动词的时态和语态.pdf

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1、动词的时态和语态 动词分类：动词有助动词、情态动词、联系动词和行为动词四类。一）助动词 助动词没有任何含义，不能单独做谓语，只能和行为动词一起构成谓语，帮助行为动词组成各种时态、语态、语气以及疑问或否定形式。常见的助动词有 be,do,does,did,have,will,shall 等。具体用法如下：1、助动词 be 的用法如下：1）构成各种进行时态。如：It was raining all day yesterday.昨天整天下雨。2）构成被动语态。如：The meeting was held yesterday afternoon.会议是昨天下午举行的。3）与不定式连用表示按照计划、预先

2、安排或规定要发生的动作。如：They are to see an English film this evening.他们今天晚上看英语电影。2、助动词 do 的用法如下：1）构成疑问式或否定式。如：Does he think so?I didnt say anything about the result.2)在动词前加上 do,does,did 表示强调，意为的确，确实。如：They do study hard.She does love him.He did want to help the old man.3、have:助动词 have 的过去式是 had。have 和 had 均可与

3、动词过去分词一起构成完成时态。如：He has lived here for three years.As soon as the sun had set they returned.4、shall,should:助动词 shall 只用于第一人称的将来时态；助动词 should 是 shall 的过去式，构成过去将来时。如：I shall send ten letters to my good friend.She wanted to know if I should go to the palace.二）情态动词 情态动词本身有一定含义，但不能单独作谓语，要和行为动词一起构成谓语。它们也能

4、表明句子的否定、疑问或时态上的区别。常见的情态动词有：can,may,must,need,should 等。表示能力 表示能力一般用 can,could。如：Rose can speak now,but she couldnt a week ago.be able to 也表示能力，它和 can 的区别如下：1）表示做事的能力，两者可通用。但 can 只能用于一般现在时和一般过去时。be able to 可用于任何时态。如：She could/was able to eat four pieces of bread when she was young.They will be able to

5、 finish the drawing soon.2)表示过去经过努力而成功的某一次动作，只能用 was/were able to,但在否定句中可互换。如：She was weak,but was able to finish the task last night.can(could)在疑问句中与第二人称连用时，表示征求对方意见或提出请求，表示委婉语气。虽然 could 是 can 的过去式，但是 could 只是表示比 can 语气更加委婉客气，没有时间上的差别。如：-Could you lend me your pen?-Yes,I can.表示许可 表示许可一般用 may/might,

6、can/could,而且常可互换。Might,could 语气比较委婉。要特别注意：回答以 might,could 开头的疑问句只能用 may,can 给予直截了当的回答。-Might/Could I borrow your book?-Yes,you may/can.表示必需、必要 must 和 have to 都有必须，一般情况下可互换。如：You must/have to finish the work.但他们有如下区别：1）must 表示说话人的主观看法；have to 表示客观需要。如：I must have a talk with him.He has to give up smo

7、king because of badly cough.2)否定式 mustnt 表示禁止，意为不准，不可以做；dont have to 意为不必。如：You mustnt hit her.You dont have to explain it to me if you dislike the job.注：表示推测的情态动词有表示一定的 must,表示很有可能的 should,ought to 和表示可能的 can,could,may,might。具体用法如下：must 表示较有把握的推测，只用于肯定句，不能用语否定句或疑问句。用法如下：1）对目前动作的推测，用 must+动词原形。如：You

8、 must lose in the mountain.2)对目前状态的推测，用 must+be+表语。如：You speak for 4 hours,you must be thirsty.在肯定句中，表示对现在或将来把握不大的推测用 may(might)+动词原形，might 比 may 的可能性更小；对过去把握不大的推测用 may(might)have+过去分词。如：The package might come tomorrow.They may have killed the enemies.3、在疑问句中，对现在表示推测用 can(could)+动词原形，对过去表示怀疑则用 can(c

9、ould)have+过去分词；在否定句中，对现在表示推测用 cant+动词原形，对过去表示推测用 cant(couldnt)have+过去分词。如：It cant be John.He has gone to UK.4、need 的双重身份 need 既可作情态动词又可作实意动词，它们的用法不同，如不注意区分，就容易用错。三）系动词 连词动词的种类 联系动词含有一定意义，它们要与其后做表语的形容词、名词或介词（短语）一起构成合成谓语。系动词按意义可分为三类，而且有自己的特定用法。1、按意义联系动词有：be,appear,seem,keep,remain,continue,stay,prove

