形合与意合最新最全版.pdf

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1、Unit 3 形合与意合(hypotaxis¶taxis)形合(Hypotaxis)Hypotaxis and parataxis are the performance of the language law.The so-called hypotaxis refers to the realization of the connection of the words or phrases,with the help of language forms(including vocabulary and forms);意合和形合是语言表现法。所谓“形合”(hypotaxis)是指借助语

2、言形式手段（包括词汇手段和形态手段）实现词语或句子的连接；1.They come out on to the village green and photograph each other in a stone armchair,said to be the throne of Artila.(Nancy Mitford:The Water Beetle)踏上村中草地，看到一张石椅，听说是匈奴王阿提拉的宝座，就要照相；一个个登上大位，你给我照，我给你照。（翁显良译）2.Sitting still at home is the heavenly way;the going out is the

3、way of the world.(by Abu Musa,taken from Henry David ThoreausA Winter Walk)“在家安居者天之道也，出外奔波者人之道也。”（夏济安译）3.All around was open loneliness and black solitude,over which a stiff breeze blew。(Thomas Hardy:Tess of the dUrbervilles)周围一切，只是一片空旷的荒寒，一团漆黑的僻静，一股劲风，在上面吹动。（张谷若译）4.Chilly gusts of wind with a taste

4、 of rain in them had well nigh dispeopled the streets.阵阵寒风，带着雨意，街上冷冷清清，几乎没有什么人了。Hypotaxis(形合):The dependent or subordinate construction or relationship of clauses with connectives;for example,I shall despair if you dont come.(The American Heritage Dictionary p.649)汉语的意合 Parataxis(from Greek for act

5、of placing side by side;fr.para,beside+tassein,to arrange;contrasted to syntaxis)，in grammar，refers to placing together sentences,clauses or phrases without conjunctions.不借助语言形式手段而借助词语或句子所含意义的逻辑联系来实现词语或句子的连接 Parataxis(意合):The arranging of clauses one after the other without connectives showing the r

6、elation between them.Example:The rain fell;the river flooded;the house was washed away.(The World Book Dictionary p.1513)Examples 好好学习，天天向上。Study hard,make progress everyday.Study hard,and make progress everyday.If one studies hard,he will make progress every day Examples 去了也白去。Even if you go there,

7、there wont be any result.天气寒冷，河水都结了冰。It was so cold that the river froze.跑得了和尚跑不了庙。The monk may run away,but the temple can not run away with them.The Realization 1.人不犯我，我不犯人。We will not attack unless we are attacked.2.他不老实，我不能信任他。Because hes not honest,I cant trust him.3.聪明一世，糊涂一时。Smart as a rule,b

8、ut this time a fool.4.他不来，我不去。If he wont come here,Ill not go there.5.上梁不正下梁歪。If the upper beam is not straight,the lower ones will go aslant.6.有饭大家吃。Let everybody share the food if there is any.7.物极必反 Once a certain limit is reached,a change in the opposite direction is inevitable.8.欲盖弥彰 The more o

9、ne tries to hide,the more one is exposed 一、关于形合与意合 英语注重形合,是因为它是一种以综合型为主要特征的语言。综合形语言指主要通过词汇本身的形态变化来表达语法意义性、数、格、时、语态等。它常常采用表示连接意义的词语和结构来表示语言中结构与结构之间的逻辑语义关系;而汉语重意合是因为它是一种以分析型为主的语言。而分析型语言是指语言中的语法关系主要不是通过词汇自身的形态变化来表达,而是通过虚词、词序等手段来完成。如利用词语和句子表现出事情的先后顺序和因果逻辑关系。二、意合与形合的表现形式 语言学家王力在中国文法学初探中指出，“子句与子句的关系，在中国语里

10、，往往让对话人意会，而不用连词。”说得浅显点，就是体会中国人的心思。也就是说，省去虚词，利用词语和句子表现出事情的先后顺序和因果逻辑关系。如“汗流浃背”（先“汗流”后“浃背”），“玩物丧志”（“玩物”是因，“丧志”是果），“不进则退”（“不进”是条件，“则退”是结果。所以英语词与词之间的关系常有一个客观的词来指示，不像汉语要由读者自己来解读。如：“Dont come in until I call you.”该句中，两个动作之间的关系由 until 明确地指示出来,不可能有误解。同样表达这个意思，汉语就可能不用任何表示关系的连接词：“不叫你不要进来。”二、意合与形合的表现形式 上世纪末本世纪初

