数词冠词考点集汇讲解和训练高一英语初高中衔接专题四.pdf

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1、专题四：数词、冠词考点集汇，讲解和训练 一.冠词的用法 冠词是虚词，放在名词之前，用来说明名词指的人或事物。冠词有两种。A(an)叫不定冠词，the 叫定冠词。A 用在辅音之前，an 用在元音之前。1.不定冠词的用法(1)a 和 an 均用在单数名词之前，表示某一类人或事物。例如：John is a student.Mary is an English teacher.(2)指某一类人或事物中的任何一个。例如:A steel worker makes steel.Pass me an apple,please.(3)指某人或某物，但不具体说明何人或和物。例如：A student wants t

2、o see you.A girl is waiting for you outside.(4)表示“每一”的意思，相当于 every。例如：Take the medicine three times a day.They go to see their parents once a week.2.定冠词用法 (1)特指某（些）人或某（些）事物。例如：The book on the desk is an English dictionary.Beijing is the capital of Chi na.(2)指说话人和听话人都熟悉的人或事物。例如：Open the door,please.J

3、ack is in the library.(3)上文提到过的人或事物。例如：Yesterday Johns father bought him a new bike.The bike cost him 200 yuan.(4)表示世界上独一无二的事物。例如：The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.(5)用在序数词和形容词最高级之前。例如：Shanghai is the biggest city in China.January is the first month of the year.(6)用在某些形容词之前，表示某一类 人或事物。例

4、如：The nurse is kind to the sick.We should take good care of the old.(7)用在某些专有名词之前和某些习惯用语中。例如：the Great Wall,the Summer palace,in the morning,in the open air 等。(8)用在姓氏复数之前，表示“某某一家人”，“某某夫妇”。例如：the Browns,the whites 等。3.不用冠 词的情况 (1)某些专有名词，抽象名词和物质名词前一般不用冠词。例如：China,Canada,Japanese,glass,water,love 等。(2)

5、名词前已有作定语用的 this,that,my,your,whose,some,any,no,each,every 等代词时，不用冠词。例如：That is my cap.I have some questions.Go down this street.(3)复数名词表示一类人或事物时，不用冠词。They are workers.We are students.(4)称呼语前不用冠词，表示头衔和职务的名词前也不加冠词。例 如：I dont feel well today,Mother.Bush was made president of the U.S.(5)三餐饭的名称前，球类活动，学科和

6、节目名词前，常不用冠词。例如：I have lunch at home.He often plays football after class.We have English and maths every day.(6)在某些固定词组里，名词之前常不用冠词。例如：By air,at night,at home,go to bed,go to school,on foot,from morning till night 等。二.数词的用法 数词分基数词和序数词。基数词表示数目，序数词表示顺序。1.基数词的用法(1)基数词在句中主要用作主语、宾语、定语、表语、同位语，例如：Thirty of t

7、hem are Party members.（主语）-How many would you like？-Three，please（作宾语）The nine boys are from Tianj ing.（定语）Six plus four is ten.（表语）We four will go with you.（同位语）(2)表示一个具体数字时，hundred,thousand,million 一律不用复数；在表示一个不确定数字时则用复数。例如：Our country has a population of 1,300 million people.There are three thousa

8、nd students in our school.After the war,thousands of people became homeless.Maize is the most important food crop for millions of people in the world.They arrived in twos and threes (3)表示“十”的数词的复数形式可用来表示人的岁数或年代，例如：He is in his early thirties He died still in his forties This took place in the1930s(4

9、)表示时刻用基数词。例如：We get up at six.The workers begin work at eight.(5)表示“几点过几分”，用介词 past,但须在半小时以内。例如：ten past ten,a quarter past nine,half past twelve(6)表示“几点差几分”用介词 to,但分数须在半小时以上。例如：twenty to nine,five to eight,a quarter to ten(7)表示“几点几分”还可直接用基数词。例如：seven fifteen,eleven thirty,nine twenty 2.序数词的用法 （1）序数

10、词主要用作定语，前面要加定冠词，例如：The first truck is carrying a foot baskets John lives on the fifteenth floor （2）序数词有时前面可加不定冠词来表示“再一”，“又一”这样的意思，例如：Well have to do it a second time Shall I ask him a third time？When I sat down，a fourth man rose to speak（3）由几个序数词和基数词在拼写时不对应，很容易写错，应特别注意。它们是：one-first,two-second,three

11、-third,five-fifth,eight-eighth,nine-ninth,twelve-twelfth。（4）表示年，月，日时，年用 基数词表示，日用序数词表示。例如：1949 年十月一日读作:October(the)first,nineteen sixty 2004 年九月十日读作：September(the)tenth,two thousand and four（5）表示分数时，分子用基数词表示，分母用序数词表示。分子大于 1 时，分母加-s。例如：three fourths,one second,two fifths（6）序数词有时用缩写形式：first1st second2n

