female

23、,straight versus gay,white versus black,and imperial versus colonial;it holds realities to be plural and relative,and to be dependent on who the interested parties are and the nature of these interests.Postmodernist approaches therefore often consider the ways in which social dynamics,such as power

24、and hierarchy,affect human conceptualizations of the world to have important effects on the way knowledge is constructed and used.In contrast to modernism,postmodernist thought often emphasizes constructivism,idealism,pluralism,relativism,and scepticism in its approaches to knowledge and understandi

25、ng.Postmodernism is generally considered to have been conceived during the late nineteenth century.Postmodernism gained significant popularity in the 1950s and dominated literature and art by the 1960s.1 Postmodernism has influenced many disciplines,including religion,literary criticism,sociology,li

26、nguistics,architecture,history,anthropology,visual arts,and music.Contents hide 1 Definitional issues 2 Theories and derivatives o 2.1 Deconstruction o 2.2 Structuralism and post-structuralism o 2.3 Elements of Post-Modern Society o 2.4 Post-postmodernism 3 History 4 Influence on art o 4.1 Architect

27、ure o 4.2 Urban Planning o 4.3 References(Urban Planning section)o 4.4 Literature o 4.5 Music 5 Influential postmodernist philosophers 6 Criticisms 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links edit Definitional issues The term Postmodernism is often used to refer to different,sometime

28、s contradictory concepts.Conventional definitions include:Compact Oxford English Dictionary:a style and concept in the arts characterized by distrust of theories and ideologies and by the drawing of attention to conventions.2 Merriam-Webster:Either of,relating to,or being an era after a modern one,o

29、r of,relating to,or being any of various movements in reaction to modernism that are typically characterized by a return to traditional materials and forms(as in architecture)or by ironic self-reference and absurdity(as in literature),or,finally of,relating to,or being a theory that involves a radic

30、al reappraisal of modern assumptions about culture,identity,history,or language.3 American Heritage Dictionary:Of or relating to art,architecture,or literature that reacts against earlier modernist principles,as by reintroducing traditional or classical elements of style or by carrying modernist sty

31、les or practices to extremes:It a roadhouse is so architecturally interesting.with its postmodern wooden booths and sculptural clock.4 While the term Postmodern and its derivatives are freely used,with some uses apparently contradicting others,those outside the academic milieu have described it as m

32、erely a buzzword that means nothing.Dick Hebdige,in his text Hiding in the Light,writ es:When it becomes possible for a people to describe as postmodern the dcor of a room,the design of a building,the diegesis of a film,the construction of a record,or a scratch video,a television commercial,or an ar

33、ts documentary,or the intertextual relations between them,the layout of a page in a fashion magazine or critical journal,an anti-teleological tendency within epistemology,the attack on the metaphysics of presence,a general attenuation of feeling,the collective chagrin and morbid projections of a pos

34、t-War generation of baby boomers confronting disillusioned middle-age,the predicament of reflexivity,a group of rhetorical tropes,a proliferation of surfaces,a new phase in commodity fetishism,a fascination for images,codes and styles,a process of cultural,political or existential fragmentation and/

35、or crisis,the de-centring of the subject,an incredulity towards metanarratives,the replacement of unitary power axes by a plurality of power/discourse formations,the implosion of meaning,the collapse of cultural hierarchies,the dread engendered by the threat of nuclear self-destruction,the decline o

36、f the university,the functioning and effects of the new miniaturised technologies,broad societal and economic shifts into a media,consumer or multinational phase,a sense(depending on who you read)of placelessness or the abandonment of placelessness(critical regionalism)o r(even)a generalised substit

37、ution of spatial for temporal coordinates-when it becomes possible to describe all these things as Postmodern(or more simply using a current abbreviation as post or very post)then its clear we are in the presence of a buzzword.5 British historian Perry Andersons history of the term and its understan

38、ding,The Origins of Postmodernity,explains these apparent contradictions,and demonstrates the importance of Postmodernism as a category and a phenomenon in the analysis of contemporary culture.6 In addition to the possible terms given,Kaya Yilmaz presents the idea that when studying this theory one

39、must remember that there is not one definition,hence the multiple provided.The term itself does not allow it to own one specific definition,rather it contains specific attributes and characteristics that can be agreed upon.Yamaz also acknowledges the very important idea that this idea of postmoderni

40、sm can and does alter depending on the location on the globe.There are three reasons behind the lack of concrete definition.One being that the disposition itself,is that the theory is“anti-essentialist and anti-foundationalist”.The idea of postmodernism in its entirety is not to be clearly defined o

41、r predictable.The second reason is that it is a theory that is contrasting and does not have a specific way of presenting or explaining itself.Finally,the theory is not even clearly defined by its inventors and researchers.Those scholars who first founded this ideal intentionally did not give it a c

42、lear,concrete diagnosis.7 edit Theories and derivatives edit Deconstruction Main article:Deconstruction One of the most popular postmodernist tendencies within aesthetics is deconstruction.As it is currently used,deconstruction is a Derridean approach to textual analysis(typically literary critique,

43、but variously applied).Deconstructions work entirely within the studied text to expose and undermine the frame of reference,assumptions,and ideological underpinnings of the text.Although deconstructions can be developed using different methods and techniques,the process typically involves demonstrat

44、ing the multiple possible readings of a text and their resulting internal conflicts,and undermining binary oppositions(e.g.masculine/feminine,old/new).Deconstruction is fundamental to many different fields of postmodernist thought,including postcolonialism,as demonstrated through the writings of Gay

45、atri Spivak.citation needed edit Structuralism and post-structuralism Further information:Manifestations of Postmodernism Structuralism was a broad philosophical movement that developed particularly in France in the 1950s,partly in response to French Existentialism,but is considered by many to be an

46、 exponent of High-Modernism,by whom?though its categorization as either a Modernist or Postmodernist trend is contested.Many Structuralists later moved away from the most strict interpretations and applications of structure,and are thus called Post-structuralists in the United States(the term is unc

47、ommon in Europe).Though many Post-structuralists were referred to as Postmodern in their lifetimes,many explicitly rejected the term.Notwithstanding,Post-structuralism in much American academic literature in the Humanities is very strongly associated with the broader and more nebulous movement of Po

48、stmodernism.Thinkers most typically linked with Structuralism include anthropologist Claude Lvi-Strauss,linguist Ferdinand de Saussure,Marxist philosopher Louis Althusser,the early writings of psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan,the early writings of literary theorist Roland Barthes,and the semiotician Algi

49、rdas Greimas.Philosophers commonly referred to as Post-structuralists include Michel Foucault,Roland Barthes,Jean Baudrillard,Gilles Deleuze(all of whom began their careers within a Structuralist framework),Jacques Derrida,Pierre Bourdieu,Jean-Franois Lyotard,Julia Kristeva,Hlne Cixous,Luce Irigaray

50、 and,sometimes,the American cultural theorists,critics and intellectuals they influenced(e.g.Judith Butler,Jonathan Crary,John Fiske,Rosalind Krauss,Hayden White).Though by no means a unified movement with a set of shared axioms or methodologies,Post-structuralism emphasizes the ways in which differ