初中英语语法讲解4.pdf
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1、 初中英语语法讲解 在中考单项选择试题中,除了时态,名词的考查频率也较高。一般考查以下几点:一、可数名词与不可数名词 在可数名词与不可数名词上一般出现这样几类,(1)分辨是哪一类名词,并根据结论做选择。(2)可数名词复数的不规则变化。(3)不可数名词的量化表达。所以,考生首先要能够明确哪些是可数名词,哪些是不可数名词。其次,还要知道可数名词的复数的变化规则。可数名词的变化规则一般是在单词后面加-s 或-es,如:1 desk-desks bed-beds piano-pianos hat-hats bag-bags photo-photos 2 bus-buses box-boxes watc
2、h-watches brush-brushes 3 tomato-tomatoes potato-potatoes hero-heroes Negro-Negroes 4 leaf-leaves knife-knives 5 baby-babies family-families 另外,还要记住一些特殊的名词的变化形式,如:Chinese-Chinese Japanese-Japanese Englishman-Englishmen Frenchman-Frenchmen Russian-Russians American-Americans German-Germans child-chil
3、dren foot-feet man-men woman-women tooth-teeth goose-geese deer-deer sheep-sheep 还要掌握不可数名词的量化表达有:a piece of、a bag of、a bottle of、a cup of、a glass of 另外,大家应注意:单数集合名词作主语时谓语动词“数的”变化:单数集合名词如 class,police,family,school,group,team 等。尽管形式上是单数,意义上都是复数,因此,一般要与复数谓语动词连用,例如:Class Five have a foreign friend.五班有一
4、位外国朋友。(这里的五班指五班的同学的。)His family are good to me.他的家人对我很好。(很显然,这里的 family 指家庭成员。)当上述集合名词着重指“整体”时,意义上则是单数,因此,要与单数谓语动词连用。例如,Our school team often plays well in our city.我们的校队经常在我们市踢得很好。(这里的 team 指整个队,但意义上仍为单数,故谓语动词用 plays.初中英语语法讲解二、名词所有格 名词所有格有两种形式:一是加s,一种是用 of 来表示。一般情况下,指某人的某物用s 表示,而指某物的什么用 of 短语来表示。另外
5、,要注意凡是以 s 结尾的名词或规则名词的复数,不能直接加s,而应该加-即可。例如,boys clothes girls dresses。不过,注意例外情况,例如,the bosss handwriting,其中 the bosss 的-s 不可省略。因为在英语中,如果以-s 或-ss 结尾的名词不是复数复数形式,那么其名词所有格仍加-s。那么你会说“琼斯的小汽车”吗?对,Joness car。下面我们来做一部分习题。1.June 1st is _ Day.A.Childs B.Childs C.Childrens D.Childrens 答案:D 2.I need _ paper,Mum.I
6、 want to write _ letter to my English teacher.A.any,some B.some,a C.a,some D.some,any 答案:B 3.There are two _ and three _ on the table.A.knifes,forks B.knifes,fork C.knives,forkes D.knives,forks 答案:D 4.We have got a lot of_ today.A.newspaper to read B.homework to do C.homeworks to do D.book to read 答
7、案:B 5.We could see _ children and hear _ noise in the park.A.many,many B.much,much C.many,much D.much,many 答案:C 6.Will you pass me _?A.a few pieces of chalk B.a few chalks C.a few of chalks D.some chalks 答案:A 7._ has been invited to the dancing party.A.A friend of her B.A friend of hers C.Friends of
8、 hers D.Friends of her 答案:B 下面请大家自己练习一下。1.September 10th is _ Day.A.the Teacher B.Teachers C.Teacher D.Teachers 答案:B 2.-Can I help you,sir?-Id like to have 100_.I want the students to draw pictures on them.A.piece of paper B.pieces of paper C.papers D.paper 答案:B 3.-Would you like _ milk,please?-No,t