10、等，如：Jim appears very old.、表示感觉的联系动词有 look,feel,smell,sound,taste 等。如：It smells bad.3、表示转变的联系动词有 become,fall,get,go,grow,turn 等。如：She becomes more beautiful than three years ago.四）行为动词 行为动词又称实义动词，它们都含有实在的意义，表示动作或状态，可在句中独立作谓语。行为动词又分为及物动词和不及物动词。、及物动词 及物动词后一定要跟宾语，意思才能完整。如：My mother told me she wanted to

11、 buy some books for me.2、不及物动词 不及物动词意义完整，不需带宾语，但如果有些不及物动词非要带宾语时，必须先加介词后加宾语。如：He only worried about his daughter.二、动词的时态 动词的时态有很多。初中阶段主要掌握八种：一般现在时、一般过去时、现在进行时、过去进行时、一般将来时、过去将来时、现在完成时、过去完成时。1一般现在时 1）一般现在时态的构成：主语是 I,we,you,they 和名词复数时作谓语的行为动词用原形。主语是 he,she,it 和名词单数时，作谓语的行为动词的词尾变化如下：一般情况 s 以 s,x,ch,sh 或

12、 o 结尾 es 以辅音y 结尾 去 y 变 ies 2）一般现在时态的肯定句、否定句和疑问句形式（以 be 和 like 为例）：主 语 肯 定 式 否 定 式 疑 问 式 第一、二人称和第三人称复数以及名词复数 I am a student.We/You/They are students.He/She is a student.I/We/You/They/like music.Many people like music.I am not a student.We/You/They are not students.He/She is not a student.I/We/You/The

13、y/dont like music.Many people dont like music.Are you a student.Are you/they students?Is he/she a student?Do you/they like music?Do many people like music?3）一般现在时态的用法：现阶段经常性，习惯性的动作。例如：I get up at six every morning.He plays tennis once a week.现在的状态 例如：My mother is a teacher.She teaches English in a s

14、chool.客观真理 例如：The earth goes around the sun.4）常用于一般现在时态的时间状语：often usually sometimes always every day never in the morning 等。例题解析：举一反三，学的更轻松！1.-May I help you,sir?-Yes,I bought the TV the day before yesterday,but it _.A.didnt work B.doesnt work C.wont work D.cant work 解析：电视虽然是前天买的，但坏了是现在的状态，应该用一般现在时

15、态。选 B.2_ the bus until it _.A.Get off,stops B.Get off,will stop C.Dont get off,stops D.Dont get off,will stop 解析：这是一个以 until 引导的时间状语从句，主句是祈使句，因此从句要用一般现在时表示将要发生的动作。根据句意此题应用 not until（直到才）句型。应选 C。3The 70-year-old man _ exercises in the morning.A.takes B.are taking C.took D.will take 解析：这个 70 岁的老人早晨锻炼。

16、这里锻炼是一个经常性、习惯性的动作。因此，应选 A.二，现在进行时 1）现在进行时的构成：Am/is/are+v-ing 是现在进行时的构成形式 v-ing 现在分词的构成：一般情况+ing 以不发音字母 e 结尾的单词。去 e,加 ing+ing 以辅音字母y 结尾的单词 去 e+ing 以重读闭音节结尾的单词，末尾只有一个辅音字母时.双写词尾字母+ing 2)现在进行时的肯定肯定句、否定句、疑问句形式：主 语 肯 定 式 否 定 式 疑 问 式 第一、二人称和第三人称复数以 I am driving.He/She/It is working.I am not driving.He/She/

17、It is not Are you driving?Is he/she/it working?及名词复数 We/You/They are doing something.working.We/You/They are not doing anything.Are you/they doing something?3）现在进行时的用法：1.说话时正在进行或发生的动作（动作是在说话时正在进行）。例如：She is having a bath now.2.现阶段正在进行或发生的动作（但是动作并不是必须在说话时正在进行）。例如：You are working hard today.Kate wants

18、 to work in Italy,so she is learning Italian.The population of the world is growing very fast.频度副词 always,forever 等词连用时，表示某种强烈的感情。如：He is always trying out new ideas.(表示欣赏，表扬)表示按计划即将发生的动作（仅限于 go,come,arrive,leave,start,fly,begin,stay 等动词）。如：The party is beginning at 8:00 oclock.6)常用于现在进行时态的时间状语：now