12、d third3rd fourth4th twenty-second22nd【演练】1.This morning I had _ egg and a bottle of milk for my breakfas t.A.an B.a C.the D./2.-Whats the matter with you?-I caught _ bad cold and had to stay in _.A.a;/B.a;the C.a;a D.the;the 3.-Have you seen _ pen?I left it here this morning.-Is it _ _ black one?I

13、think I saw it somewhere.A.a;the B.the;the C.the;a D.a;a 4._ sun is shining brightly.A.A B.An C.The D./5.There is _“h”in the word hour.A.a B.the C.an D./6.Did you enjoy your stay in Xian?Yes.I had _ wonderful time.A.a B.an C.the D./7._ sun is bigger than _ earth.A.A;the B.A;an C.T he;an D.The;the 8.

14、There is _ apple and some pears on the table.A.the B./C.a D.an 9.David has _ cat.Its very nice.A.a B.an C.the D./10.Im reading _ novel.It is _ interesting story.A.a;an B.a;a C.the;the D./;an 11.It is said that SARS has killed more than _ people worldwide.A.three hundreds B.three hundreds C.three hun

15、dreds D.three hundred 12.-How many workers are there in your factory?-There are two _.A.hundreds B.hundred C.hundred of D.hundreds of 13.-Which is the smallest number of the four?-_.A.Two-thirds B.A half C.A quarter D.Thr ee-fourths 14.-What do you think of a war,Li Ming?-Ive no idea.But its a fact

16、that _ people had to leave their hometow n during the War on Iraq.A.three thousands B.thousand of C.thousands of D.several thousands 15.We all think that the _ century will bring us more hopes.A.twenty-first B.twentieth-first C.twenty-one D.twentieth-one 16.-Can you write the number eighty-five thou

17、sand,six hundred and twenty-six?-Yes,it is _.A.856620 B.85626 C.58662 D.58626 17.When was the PRC founded?It was founded on _.A.July 1,1921 B.October 1,1949 C.August 1,1927 D.May 1,1922 18.I was 8 years old when my father was 31.This year my father is twice my age.How old am I?A.21 B.22 C.23 D.24 19

18、._ Chinese are looking for ways to learn English well before Beijing 2008 Olympics.A.Thousand B.Thousands C.Thousand of D.Thousands of 20.Both of the two rulers are broken.I want to buy a _one.A.three B.third C.forth D./【练习答案】1.A 2.A 3.D 4.C 5.C 6.A 7.D 8.D 9.A 10.A11.D 12.B 13.C 14.C 15.A 16.B 17.B

19、 18.C 19.D 20.B 专题五：代词考点集汇，讲解和训练 【名师点睛】代词是代替名词、形容词和数词的词。按其意义、特征及其在句中的作用分为：人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、不定代词和关系代词等。一、人称代词 1.人称代词的人称、数和格，如下表所示。2.人称代词有主格和宾格之分。通常主格作主语，宾格作宾语。如：I like table tennis.（作主语）Do you know him?（作宾语）3.人称代词还可作表语。作表语时用宾格。如：-Whos is knocking at the door?-Its me.4.人称代词在 than 之后与其他人或事

20、物进行比较时，用主格和宾格都可以。如：He is older than me.He is older than I am.二、物主代词 1.表示所有关系的代词叫物主代词。物主代词分形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词，如下表所示。2.形容词性物主代词的作用相当于形容词，可在句中作定语。例如：Our teacher is coming to see us.This is her pencil-box.3.名词性物主代词的作用相当于名词，在句中可用作主语、宾语和表语。Our school is here,and theirs is there.（作主语）-Is this English-book yo

21、urs?（作表语）-No.Mine is in my bag.Ive already finished my homework.Have you finished yours?（作宾语）三、指示代词 指示代词包括：this，that，these，those。1.this 和 these 一般用来指在时间或空间上较近的事物或人，that 和 those 则指时间和空间上较远的事物或人，例如：This is a pen and that is a pencil We are busy these days In those days the workers had a hard time 2.有时

22、 that 和 those 指前面讲到过的事物，this 和 these 则是指下面将要讲 到的事物，例如：I had a cold.Thats why I didnt come.What I want to say is this;pronunciat ion is very important in learning English 3.有时为了避免重复提到的名词，常可用 that 或 those 代替，例如：Television sets made in Beijing are just as good as those made in Shanghai 4.this 在电话用语中代表自