9、hank you.I still have some.A.some more B.an C.a little of D.all 答案:A 4._ the old woman is in!A.What good health B.How a good health C.What a good health D.How good health 答案:A What+a(n)+形容词+单数名词+主语+谓语!What+形容词+复数名词+主语+谓语!What+形容词+不可数名词+主语+谓语!How+形容词/副词+主语+谓语!How+形容词+a(n)+名词+主语+谓语!How+主语+谓语!5.Im goin
10、g to help _ with _ English.A.a friend of Nancy,hers B.a friend of Nancys,her C.a friend of Nancys,hers D.a friend of Nancy,her 答案:B 6.The two desks here are _.You may use the desk over there.A.Mary and Jane B.Marys and Janes C.Mary and Janes D.Marys and Janes 答案:D 初中英语语法讲解 初中英语语法-形容词讲解及练习 1.有些表语形容词前
11、不可用 very,而要用 much,very much 等副词,如用 much afraid,fast asleep。2.alive 也可用定语形容词,常后置。He is the oldest man alive。3.名词化的形容词用于指人时,应看作是复数,用于指物时,表示整体抽象概念,应看作是单数,谓语动词用单三:The old like a quiet place。The unusual is not always the best。4.名词化的形容词连在一起使用时可省略冠词:Old and young should hepl each other。5.当有两个以上的形容词用来修饰一名词时
12、,其顺序如下:限定词(冠词,物主代词,指示代词,不定代词)数词(序数词,基数词)表性质、状态的描绘形容词(短语在前,长语在后)表特征的形容词(大小、长短、形状、新旧、年龄、温度)表颜色的形容词表属性的形容词(包括国籍等专有名词)表材料、质地的形容词名词性定语(包括名词、动名词)+名词:the last four beautiful big new blue Spanish wooden citizen houses 6.good 的反义词是 bad,而 well 的反义词是 ill。7.elder 和 eldest 是用来表示家族关系的长幼顺序,只作定语形容词。而 older 和 oldest
13、 是用来表示年龄的比较,以及事物的新旧,既可作定语形容词,也可作表语形容词。8.later 和 latest 指时间的先后,但 latter 和 last 指顺序的先后。9.farther 和 farthest 主要反映“距离”或“时间”的比较,表示“较远的”“最远的”。而 further 和 furthest 主要指“程度”,表示“进一步的”和“最大限度的”。10.A 两者比较,表示一方高于另一方:比较级+than B 两者比较,表示同样的程度:as+原级+as C 两者比较,表示一方不如另一方:not so(as)+原级+as D 两者比较,表示一方程度浅一些:less+原级+than E
14、 用于三者或三者以上,表示其中一方最:the+最高级+比较范围 11.某人或某物在与同类相比时,这个“某人或物”应排除在被比者之外,常需用到 other,else。12.比较级前可用 MANY,MUCH,FAR,A BIT,A LITTLE,A GREAT DEAL OF,A LOT 等词表示程度或差别。13.同一人或物,比较其两种性质或状态,不管形容词是单音节或多音节,一律用 morethan:He is more wise than diligent。14.特殊用法:比较级+and+比较级(越来越)When spring comes,it gets warmer and warmer.Sh
15、e is making greater and greater progress.the+比较级,the+比较级(越,越)The richer a country is,the better the peoples life will be.国家越富,人民的生活就越好。all the+比较级(格外,越发)The teacher feels all the happier for his diligence.老师因他的勤奋而感到格外高兴。none the+比较级(毫不,一点也不)She looks none the better for her holiday.她度假后看上去身体一点也没有好转。
16、no more than=only(仅仅)not more than=at most(最多,不多于)His grandpas whole school education added up to no more than two years.他的祖父所受的全部教育加起来不过才两年。There are not more than thirty people in the hall.大厅里最多 30 人。no morethan(和一样不)not morethan(不像那样)This book is no more attractive than that one.这本书和那本书一样不吸引人。Thi
17、s book is not more attractive than that one.这本书不像那本书那样吸引人。no less than=as much as(多达)not less than=at least(至少)She has no less than eight watches.她有 8 块手表之多。She has not less than eight watches.她至少有 8 块手表。no lessthan=asas(和一样)He is no less clever than you.他和你一样聪明。不用比较级形容的比较:senior 比大,junior 比小,superi