19、等。often usually sometimes always every day never in the morning 等。例题解析：举一反三，学的更轻松！1I dont think that its true.Shes always _ lies.A.tell B.tells C.telling D.told 解析：always 在这里应现在进行时连用，带有感情色彩，表示讨厌。选 C.2.How _ you _ with the new job?A.do,do B.do,get along C.are,doing D.are,getting on 解析：表示现阶段正在发生的动作，用现

20、在进行时。选 D.3-Are these socks yours?-No.Mine _ outside on the clothes line.A.are hanging B.have hung C.hang D.hung 解析：hang 意为悬挂，hung 意为上吊、绞死，先排除答案 B、D。根据前后句意可判断出现在的状态，应用现在进行时。应选 A.三，一般将来时 1）一般将来时的构成：1.助动词 will(shall)+动词原形 2.am/is/are +going to+动词原形 2）一般将来时的用法：1将要发生的动作。例如：I will leave for Beijing tomorr

21、ow.2将要存在的状态。例如：This time next year I will be in Japan.Where will you be?3打算要做的事。例如：Are you going to watch the film on television tonight?3)常用于一般将来时的时间状语：tomorrow next week in 2008 等。例题解析：举一反三，学的更轻松！1.I_ for Hong Kong on Saturday.Will you go to see me off at the airport？A.am leaving B.am left C.am go

22、ing to leaving D.left 解析：趋向动词 leave 可用现在进行时表将来。选 A。2.I_ to see grandma and help her with some housework every week.A.came B.am going come C.come D.will come 解析：此题虽然有 every week,但句意中表达的事将要去做的经常性动作。应该用一般将来时。因此选 D。3.We Chinese _ the Olympic Games in 2008.A.held B.shall holding C.are holding D.are going

23、 to hold 解析：本题的时间状语是将来的时间，所以选用一般将来时，A、D 都删去。shall 后面应跟动词原型，故应选 D.四，一般过去时 1）一般过去时的构成：用动词的过去式。作谓语的行为动词的词尾变化如下：一般情况+ed 以 e 字母结尾的辅音+d 以辅音字母y 结尾 去 y 变 ied 重读闭音节结尾的单词，末尾只有一个辅音字母 双写词尾字母+ed 2）一般过去时态的肯定句、否定句和疑问句形式（以 be 和 like 为例）：主 语 肯 定 式 否 定 式 疑 问 式 第一、二人称和第三人称复数以及名词复数 I was a student.We/You/They were stud

24、ents.He/She was a student.I/We/You/They/liked music.Many people liked music.I was not a student.We/You/They were not students.He/She was not a student.I/We/You/They/didnt like music.Many people didnt like music.Were you a student.Were you/they students?Was he/she a student?Did you/they like music?Di

25、d many people like music?3）一般过去时的用法：1 过去发生的动作。例如：The police stopped me on my way home last night.2 过去存在的状态。例如：They werent able to come because they were so busy.3.常用于一般过去时的时间状语：yesterday，three months ago，last year，in 1979，often，always 等。例题解析：举一反三，学的更轻松！1 r.Mott is out.But he _ here a few minutes ago

26、.A.was B.is C.will be D.would be 解析：时分钟前发生的动作，应该用一般过去时。应选 A，2-Hi,Tom.-Hello,Fancy.I _ you were here.A.dont know B.wont think C.think D.didnt know 解析：虽然句中没有明确的时间状语，但是可以通过上下文语境判断出，这句话指的是我这段时间并不知道，你前一阵子在这儿。所以应选 A。3He promised to tell me by himself when I _.A.come B.would come C.come D.had come 解析：在时间状语

27、从句中，用一般过去时表示过去将来。应选 C。五。现在完成时 1）现在完成时的构成：have/has+v-ing 2）现在完成时态的肯定句、否定句和疑问句形式（以 be 和 see 为例）：主 语 肯 定 式 否 定 式 疑 问 式 第一、二人称和第三人称复数以及名词复数 I/We/You/They have been here before.He/She has been here before.I/We/You/They/Many people have seen the film.I/We/You/They havent been here before.He/She hasnt been

28、 here before.I/We/You/They/Many people havent seen the film.Have you/they been here before?Has he/she been here before?Have you/they/many people seen the film?现在完成时 1）现在完成时的构成：have/has+v-ing 2）现在完成时态的肯定句、否定句和疑问句形式（以 be 和 see 为例）：在完成时的用法：1、表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果.常与 already,just,ever,never,before等词连用.如:

