初中被动语态详细讲解.pdf

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1、1 被动语态专题讲解 一、语态概述 我吃了一个苹果，那现在苹果怎样了？苹果被我吃了。正如汉语中的被字句，英语中的“被字句”我们称之为被动语态。英语中有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。英语的语态是通过动词形式的变化表现出来的。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。巧记为：主动、主动、主去动。例如：Many people speak English.谓语：speak 的动作是由主语 many people 来执行的。被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，即行为动作的对象。巧记为：被动、被动、主被动。例如：English is spoken by many people.主语 English是动词 speak 的

2、承受者。例如：He opened the door.他开了门。(主动句)The door was opened.门被开了。(被动句)二、被动语态的构成 被动语态由“be及物动词的过去分词”构成。不及物动词本身没有被动语态。及物动词-本身意义不完整，后必须带宾语，有些还可以带双宾。不及物动词-本身意义完整，不需要带宾语，如带宾语必须通过介词。人称、数和时态的变化是通过 be 的变化表现出来的。三被动语态的句型 肯定句：主语+be+动词过去分词 否定句：主语+be+not+动词过去分词 一般疑问句：Be+主语+动词过去分词 特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+be+主语+动词过去分词 四各种时态的被动语态 一

3、般现在时：amisare动词过去分词 Cars are made by them.一般过去时：waswere动词过去分词 The MP3 was bought by my father.一般将来时：will/shall/be going to be动词过去分词 The bridge will be completed in ten days.现在进行时：amisare being动词过去分词 Is the bike being mended now?过去进行时：waswere being动词过去分词 The dinned was being cooked.现在完成时：havehas been动

4、词过去分词 The meeting has been put off.过去完成时：had been动词过去分词 Many old houses had been pulled down by the end of last year.2 过去将来时：would/should/be going to be动词过去分词 Trees would be cut down.注：被动语态没有完成进行时，也没有将来进行时，如果有这类时态的主动结构，要变为被动结构，可用完成时态和一般时态。如:We have been discussing the problem for two days.The proble

5、m has been discussed for two days.We will be discussing it tomorrow.It will be discussed tomorrow.五、含有情态动词的被动语态 含有情态动词的主动句变成被动句时，由“情态动词be过去分词”构成，原来带 to 的情态动词变成被动语态后“to”仍要保留。歌诀是：情态动词变动，情态加 be 加“过分”。例如：we can repair this watch in two days.This watch can be repaired in two days.We must finish this work

6、 soon.This work must be done soon.We have to clean the classroom.The classroom has to be cleaned by us.六、被动语态的用法 (1)不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。Some new computers were stolen last night.一些新电脑在昨晚被盗了。(不知道电脑是谁偷的)This book was published in 1981.这本书出版于 1981 年。（没有必要或说出出版者）(2)强调动作的承受者，而不强调动作的执行者。The window was brok

7、en by mike.窗户是迈克打破的。This book was written by Lun Xun.这本书是他写的。(3)为了更好地安排句子。The well-known person got on the bus and was immediately recognized by people.（一个主语就够了）(4)被动语态还可以用于新闻报道中，为了体现新闻的客观性。(5)在科技文献中，为了客观描述事情以及一些过程，常用被动语态。七、主动语态变被动语态的方法 1.把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。2.把主动语态的谓语变为被动语态的谓语。3.把主动语态的主语变为被动语态的 by 短语

8、。（by 短语可以省。by短语后跟代词的宾格。）主变被解题步骤 1.找宾语-即动作的承受者 2.判断宾语的单复数-即 be 动词的单复数.3 3.判断动词的时态-即 be 动词的时态.4.修改谓语的形式-即原句动词改为过去分词 5.修改原句的主语-即 by+宾语（原主语）.They make shoes in that factory.Shoes are made by them.（主变宾,宾变主,谓动 be done 时不变,人称、数、格随着变）八、主动语态变被动语态需要注意的几个问题.（1）时态保持一致。I have repaired my computer.-My computer ha

9、s been repaired.（2）如果要说出动作的执行者，并且这个执行者可以作主动语态中主语时，就用 by 短语，如果后面的词表示地点，不是动作的执行者，就用 in 短语。It is made by us.It is made in Wuhan.(3)主动句的主语是代词的主格形式，变成被动句 by 的宾语时要用其宾格形式。He cleaned the car.The car was cleaned by him.(4)否定句的被动语态中，not 放在第一个助动词或情态动词之后。You should not blame me.I should not be blamed by you.(5)

10、疑问句的被动语态，用 be 动词的对应形式代替 do Does she drive this car?Is this car driven by her?(6)祈使句的被动语态形式为 Let+宾语（承受词）+be+动词过去分词 Open the door please.Let the door be opened please.(7)主动语态中有反身代词，变被动语态形式为“主动语态主语+be+动词过去分词”Tom hurt himself.Tom was hurt.(8)主语时 no one,nobody,变为被动语态时，句子结构变为否定式，by 短语变为 by anyone 或 by any