11、的西方语言学家们持有一种普遍的观点，即:“中国语”是人类的“婴儿语”。但是，近一、二十年来，越来越多的西方学者抛弃了这种荒谬的观点。西方语言学家们经过长期多次交流看法之后发现:汉语是智慧的语言。中国语(指汉语)是世界上最成熟的语言。几千年来，中国人不停地简化自己的语言，才得出现在的样子。(1)天净沙.秋思 枯藤老树昏鸦，小桥流水人家，古道西风瘦马。夕阳西下，断肠人在天涯。译文：Crows hovering over rugged trees wreathed with rotten vine-the day is about done.Yonder is a tiny bridge over

12、a sparking stream,and on the far bank,a pretty little village./But the traveler has to go on down this ancient road,the west wind moaning,his bon horse groaning,trudging towards the sinking sun,farther and farther away from home.翁显良译 从表面上看,天净沙秋思这首诗展现的是“枯藤、老树、昏鸦、小桥、流水、人家、古道、西风、瘦马、夕阳、断肠人”等景物,看上去比较杂乱。然

13、而,细细品之,会发现,“文章本天成,妙手偶得之。”(陆游)小令天净沙.秋思言简意丰，诉诸于意向，表达自由。如第一句:“枯藤老树昏鸦”，由“枯藤”、“老树”、“昏鸦”一系列的意象组成，中间缺乏衔接词，名词的单复数、相互的相对位置、关系界限模糊，意义留有空白。比如“枯藤”、“老树”、“昏鸦”之间是什么关系？“枯藤”是自成一体还是在“老树”上的？“昏鸦”是栖息在“老树”或者“枯藤”上还是盘旋在“老树”和“枯藤”的上方？马致远以“夕阳西下”一句作为前面写景与后面抒情的过渡,使各个分散的景点联结成完整和谐的意境,构成一幅令人伤感的暮秋黄昏”英语的形合表现在词语连接成句、短语连接成句、分句连接成句的时候，

14、都离不开连接词（如 and,but,or,because,so,however,notbut also,eitheror,therefore,if,as,since,unless,while,etc.）,关系词(如 that,which,who,what,how,etc.),介词(如 of,to,with,in,about,between,along with,etc.)和状语功能的分词结构（-ed,-ing）等。所以，英语词与词之间的关系常由一个客观的词来指示，不像汉语要由读者自己来解读，比如 英语语言讲究客观明晰、语篇衔接紧密、诉诸于理性逻辑，通过比较,我们不难发现原诗的句子之间的衔接不靠

15、一个连词,便能构成连贯的语篇;对诗句的理解,仅靠词语和句子内含意义的逻辑关系。语篇连贯呈隐性。而译文中的诗句间的衔接则往往少不了词汇语法的显性衔接。译者从语言形式上把词语句子结合成语篇整体。英译汉练习：（1）He spoke so well that everybody was convinced of his innocence.a.他说得那么好听，以至于每一个人都相信他是无辜的。b.他说的那样好听，谁都相信他是无辜的。（2）If you turn to the left,you will find our institute at a distance.a.如果你向左转弯，你就可以远远看到

16、我们学校。b.向左转弯就可以远远看到我们学校。（3）I cant trust him,because he is not honest.a.因为他不老实，所以我不相信他。b.他不老实，我不相信他。（4）We took off and flew over the city and slowly gained height.a.我们起飞了并且飞过城市并且慢慢飞高。b.我们起飞了，飞过城市，慢慢飞高。（5）The cat ate the mouse that ate the malt(麦芽糖)that lay in the corner of the house.a.猫吃了那只吃了放在房子角落里的麦

17、芽糖的耗子。b.耗子吃了放在房子角落里的麦芽糖，猫吃了耗子。由于英语的句式重形合、汉语的重意合，所以英译汉时许多具有形合特点的英语句式有必要转换成具有意合特点的汉语句式。翻译如果一味拘泥于原文的形式，保留其形合的特点，往往会使译文罗嗦、不自然，形成翻译腔 对于意合与形合，有的语言学家经过长期的观察，悟出些精彩的比喻,如:英语句子好比一颗参天大树，一串葡萄，一串珍珠，一树荔枝。而汉语句子好比一根竹子，一盘珠子，一江波涛。汉译英的过程就是把像“竹子”等一样的东西转换成“大树”等一样的东西。这个转换，形式上看是把汉语短句化成长句。而这“化”之关键在于吃透汉语原文中各短句的逻辑关系，而后用英语中的形合