23、己，that 则代表对方。例如：Hello!This is Mary.Is that Jack speaking?四、反身代词 英语中用来表示“我自己”，“你自己”，“他自己”，“我们自己”，“你们自己”等意义的代词称为反身代词，也有人称之为自身代名词，其形式如表所示。反身代词可以在句中作宾语，表语，同位语。1.作宾语，表示动作的承受者就是动作的发出者，主语和宾语指同一个人 或一些人。He called himself a writer Would you please express yourself in English?2.作表语。It doesnt matterIll be mysel

24、f soon The girl in the news is myself 3.作主语或宾语的同位语，表示亲自或本人。I myself washed the clothes（=I washed the clothes myself.）（作主语同位语）You should ask the teacher himself（作宾语同位语）五、不定代词 不是指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫做不定代词，在句中可作主语、表 语、宾语和定语。现将几个常用的不定代词举例说明如下：1.some 与 any 的区别 1）some 多用于肯定句，表示“一些，几个”作形容词时，后面可以接不可数名词+单数动词；可数名词+复

25、数动词。Look!Some of the students are cleaning the library.Some rice in the bag has been sold out.2）any 多用于疑问句、条件句和否定句中，表示“一些，任何”用作形容词时，后面可以接不可数名词+单数动词；可数名词+复数动词。If you have an y questions,please ask me.There isnt any orange in the bottle.Have you got any tea?3）any 和 some 也可以作代词用，表示“一些”。any 多用于疑问句或否定句中，

26、some多用于肯定句中。How many people can you see in the picture?I cant see any.If you have no money,Ill lend you some.【注意】与 some,any 结合的词如 something,somebody,someone,anything,any one,anybody在肯定句、否定句、疑问句、条件句中的用法，大致和 some,any 的用法相同。2.few,a few,little,a little 在用法上的区别 1）用作形容词：含义 用法 表示肯定 表示否定 用于可数名词 a few 虽少，但有几

27、个 few 不多，几乎没有 用于不可数名词 a little，虽少，但有一点 little 不多，没有什么 Im going to buy a few apples.He can speak only a little Chinese.There is only a little milk in the glass.He has few friends.They had little money with them.2）a little 和 little 也可以用作副词，a little 表示“有点，稍微”，little 表示“很少”。Im a little hungry.(修饰形容词 hun

28、gry)Let him sleep a little.(修饰动词 sleep)Mary,go a little faster,please.(修饰副词比较级)She slept very little last night.3.other,the other,another,others,the others 的区别。用 法 代名词 形容词 单数 复数 单数 复数 不定 another 另一个 others 别人，其他人 another(boy)另一个（男孩）other(boys)其他男孩 特定 the other 另一个 the others 其余那些人、物 the other(boy)另一

29、个男孩 the other(boys)其余那些男孩 1）other 可以作形容词用，后面可以跟单数或复数名词，意思是“其他的、别的”。Where are his other books?I havent any other books except this one.2）other 也可以用作代词，与冠词 the 连用构成“the other”，表示两个人或物中的“另一个”。常与 one 搭配构成“one.,the other.”句型。He has two brothers.One is 10 years old,the other is 5 years old.She held a rule

30、r in one hand and an exercise-book in the other.3）other 作代词用时，可以有复数“others”，泛指“另外的人或物”。常与 some 搭配构成“some.,others.”句型。Some went to the cinema,others went swimming.This coat is too large.Show me some others,please.4）“the others”表示特指某范围内的“其他的人或物”。We got home by 4 oclock,but the others didnt get back un

31、til 8 oclock.In our class only Tom is English,the others are Chinese.5）another 可以作形容词用，修饰后面的名词，意为“另一个”，还可以跟代词one.You can see another ship in the sea,cant you?Mary doesnt want to buy this skirt.Would you please show her another one?6）another 也可以作代词用，表示“另一个”。Im still hungry after Ive had this cake.Ple

32、ase give me another.4.ever y 与 each 的区别。each every 1)可单独使用 1)不可单独使用 2)可做代名词、形容词 2)仅作形容词 3)着重“个别”3)着重“全体”，毫无例外 4)用于两者或两者以上中的每一个人或物 4)用于三者或三者以上每一个人或物 The teacher gave a toy to each child.Each ball has a different colour.当我们说 each child,each student 或 each teacher 时，我们想到的是一个人的情况。而当我们说 every child 和 eve

33、ry student 时，我们想到的是全体的情况，every 的意思与 all 接近，表示他们都如此。Every student loves the English teacher.=All students love the English teacher.Every child likes playing.=All children like playing.5.all 和 both 的用法。1）all 指三者以上，或不可数的东西。谓语动词既 可以用单数，也可以用作复数。在句中作主语、表语、宾语、同位语和定语。All of us like Mr Pope.我们都喜欢 Pope 先生。（作主