11、body No one can solve the problem.The problem cant be solved by anyone.（9）谓语为动词短语的被动语态不能丢掉动词短语的介词或副词。His best friend often looks after him.-He is often looked after by his best friend.(10)主动句中有一些动词如 buy,send,give,show,offer,tell,lend,teach等，带有双宾语，一个是直接宾语（指物），另一个是间接宾语（指人），主动语态变为被动语态时，可以把间接宾语变成主语，保留直接

12、宾语，也可以把直接宾语变为主语，保留间接宾语，但此时一般在间接宾语前加一个介词。My father gave me a book.(1)I was given a book by my father.(2)A book was given to me by my father.She showed me some photos.4 (1)I was shown some photos by her.(2)Some photos were shown to me by her.注意：有些双宾语动词，如 do,pass,sell,send,sing，bring,write 等，变为被动语态时，通常

13、以直接宾语作主语，保留间接宾语，其前面根据情况用介词 to 或 for She wrote me a letter.A letter was written to me by her.有些双宾语动词如 answer,save,envy(羡慕)等，通常以间接宾语作被动语态主语，保留直接宾语。He answered me that question.I was answered that question by him.（11）主动语态若有复合宾语，（即句子结构为主语谓语宾语宾补），将主动句的宾语变为被动句的主语，宾补不变。They call him Louis.-He is called Lou

14、is.Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette.可改为 The boy was caught smoking a cigarette.（12）主动语态句中使役动词和感官动词的宾语补足语为不带 to 的不定式，但变为被动语态时要加上 to，这类的动词有 make,have,let,notice，see，watch,look at,hear,listen to,feel help 等。Mr.Lee made him wash the dishes.He was made to wash the dishes.I saw a boy cross the s

15、treet.A boy was seen to cross the street.（13）非谓语动词的被动语态 v.+ing 形式及不定式 to do 也有被动语态(一般时态和完成时态)。例 I dont like being laughed at in the public.（14）It is said that+从句及其他类似句型 一些表示“据说”或“相信”的动词如 believe,consider,expect,report,say,suppose,think 等可以用于句型“Itbe过去分词that从句”或“主语be过去分词to do sth.”。有：It is said that 据

16、说,It is reported that据报道，It is believed that大家相信，It is hoped that大家希望，It is well known that众所周知，It is thought that大家认为，It is suggested that据建议。例 It is said that the boy has passed the national exam.（The boy is said to have passed the national exam.）九、谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义 1、（1）英语中有很多动词如 break，catch，clean，

17、drive，lock，open，sell，read，write，wash,cut,wear 等，当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时，常用其主动形式 表达被动意义,主语通常是物。例 This kind of cloth washes well.The coats sell well.5 The knife cuts well.这刀好使。The shoes wear long.这鞋耐穿。注意：主动语态表被动强调的是主语的特征，而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。试比较：The door wont lock（指门本身有毛病）The door wont be locked（指不会有人来锁门,指“门

18、没有锁”是人的原因）（2）表示“发生、进行”的不及物动词和短语，如：happen,last,take place,break out,come out（出现）,come about（发生）,come true,run out（用尽）,give out（产生，散发）,turn out（产生，证明是）等以主动形式表示被动意义。How do the newspapers come out?这些报纸是如何引出来的呢？（3）系动词没有被动形式,但有些表示感受、感官的连系动词 feel,sound,taste,book,feel 等在主系表结构中常以主动形式表示被动意义。Your reason sound

19、s reasonable.2、在某些句型中可用动名词和不定式的主动形式表被动意义。（1）在 need，want，require,bear 等词的后面，动名词用主动形式表示被动意义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。The house needs repairing（to be repaired）这房子需要修理。（2）形容词 worth 后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义，即 be worth doing,但不能跟动词不定式；而 worthy 后面跟动词不定式的被动形式。The picture-book is well worth reading（The picture-book is very

20、 worthy to be read）（3）动词不定式在名词后面作定语，不定式和名词之间有动宾关系时，又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系,不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。I have a lot of things to do this afternoon(to do 与 things是动宾关系，与 I 是主谓关系。)试比较：Ill go to the post office.Do you have a letter to be posted?(此处用不定式的被动语态作定语表明 you 不是 post 动作的执行者。)（4）在某些“形容词不定式”做表语或宾语补足语的结构中，句子的主语或宾语又是动