29、She has never read this novel.他从未读过这本小说.(他对小说的内容不了解)2、表示 过去的动作一直延续到现在并有可能继续延续下去.常与 for(后跟段时间)或 since(后跟点时间)等连用.如:I have been a member of the Party for 10 years.I have been a member of the Party since 10 years ago.注：在有 for 和 since 引导时间状语的句子中不能用短暂性动词，应用与之相应的表示状态的词。如：He has died for 3 years.(F)He has b

30、een dead for 3 years.(T)注意：现在完成时不能和表示明确的过去时间连用。如：in 1998,last morning 等 have/has been to 表示去过（去了又回来了）have/has gone to 表示去过（去了没回来了）如：Where has she gone?(句中所指的人不在)Where has she been?(句中作指的人在)例题解析：举一反三，学的更轻松！-How long _ he _ a fever?-Ever since last night.A.have,got B.have,had C.have,caught D.did,have

31、解析：此句表示从昨晚起持续到现在的状态，应用现在完成时，去掉答案 D。因为是段时间，所以不能用短暂行动词，get 和 catch 都是短暂行动词。因此选 B.My bowl is empty.Who _ all my soup?A.drinks B.had drunk C.has drunk D.drank 解析：碗是空的了，这里强调的是所发生的动作造成的结果。谁把我的汤都喝了。应选 C.3.I _ you for a long time.Where _ you _?A.Didnt seen;did,go B.didnt see;have,gone C.havent seen;have,bee

32、n D.havent seen;have gone 解析：for+段时间一般预先在完成时连用。你去哪儿了？（在这段时间你不在）应选C。六，过去进行时 1）过去进行时的构成：was/were+v-ing 2)过去进行时的用法：过去某一阶段或某一时刻正在进行的动作。例如：This time last year I was living in Brazil.What were you doing at 10 oclock last night?3)常用于过去进行时的时间状语：at four yesterday afternoon，then，at that time/moment 等。例题解析：举一反

33、三，学的更轻松！Daddy promised me he _ me a computer A.was bought B.had bought C bought D.would buy 解析：爸爸答应我给我买一台电脑。宾语从句中的动作是以过去为起点将要发生的动作，应用过去将来时。选 D。They said they _ do some sports if it was fine.A.were going to B.went C.would going D.were going 解析：他们说如果天气好的话他们打算去运动。去做运动发生在说话之后，所以应选用过去将来时，答案 B 不合适，打算作某事为b

34、e going to do.would 后面应跟动词原形，应选 A.七，过去完成时态 1）过去完成时态的构成：肯定式：had+动词的过去分词 否定式：hadnt+动词的过去分词 疑问式：Had +动词的过去分词 简略回答:Yes,主+have/has had.No,主+had 现在完成时的用法 过去完成时的用法：1、表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成的动作。他表示的时间是过去 的过去 常与 by last year,by the time of yesterday,等连用。如：She said she had seen the film 4 times.When Mr Li got t

35、o the classroom,all the students had begun reading.By the time they arrived,the bus had left.2、表示 从过去某一时间开始一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态。常与 for(后跟段时间)或 since(后跟点时间)等连用.如:She had worked in this school since it opened 25 years ago.例题解析：举一反三，学的更轻松！1.He _ in Shanghai University for four years before he _ Beijing.A.

36、studied,had gone B.had studied,went C.has studied,goes D.had studied,had gone 解析：他去北京之前在上大学学习了 4 年。在上海学习的动作发生在去北京之前，因此第一个空应用过去完成时。此题选 B。2.Mary said it was at least five years since he _ a good drink.A.enjoyed B.was enjoying C.had enjoyed D.would enjoy 解析：It was+时间段+since 引导的从句中用过去完成时。应选 C。3.Xiao Pei

37、 said she _ Hainan for 3 months.A.has been in B.had been in C.had been to D.had gone to 解析：小培说她去了海南三个月 。have been to 和 have gone to 都是短暂性的动词短语。所以适应表示状态的 have been in.应选 B.时态综合例题解析：-What are Mr and Mrs Black doing?-They _ tea in the garden.A.are drinking B.drank C.have drunk D.drink 2.My mother often

38、 asks me _early.A.get up B.got up C.getting up D.to get up 3.Soon Wu Dong _ up with Li Lei,then they were neck and neck.A.taught B.caught C.bought D.brought 4.The car _and stopped at the red traffic light.A.got on B.got off C.slowed down D.picked up 5.Tom _ the CD player for two weeks.A.has lent B.h

39、as borrowed C.has bought D.has had 6.-Do you know _?-Sorry,but if he _ back,I _ you know as soon as possible.A.when will he be back,comes,will let B.when he will be back,will come,will let C.what time will he be back,will come,let D.what time he will be back,comes,will let 7.We _ to the park if it i