18、手段组织成句。三、意合与形合在汉英翻译中的操作 汉英翻译过程中作形合式结构的关键在于分清汉语原文中哪些是主体意念，将其置于主句；哪些是客体描摹、事件背景、概念前提或条件、思维的指向、行为的对象等等，将其作从句或词组处理。A 译成带从句的英语句子 她们妯娌吵嘴，不巧被我撞见了。I chanced to be present when the sisters-in law were having a quarrel.B译成带介词短语的英语句子 好不容易才说服她，照我的想法办。With some difficulty I brought her round to my way of thinking

19、.译成带分词或不定式结构的英语句子 只见那个理发师俯下身，听小姑娘说，她要什么发式。Leaning down to the little girl,the barber listened to her about the style she wanted.译成带定式复合结构的英语句子 酒不醉人人自醉。It is not the wine that intoxicates but the drinker who gets himself drunk.以上几种操作方式是针对英语的句内形合讨论的。句子之间的形合多使用连接词。在对一个句子或句子以上单位做汉英翻译时，往往是不止一种，而是多种操作方式同时

20、并用。那时坐在舅舅的腿上，他哄着我，我觉得很温暖。Sitting on my uncles leg,being humored all the way,I was feeling very good.使用两个与同一主语呼应的分词结构，不但使汉语原文中的重要信息落在译文的主谓结构上，而且也体现了英语的形合特点。例：燕子去了,有再来的时候;杨柳枯了,有再青的时候;桃花谢了,有再开的时候。但是,聪明的,你告诉我,我们的日子为什么一去不复返呢?(朱自清匆匆)Swallows may have gone,but theres a time of return;willow trees may have

21、died,but theres a time of regreening;peach blossom may have fallen,but they will bloom again.Now,you the wise,tell me,why should our days leave us,never to return 2.一人得道，鸡犬升天。When a man gets to the top，all his friends and relations get there with him.3.留得青山在，不怕没柴烧。As long as green mountains are ther

22、e，one need not worry about fire-wood.4.江山易改，本性难移。1t is easy to change rivers and mountains but hard to change a persons nature.5.前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。While the prospects are bright，the road has twists and turns。6.见到他，你就会认出他来。You will recognize him when you see him.7.他对音乐感兴趣，就来了。He came because he was inter

23、ested in music.8.你需要我我就来。I will come if you want me.9.蛇吃癞蛤蟆（toad），癞蛤蟆吃虫子，虫子吃绿叶。The snake catches the toad that eats the insect that nibbles the green grass.10.那个男孩哭得似乎心碎了，当我问他时，他说他已有两天没吃东西了，实在饿极了。The boy,who was crying as if his heart would break,said,when I spoke to him,that he was very hungry,beca

24、use he had no food for two days.11.施恩勿记，受恩勿忘。If you confer a benefit,never remember it;but if you receive one,remember it always.12.物不如新，人不如旧。Everything is good when new,but friends when old.13.他站住，转过身来，定睛一看，原来是个年迈的妇女。她身材修长，虽受岁月折磨而显得憔悴，但风韵犹存。It was an old woman.tall and shapely still,though withered

25、 by time,on which his eyes fell when he stopped and turned.冬天，在四周围都是山地的这里，看见太阳的日子真是太少了。今天，难得雾这么稀薄，空中融融地混合着金黄的阳光，把地上的一切，好像也照上一层欢笑的颜色。In winter,sunny days were scarce here,as it was surrounded by hills all around.Today,however,the fog was wonderfully thin and the air was filtered through with golden s

26、unlight that tinted everything on the ground with a joyful hue.“在四周都是山地的这里”，在原文是一个指明地点的状语，将其译成英语的状语虽说可以，但实际翻译起来也不太好处理，因为在汉语中，“这里”是一个状语副词，可以直译成英语的“here”；可是，“这里”的前面有“在四周都是山地”作它的定语，这种形式在汉语里并不少见，但在英语里却不好在“here”前面再加上一个定语。那么，从这句话的意义逻辑看，它是为“看见太阳的日子真是太少了”说明原因，因此，将其译成一个由“as”引导的表示原因的从句。这一则是原文中存在而未加“言”明的逻辑关系在译