21、词不定式的逻辑宾语时，这时常用不定式的主动形式表达被动意义。这些形容词有 nice，easy，fit，hard，difficult，important，impossible，pleasant，interesting 等。This problem is difficult to work out.（可看作 to work out 省略了 for me）.（5）在 too to结构中，不定式前面可加逻辑主语，所以应用主动形式表示被动意义。6 This book is too expensive(for me)to buy.（6）在 there be句型中，当动词不定式修饰名词作定语时，不定式用主动

22、式作定语，重点在人，用被动形式作定语，重点在物。There is no time to lose（to be lost）（用 to lose 可看成 for us to lose；用 to be lost，谁 lost time 不明确。）（7）在 be to do 结构中的一些不定式通常应用主动表主动,被动表被动。然而,由于古英语的影响,下列动词 rent,blame,let 等仍用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。Who is to blame for starting the fire?十下列情况不能用于被动语态 1.不及物动词没有被动语态 这类动词常见的有：take place,happe

23、n,last,rise,break out,appear 等 The accident happened last night.（）The accident was happened last night.()2.系动词没有被动语态 这些动词有：feel,turn,taste,sound,smell,look,get,become 等。3.一部分表状态的及物动词也没有被动语态 这类动词有：have(有),fit,cost 等。4.宾语为反身代词的没有被动语态 Zhang Hong teaches himself English.不能说成：Himself is taught English.5.

24、同源宾语没有被动语态 They live a happy life.不能说成：A happy life is lived by them.类似的动词还有：dream a dream,breathe a breath,smile a smile,sleep a sleep 等。6.宾语为相互代词的没有被动语态 The students often help each other.不能说成：Each other is often helped.7.宾语为不定式，很少用被动语态 I like to swim.不能说成：To swim is liked by me.十一.介词 in,on,under

25、等+名词,构成介词短语表被动意义 表示方位的介词与含动作意义的名词合用，含被动之义，其意义相当于该名词相应动词的被动形式，名词前一般不用冠词。（1）“under+名词”结构，表示“某事在进行中”。常见的有：under control（受控制）,under treatment（在治疗中）,under repair（在修理中）,under discussion（在讨论中）,under construction（在施工中）。The building is under construction(is being constructed).7 （2）“beyond+名词”结构，“出乎胜过、范围、限度”。

26、常见的有：beyond belief(令人难以置信)，beyond ones reach（鞭长莫及），beyond ones control（无法控制），beyond our hope 我们的成功始料不及。The rumour(谣言)is beyond belief（=cant be believed）（3）“above+名词”结构,表示“(品质、行为、能力等)超过、高于”。His honest character is above all praise=His honest character cannot be praised enough（4）“for+名词”结构，表示“适于、为着”。如

27、：for sale(出售),for rent（出租）等。That house is for sale.(=That house is to be sold).（5）“in+名词”结构，表示“在过程中或范围内”常见的有：in print（在印刷中），in sight(在视野范围内)，等。The book is not yet in print(=is not yet printed)（6）“on+名词”结构,表示“在从事 中”。常见的有：on sale(出售)，on show（展出）,on trial（受审）。Today some treasures are on show in the mus

28、eum(=are being showed).（7）“out of+名词”结构；表示“超出 之外“，常见的有：out of control(控制不了)，out of sight（超出视线之外），out of ones reach(够不着),out of fashion(不流行)等。The plane was out of control(cant be controlled)。（8）“within+名词”结构，“在内、不超过”。He took two days off within the teachers permission 被动语态专项练习 一选择题 1)It is said that

29、a new robot _by him in a few days.A)designed B)has been designed C)will be designed D)will have been designed 2)We are late.I expect the film _by the time we get to the cinema.A)will already have started B)would already have started C)shall have already started D)has already been started 3)She will

30、stop showing off if no notice_ of her.A)is taken B)takes C)will be taken D)has taken 4)Diamond _in Brazil in 1971.A)is found B)has been found C)was found D)had been found 5)“Have you moved in to the new flat?”“Not yet.The room_.”A)has been painted B)is painted C)paints D)is being 8 painted 6)My pict

31、ures _until next Friday.A)wont develop B)arent developed C)dont develop D)won t be developed 7)Tim _since he lost his job three weeks ago.A)had been unemployed B)was unemployed C)has been unemployed D)has unemployed 8)A great number of colleges and universities _since 1949.A)has been establish B)hav

32、e been established C)have established D)had been established 9)Ill have to push the car to the side of the road because we _if we leave it here.A)would be fined B)will be fined C)will being fined D)will have been fined 10)“_two tickets for the new play at the Grand Theatre on Saturday.Shall we go an

33、d see it together?”A)They have been givenB)I have been givenC)I am given D)They have given to me 11)The subject of these lectures _by the lecture committee.A)is announced B)have been announced C)are announced D)has been announced 12)I found an aspirin bottle _dropped on the floor of Davids room.A)wa