40、s fine tomorrow.A.will go B.have gone C.go 8.A new shoe factory will _ in this part of the city.A.be building B.be built C.build 9.-_ all your things,Tom!I hate them here and there.-Ok,Mom.A.Put up B.Put on C.Put down D.Put away 10.-How about going hiking this weekend?-Sorry,I prefer _ rather than _

41、.A.to stay at home,go out B.to go out,stay at home C.staying at home,go out D.going out,stay at home 解析：1.根据问句的时态现在进行时，答句时态要一致，故选答案:A 2.根据句中的谓语动词 ask 的固定搭配 ask sb to do sth.故答案：D 3.根据第一句的固定动词词组 catch up with sb 及第二句的过去时态，故选答案:B 4.此题主要考查四个动词词组的掌握.根据后半句在红灯时停下来,故选答案:C 5.此题主要考查现在完成时的延续和非延续动词，根据 for two

42、weeks 时间短语。故选答案:C 6.此题主要考查宾语丛句和状语丛句的习惯用法。第一句是特殊疑问句的宾语丛句，要用陈述句语序。第二句是 if 条件句。丛句用一般现在时，主句用一般将来时。故选答案：B 7.此题考查 if 条件句的主句时态，要用一般将来时，故选答案；A 8.此题考查语态。根据全句的意思，使用被动语态。故选答案：B 9.此题考查四个动词词组 put up,张贴，举起;put on 穿上，上演；put away 把-收拾好。根据后半句我讨厌到处乱放，故选答案:D 10.此题主要考查一个固定词组：prefer to do sth rather than do sth.故选答案：C.练

43、习与巩固：熟能生巧，取得好成绩！一、选择最佳答案填空(动词及搭配)：1.A policeman saw two thieves _a girls mobile phone on the bus and hecaught them at once.A.to steal B.stealing C.stole D.stolen 2.The Chinese pingpong players will join in the match.Lets _them success.A.wish B.to wish C.hope D.to hope 3.He is so careless that he alw

44、ays _his school things at home.A.forgets B.forgot C.leaves D.left 4.-Who _the computer?I want to use it.-Timmy.He _ it for a week.A.borrowed,has borrowed B.has borrowed,bought C.has borrowed,has kept D.bought,has borrowed 5.Look!One of the girls _the door.A.cleans B.is cleaning C.clean D.are cleanin

45、g 6.If you dont feel well,you may just _.stopped reading B.stop reading C.stopped to read D.stop to read 7.-Where can we get a baseball?-Lets _.A.lend Jim one B.lend one to Jim C.borrow one from Jim D.borrow one of Jim 8.-My model ship doesnt work.-Dont worry.Ill have it _this afternoon.A.repairing

46、B.made C.repaired D.mend 9.You _wash your hands before meals.A.need B.must C.can D.may 10.Will you _the light?Its dark in the room.A.get on B.get off C.trun on D.turn off 11.My name is Zhang Mingjian.You may _me Zhang Mingjian or Mr Zhang.A.ask B.say C.tell D.call 12.There is going to _a game in our

47、 school this afternoon.A.has B.have C.be D.are 13.Youd better_smoking.Its bad for your health.A.eat up B.give up C.come up D.get up 14.-How do you like this book?-I think it has nothing to_with our study.A.make B.do C.take D.hold 15.-Where is Mr Brown?I have some questions to ask him.-He _the office

48、.A.has been to B.has been in C.has gone to D.has gone in 16.The bus kept the people _for twenty minutes.A.wait B.to wait C.waiting D.waits 17.I believe the scientists will_a better way to heal the disease.A.get on with B.come up with C.go on with D.catch up with 18.-Why do you often _this pink blous

49、e?-Because it fits me well.A.put on B.wear C.buy D.try on 19.Jack always runs faster than Peter,but this time he _him.A.went over B.fell behind C.put off D.dropped off 20.The Internet _it easy to get much new information in a short time.A.finds B.makes C.feels D.takes 参考答案：1-5 BACCB 6-10 BCCBC 11-15

50、 DCBBC 16-20 CBBBB 二、选择最佳答案填空(动词时态)：1.We _out by that time that he_ a thief for a longtime.A.had found,had been B.had found,was C.found,had been D.found,was 2.It so happened that they_ the novel before.A.had read B.would read C.were reading D.read 3.She_ for nearly two hours.A.kept talking B.kept to