18、or 比好,inferior 比差 She is three years senior to her brother.她比弟弟大 3 岁。I an inferior to him in mathematics.我的数学不如他。15.already,yet,still already 一般用于肯定名,也可用于预料能得到肯定回答的疑问句中,表示某事已发生;yet 一般用于否定句或疑问句中位于句末,意为“还,已经”;still 一般用于肯定句,也可用于疑问句,意为“仍然,还”。I have already read the book./We havent made speeches yet./Is
19、my skirt dry yet?/I still hope to get some advice from you on my studies.16.too,also,as well,either 前三者意思相近,一般不用于否定句中,否定句中用 either。Too 常位于名末,也紧接在主语后面;also 一般用于肯定句和疑问句中,位于 be 动词、情态动词、助动词之后,实义动词之前;as well 一般位于句末;either 也一般位于句末。They grow cotton,too./He his also interested in computers./He is a teacher,
20、and a poet as well./You didnt go and she didnt go,either.17.faily,rather,quite A 三者都可以修饰形容词和副词,都有“相当”的意思,但 failry 词义最弱,quite 稍强,rather 最强。Fairly 一般表示肯定、褒义,rather 有时表示否定、贬义。It is fairly cool today.It is rather cold today.B quite 和 rather 可以修饰动词,而 fairly 不能。I dont quite understand what you said./I rat
21、her like the song.18.so,neither,nor so 可用在“so+助动词+主语”的倒装结构中,表示“也”,位置在助动词前,so 的这种用法只能在肯定句里名胜;在否定句中用 neither 或 nor,结构相同,表示“也不”。He has seen the film.So have I.Jim doesnt like the novel.Neither(Nor)does Linda.19.ago,before A“时间段+ago”表示从现在往前推算的“一段时间以前”,而“时间段+before”表示从过去某时刻再往前推算的“一段时间以前”。因此,前者常与一般过去时连用,后
22、者常与过去完成时连用。He bought a violin a week ago.From his letter I knew that he had bought a violin a week before B before 可表示不确定的过去,而 ago 则不能:Have you been there before?20.very,much,very much very 可修饰形容词及副词,不能直接修饰动词,修饰动词时,要用 much 或 very much;much 除了修饰动词外,还可修饰形容词或副词的比较级及过去分词;very much 也可修饰过去分词:The novel is
23、very good./This novel is much better than that one./Her Japanese is improved very much.21.像 afraid,alive,awake,asleep,alone 以“a”开头的形容词,一般不能用 very 修饰。22.deep 与 deeply 都可作副词,但意义不同:deep 指的是深浅的“深”,如:dig deep。Deeply 的意思是“涂地、深刻地、深厚地”,有引申含义。如:We are deeply moved by his deeds.23.high 与 highly 都可作副词,但意义不同。Hi
24、gh 指的是高低的“高”,如:jump high;highly 的意思是“高度地,高贵地”,有引申含义。如:She is highly praised.24.not 是副词,不能直接修饰名词,no 是形容词,能位于名词前作定语,有时 no=not any。如:I have no brothers=I have no any brothers 25.某人或某物在与同类比较时,某人或某物应排除在被比者之外:Shanghai is larger than any other city in China.Shanghai is larger than any of the other cities i
25、n China.26.用最高级时,主语本身应包括在最高级所指的范围之中。He is the oldest of all the classmates.语法(词法)一考点透视 知识与能力要求 重难点问题归纳 中考热点分析预测 应试策略 二知识讲解 名词 代词 冠词 数词 形容词、副词 介词 三典型例题 四强化训练及答案 一考点透视【知识与能力要求】1掌握所学单词的形态变化。2掌握简单句的五种基本句型,四笔头练习基本正确。3能理解不复杂的、含有状语从句或宾语从句的复合句。4掌握动词的五种基本时态(一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、现在完成时)的基本用法。5能理解并初步掌握过去进行时、
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