34、s B)had C)had been D)is 13)The goods _when we arrived at the airport.A)were just unloading B)were just been unloading C)had just unloaded D)were just being unloaded 14)If one _by pride,he will reject useful advice and friendly assistance.A)overcomes B)is overcome C)has been overcome D)overcome 15)Mo

35、st environment problems exist because adequate measures for preventing them _taken in the past.A)was not B)were not C)were not being D)had not been 16)You ought to have put the milk in the refrigerator,now _sour.A)I smell B)it is smelt C)it smells D)it is smelling 17)After the race_,the celebration

36、began.A)had been won B)is won C)will be won D)has been won 18)He was here for a little while,but I dont knows where she _now.9 A)is B)was C)had been D)has been 18)The young teacher has _ competent.A)been proved to be B)proved to be C)been proved D)proved being 19)Pluto,the outermost planet of the so

37、lar system,_photographically in March 1930.A)discovered B)was discovered C)by discovery D)when discovered 20)To get a better view of the stage,_.A)our seats had to be changed B)our seats were changed C)we had to change our seats D)our seats were changed by us 22)After synthetic_,engineers had a bett

38、er choice of material.A)created B)has created C)has been created D)had been created 23)I think much attention _your pronunciation.A)must be paid to B)ought to be paid to C)must pay toD)should be paid to 24)Since 1970,millions of enthusiasts _Vitamin C,which they believe can remedy the common cold.A)

39、have taken B)have been taken C)have been taking D)have been taking 25)I dont remember _the chance to try this method.A)having been given B)to have been given C)having given D)to have given 26)We could ask someone to do the work privately without it_.A)know B)be known C)being known D)to be known 27)T

40、he construction of the laboratory _by the end of next month.A)must be completed B)must have been completed C)will be completing D)will have been completing 28)They would tell how the African _on a ship to an American port.A)was brought B)could have been brought C)had been brought D)was to be brought

41、 29)He does not possess a bicycle,this one he uses _to Peter.A)is belonged to B)belonged C)belongs D)is belonging 30)Negotiation _again with Moscow tomorrow,a great event will be discussed then.A)is to be opened B)is on the point of opening C)is going to open D)opens 31)The reason for all the change

42、s being made _to us yet.10 A)has not explained B)has not been explained C)did not explained D)were not explained 32)Experiments in the photography of moving objects _in both the United States and Europe well before 1900.A)were conducting B)were conducted C)had been conducted D)had conducted 33)When

43、he turned the corner,he found himself _by a man in black.A)tailed B)been tailed C)was tailed D)had been tailed 34)A candidate for the democratic presidential nomination _at this moment.A)is interviewingB)being interviewed C)is being interviewed D)interviewing 35)As we approached the work site,the wo

44、rkers were seen _the new house.A)building B)build C)built D)to build 36)As we know,all the regulations in school _.A)must keep to B)must be kept C)must keep D)must be kept up 37)The composition _any more.A)need not to be corrected B)doesnt need to be corrected C)doesnt need be corrected D)need not c

45、orrect 38)The bank is reported in the local newspaper _in broad daylight yesterday A)to be robbed B)to have keen robbed C)robbed D)shavings been robbed 39)Hurry up,or the tickets _out by the time we get there.A)will have sold B)will sell C)have sold D)will have been sold 40)He cleaned the glasses ca

46、refully for fear that it _.A)was damaged B)should be damaged C)damaged D)would be damaged 二、用所给动词的正确时态和语态填空。1.Some top students _(send)to study in foreign countries once a year.2.More and more schools _(build)here later.3.Where are the apples?I think they _(eat)by those boys.4.Many new things _(inve

47、nt)in the last ten years.5.All the shoes _(sell)out last week.6.How long _ the book _(can keep)?11 7.Tom _(hide)his shoes behind the tree.So they _(not find)easily.8.The babies here _(take)good care of every day.9.We _(open)the box and two new coats _(see)in it.10.His new novel _(finish)next week.三

48、根据短文意思填空 English _(be)very widely _(use).It _(speak)by people in England,the United States,Australia,and many other countries.It _(be)one of the working languages at international meetings.Most international business letters _(write)in English.And quite a few books and magazines _(write)in English,t

49、oo.If you _(know)English,you _(find)you can _(enjoy)so many books.English _(be)really a bridge to so much knowledge.四 将下列句子变为被动语态 1.Many people speak English.2.People used knives for cutting things.3.We can use the box as a table.4.We should clean the classroom every day.5.She will repair the bike t

50、omorrow 中考被动语态考题 1.The river smells terrible.People must _ dirty thing into it.(南京市中考题）A be stopped to throw B be stopped from throwing C stop to throw D stop from throwing 2.This book _ often _from the library.(北京市中考题）A arent take away B taken awayC isnt taken away D be taken away 3.He _ _(tell)to