二、法律文体的句法特点.pdf
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1、二、法律文体的句法特点 法律文体除了上节所讨论的词汇特点之外,还具有区别于其他文体的句法特点。法律文体素以句子冗长而著称。据统计,在法律文体中,句子的平均长度为 271 个单词而科技文体的句子平均长度则只有 28 个单词。此外,法律文本的句子结构复杂,逻辑性强,从而加大了法律翻译的困难。为了使法律文件的表述更加准确、严谨和庄重,法律文本中的句子结构通常很复杂,长句也较多。由于在制定法规时必须对中心词进行限定,因而句子中会包含许多从句和修饰、说明成分,如定语从句、状语从句、并列结构、分词短语等。1、定语从句 在法律文本中,限制性定语从句和非限定性从句都有使用。相对而言,由于法律在语言上要求准确、
2、严谨,所以限定性从句用得较多,而作为补充说明、解释性的非限定性定语从句则用得较少。例 10 A contract in writing which contains a clause indicating that the writing completely embodies the terms on which the parties have agreed can not be contracted or supplemented by evidence of prior statements or agreements.However,such statements or agreem
3、ents may be used to interpret the writing.译文 书面合同中,有条款表明该书面合同完全体现了当事人已达成协议的条款的,不得把以前的声明或协议加入合同,或以此声明或协议对合同加以补充。但此声明或协议可以用于解释该合同。在这句话中,第一个 which 引导的定语从句修饰中心词 contract,第二个定语从句限定terms。通过使用定语从句,法律名词表述得更为具体。2、状语从句 法律文本的一个显著特征就是大量使用状语从句,尤其是条件状语从句。因为法律条文除了规定双方应享有的权利和履行的义务外,还会考虑到各种具体情况,表现在句子结构上就是频繁使用条件或让步状语
4、从句。常用的引导词有:if,whereas,where,provided that等。例 11 Provided that the acceptance of rent or mesne profits by the Landlord after the expiration of the term of the tenancy hereby created shall not be deemed to operate as a waiver of breach of any of the terms hereof nor as a new periodic tenancy by way of
5、 holding over or otherwise.A new Tenancy shall only be created by a fresh tenancy agreement in writing signed by the Landlord and the Tenant.译文倘若在本合于规定的租借期满后业主接受租金或中间收益,不应该被认为是起了放弃或违背合约的任何条件的作用,也不应该认为是起了作为继续租用或其他的新租期的作用。新租约只能是业主和租户签署的新书面租凭合约。原文中 provided that是一个普通英文中很少使用的古旧词,但在法律文件,尤其是在合约条款中,广泛使用。其用
6、法与 if 或 but 非常类似,意为“倘若、如果”,引导条件从句时通常放在句首。3。并列结构 并列结构(parallelism)是英语中一种特定的起加强语气作用的修辞方法。”to be or not to be”和”I came.I saw.I conquered.”等经典语句早已为世人耳熟能详。在法律英语里,常见的别列结构连接 词有:bothand,not onlybut also,and,or,neither,nor,eitheror,whetheror not 等。翻译并列结构时,一般按原来的语序直译成中文。例 12 Neither the Company nor the Purcha
7、ser shall in any event be required to take any step which would require any admission of guilt or liability relating to matters connected with the claim in question or which would affect the future conduct of the business of the Purchaser or the Company of any subsidiaries of the Purchaser or affect
8、 the rights or reputations of any of them.译文本公司或买方在任何情况下均无须采取任何步骤,以致需要就与有争议的索赔有关的事宜承认有罪,或有法律责任,或影响买房或本公司,或买方的任何附属公司将来的业务行为,或影响他们任何一方的权利或名誉。在这个例句中,出现了两个 which 引导的定语从句共同修饰 any steps,同时也出现了or 连接的几个词语并列结构,如:the Purchaser of the Company or any subsidiaries of the Purchaser.例 13 Everyone has right to a st
9、andard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family including food,clothing,housing and medical care and necessary social senrices,and the fight to security in the event of unempl.yment,sick ness,disability,widowhood,old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstanc
10、es beyond his control【译文】人人有权享受为维持他本人和家属的健康福利所需的生活水准,包括食物、衣着、住房、医疗和必要的社会服务;在遭到失业、疾病、残废、守寡、衰老或在其他不能控制的情况下丧失谋生能力时,有权享受保障。4短语的使用法律条文的冗长晦涩影响了可读性,近年来法律语言也有简约化的趋势,但由于法律文体自身的严密性和完整性,要用简明的语言撰写法律条文绝非易事。利用短语代替从句是一个可行的办法,如使用分词短语、介词短语、不定式短语等替代从句,从而使句子结构变得更为紧凑。例如:例 14 不服本判决的一方,可于接到判决之日起 15 日内向一级法院提起上诉。【译文】Any pa
11、rty dissatisfied with the judgment may,within 15 days upon receipt of the said judgment,inaY file an appeal to the next upper peoples coun 该句用了“dissatisfied with the judgment”代替定语从句“who is dissatisfied with the judgment”,用“upon receipt of the said judgment”代替状语从句“once he receives the said judgment”,
12、使行文更加紧凑、简洁,重点突出。例 15 Members agree that the particular interest of the cotton-producing exporting members should,in consultation with them,be reflected in the implemeneation of the provisions of this Agreement.【译文】各成员同意,产棉出口成员的特殊利益应通过经与其进行磋商在实施本协足的规定过程中予以反映。(译成汉语的定语)例 16 Evidence is any statement or