34、语）=We all like Mr Pope.(作同位语)All the water has been used up.(作主语)Thats all for today.(作表语)Why not eat all(of)the fish?(作宾语)All the leaders are here.(作定语)2）both 作代词。与其他名词或代词并列出 现，表示“两个都”。Lucy and Lily both agree with us.They both pas sed on their sticks at the same time.How are your parents?Theyre bo

35、th fine.与“of+代词（或名词）”连用，表示“两者都”。Both of them came to see Mary.Both of the books are very interesting.单独使用，表示“两者（都）”。Michael has two sons.Both are clever.I dont know which book is the better,I shall read both.3）both 用作形容词，放在名词之前，修饰该名词，表示“两者都”。Both his younger sisters are our classmates.There are tall

36、 trees on both sides of the street.六、相互代词 表示相互关系的代词叫做相互代词。相互代词有 each other 和 one another 两种形 式。在当代英语中，each other 和 one another 没有什么区别。相互代词可在句中作宾语，定语。作定语用时，相互代词用所有格形式。We should learn from each other/one another.（作宾语）Do you often write to each other/one another?（作宾语）We often borrow each others/one ano

37、thers books.（作定语）The students corrected each others/one anothers mistakes in their homework.（作定语）七、疑问代词 疑问代词有 who，whom，whose，what 和 which 等。疑问代词用于特殊疑 问句中，一般都放在句首，并在句子中作为某一句子成分。例如：Who is going to come here tomorrow?（作主语）What is that?(作表语)Whose umbrella is this?(作定语)Whom are you waiting for?(作宾语)八.关系代

38、词 关系代词是一种引导从句并起连接主句和从句作用的代词。关系代词有 who,whose,whom,that,which.它们在句中可用作主语,表语,宾语,定语.在主句中,它们还代表着从句所修饰的那个名词或代词。例如：I hate people who talk much but do little.Im looking at the photograph which you sent me with your letter.With the money that he had saved,he went on with his studies.Do you know the lady who

39、is interviewing our headmaster?【演练】1.Tom,Please pass _ the glasses.I want to read the newspapers.A.you B.me C.him D.her 2.The English novel is quite easy for you.There are _ new words in it.A.a little B.little C.a few D.few 3.-You want _ sandwich?-Yes,I usually eat a lot when Im hungry.A.other B.ano

40、ther C.others D.the other 4.The doctors and nurses are doing their best to fight SARS.They think more of others than _.A.they B.them C.themselves D.theirs 5.-Which do you prefer,a bottle of orange or a bottle of milk?-_,thanks.Id like a cup of tea.A.Either B.Neither C.Both D.None 6.-Oh!I came in a h

41、urry and forgot to bring food.-Never mind.You can have _.A.us B.ours C.you D.yours 7.-Can I come this evening or tomorrow morning?-_ is OK.Im free today and tomorrow.A.Either B.Neither C.Both D.None 8.-How are you going to improve _ this term?-Work harder than last term.A.ourselves B.myself C.himsel

42、f D.yourself 9.-Could you tell me _ she is looking for?-Her cousin,Susan.A.that B.whose C.who D.which 10.-Is _ here?-No.Li Lei and Han Mei have asked for leave.A.everybody B.somebody C.anybody D.nobody 11.Paul has _ friends except me,and sometimes he feels lonely.A.many B.some C.few D.more 12.If you

43、 want to book a round-trip ticket,youll have to pay _$30.A.more B.other C.the other D.another 13.-Do you live by yourself,Mr Wang?-Yes.I have two sons.But _ of them lives with me.They are now studying in America?A.neither B.both C.none D.either 14.-Have you sent your parents an E-mail telling them y

44、ou arrived safe?-No._ of them can use a computer.A.None B.Both C.Neither D.All 15.Who taught _ English last term?Was _ Mr.Smith?A.you;it B.you;he C.your;it D.your;that 16.-That woman has a bag in her right hand.Whats in her _ hand?A.another B.other C.one D.the other 17.We decided to go for a field t

45、rip with some friends of _.A.us B.our C.ours D.ourselves 18.-Is there a bus to the zoo?-Im afraid theres _ bus to the zoo.A.no B.any C.some D.none 19.You forgot your dictionary?You may have _.A.me B.my C.mine D.myself 20.This is _ classroom.Where is _?A.our;them B.us;they C.our;theirs D.ours;theirs【练习答案】1.B 2.D 3.B 4.C 5.B 6.B 7.A 8.D 9.C 10.A 11.C 12.D 13.A 14.C 15.A 16.B 17.C 18.A 19.C 20.C