13、 material object from which reasonable conclusions can be drawn.It is a broad category embracing anything perceptible to the five senses including documents,exhibits,facts agreed to by both sides and the testimony of witnesses【译文】证据是从中可以推理出合理结论的任何陈述或者具体的物质。证据是一个很广泛的类别,可以包括任何可被五官感觉到的东西,具体包括书证、物证、双方同意
14、的事实、证人证词等。(译成汉语的补语)5被动语态法律条文要尽可能的客观、公正,因而在法律英语中被动语态的使用频率很高。很多法律条文只要说明事实情况,而无需指出谓语动词的施动者,被动语态恰好能符合要求。但中文法律极少使用被动态,而采用省略主语的主动语态,即无主句。这样既可以表示客观,又可以避免频繁使用“被”字句。例 17 Where notice is required it may be given by any means appropriate to the【译文】要求发出通知时,通知可以任何符合情形的方式作出。例 18 The clause was inserted by unilate
15、rally,there was no negotiation【译文】该条款没有经过谈判,系单方面插入的。第三节 法律翻译的一般技巧 法律文体的翻译虽然有自身的特点,但与其他文体的翻译有一定的共性。要做好法律翻译工作,译者必须具备一定的通用翻译能力,掌握常用的翻译技巧,同时也要注意法律语言特征和文体特点。本节试图从词语和语法两个层面探讨法律翻译的基本技能。一、法律词语的翻译 1词的增补 词的增补是指根据原文上下文的意思、逻辑关系,以及译文语言的语义、句法特点和表达习惯,在翻译时增加原文字面上没有但实际已包含在内容之中的词。对比汉语和英语的遣词造句的习惯,词的增补通常是将原文中隐含的词译出,以清楚
16、地表达原文的意思,保证句子意思的完整。例 19 Subject to Article 54(C)below,in the event that a Party fails to make its capital contribution,in whole or in part,in accordance with the provisions of this Contract,such pany shall be liable to pay simple interest to the Company at a rate equal to default interest rate per a
17、nnum on the unpaid amount from the time due until the time the full outstanding amount including penalty interest is paid to and received by the company【译文】在遵循以下第 54(C)条规定的前提下,如果一方未依照本合同的条款全额或部分出资,则该方应就欠缴的出资额按年拖欠利率的单利向合营公司支付罚息,计息期为该笔出资的应缴日期至该笔出资及罚息全额支付,并由合营公司收到之日。译文中的“计息期”在原文中并没有对应的英文词,但在翻译这个句子时,加上“
18、计息期”这个词会使译文更加通顺,符合中文的表达习惯。例 20 Any interim or final Investment Certificate shall be signed by the Chairman and the Vice Chairman of the Board and stamped with the Company seal,and shall certify the amount of registered capital contributed by such Party and the date on which such capital contribution
19、 was made【译文】临时或正式出资证明书应由董事长和副董事长共同签署,加盖合营公司公章,并注明出资方的出资金额和出资日期。原文中“signed by the Chairman and the Vice Chairman of the Board”意为“由董事长和副董事长签署”,但翻译时加上“共同”一词,译文表达的意思会更加完整、明确。例 21 This Agreement shall take effect on the Effective Date and Shall continue for a period of ten f 10)yearsThis Agreement shall
20、 be automatically renewed for oneyear terms thereafter unless and until terminated by either Party here to by giving six(6)months written notice to the other【译文】本协议自生效日起生效,有效期为十年。此后,除非一方提前六个月向另一方发出终止本协议的书面通知,本协议逐年自动延长一年 原文中以 unless and until 引导的状语从句中,省略了主语 this agreement 和构成被动态的助动词 is,但翻译时出于汉语句法和结构上
21、的考虑,需要补上原文省去的“本协议”才能把意思表达清楚。2词的省略与重复(1)省略 翻译中的省略,是指原文里有些词或其他成分无需译出来,这或是因为被省略的词语其意义在译文中已有体现,又或是因为硬译出来反而使译文显得累赘、生涩,违背汉语的表达习惯。例 22 The growth of capitalism and the competition for domestic and international business have led to a never-ending stream of new business instruments and techniques and sophis
22、ticated markets,each with its own communication system,its trading rules and its procedures for clearance and settlement【译文】随着资本主义的发展以及国内、国际业务的竞争的加剧,新的交易手段和商业技术层出不穷,市场变得更加专业化、更加成熟,每种市场都拥有自己的通讯系统、自己的贸易规则和自己的清算结算程序。原文中有“has led to”这个动词,但在译文中译者省略了它的中文对应词。译者这样省略的目的是为了使译文更加通顺,更加符合中文的表达习惯。例 23 With the ab
23、andonment of mercantilism and the grant of oveeas state trading monopolies,paternalism gave way to private enterprise It is a fact that in the development of our legal techniques for the accommodation of business transactions the legislature has,rather remarkably,played almost no part at all.【译文】放弃重
24、商主义,赋予海外贸易的国家垄断权,家长式的管理都让位给了私人企业。事实上,在高速商业贸易的法律技术的发展过程中,立法显然没起什么作用。原文中“With the abandonment of mercantilism and the grant of overseas state trading monopolies”这个短语是靠“with”的连接才成为主句的状语的,但是译者在翻译时却省略了“with”的作用,直接就将其所连接的词当作两个短语。在译文的整个句子中,这两个短语就和主句构成了一个前后时间相连的复句。例 24 If the medieval lex mercatoria laid th
25、e foundations,it is the central courts,particularly from the eighteenth century onwards,that have fashioned the body of principlesand rules making up modem English commercial law【译文】如果中世纪的商人法奠定了基础,那么就是由中央法院,由其从 18 世纪以来,培育了英国现代商法的众多的规则和原则。原文中分词短语“making up modem English commercial law”修饰“the body of
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