27、文中用“言”体现出来了，二则是如此处理符合英语的表达习惯。原文中接下来的一句与前句有着更为紧密的逻辑关系，译文如果不能把这种逻辑关系用文字表现出来，以“形”而论，便与前句多少有点儿松散、梳离。所以上面给出的译文中，用了一个“however”，确有“形合”之功。小结 总之,英语重形合,语言注重以形显意，句子结构严谨但缺乏弹性。汉语重意合，语言注重以意驭形，句子结构松散但富有弹性。因此，汉英翻译的过程就是一个从“形散神聚”的汉语中析出条理，然后用“以形驭意”的英语使诸条理各就其位的过程 Enlightenment in translation 汉译英的过程就是从形合走向意合的过程；从流散型走向聚集

28、型的过程；从语义型走向语法型的过程；从话题句，流水句，连动句 走向主谓句的过程。连动句(verbal expressions in series)是指同一主语下几个动词连用成谓语,它是一种复杂谓语,其复杂性体现在这些动词的关系中.连用的动词之间,有并列关系,也有其他关系(包括条件,方式,承接,因果,假设,目的等)流水句，就是一个主题加上多个连续的评论句式。汉族艺术重心理流动。请联想戏剧舞台上连串动作的流动：“抽栓”，开门，跨门槛。中国章回体小说情节主线也是一贯连底的顺时流动。中国画的构图不着重焦点。汉族音乐自古以来不讲和声的对位（那是空间的对位），却特别讲究旋律的流畅。这样按时间流动的审美定势

29、对待句子，便形成了大量的按事理顺序铺排的他已经请了假坐火车回四川老家探亲.听人家背地里议论,孔乙己原来也读过书,但终于没有进学,又不会营生;于是愈过愈穷,弄到要讨饭了.跑了一程，遍身是汗，走得慢一些，他咕噜起来：“才跑上几步就累了 新媳妇哭了一天一夜，头也不梳，脸也不洗，饭也不吃，躺在炕上，谁也叫不起来，父子两个没了办法。（赵树理小二黑结婚 在汉语中，主语的承接力很显著。汉语主语可以在出现一次以后，连续承接数句，中间还可能出现带句号的句子和其它主语。英语的主语没有这样超越基本句又不用并列连接成分的承续功能。英语主语必须是一句管一句，交待清楚，除非有并列连词加以并联，这时也必须有形式标定，像汉语

30、主语这样不必交待或若隐若现是不汉语主语这种在语段中若隐若现，留连承续的功能是使汉语语段产生流散，疏放效果的很重要的因素。汉语一般倾向于比较短的句子，同时，短小的句子又更进一步增强了语段的流散效果；而英语则根本不必顾虑，长达两，三行甚至一小段的句子比比皆是。话题句 银行储蓄所只在大部分人上班时开门,广大群众太不方便了.上海行路难,乘车难曾是一个突出的社会辐射状的话题句 “咱们这些户，二亩也不出负担，三亩还不出负担，人家把三百亩丈成一百亩，轮到你名下，三亩也得出，二亩也得出！我这时突然感到一种异样的感觉,觉得他满身灰尘的身影,刹时高大了,而且愈走愈大,须仰视才见.网收状的话题句：“嘴甜心苦，两面三

31、刀，上头笑着，脚底下使绊子，明是一把火，暗是一把刀，他都占全了！北京的冬季，地上还是积雪，灰黑色的秃树枝丫杈于晴朗的天空中，而远处有一二风筝浮动，在我是一种惊异和悲哀。他爸爸死了，死于车祸；妈妈又改了嫁，顾不了他，真可怜。那年冬天，祖母死了，父亲的差使也交卸了，正是祸不单行的日子。屋子里总是散乱着碗碟，弥漫着煤烟，使人不能安心做事。合译 他已经请了假坐火车回四川老家探亲.He has already asked for leave to go home by train to see his parents in Sichuan.跑了一程，遍身是汗，走得慢一些，他咕噜起来：“才跑上几步就累了。

32、”After covering a good distance,he was perspiring and began to slow down.“So youre tired after a few steps,”he grunted.媳妇哭了一天一夜，头也不梳，脸也不洗，饭也不吃，躺在炕上，谁也叫不起来，父子两个没了办法。（赵树理小二黑结婚）The daughter in law was irritated so much that she cried for a whole day and night,refusing to comb hair,wash her face,or take

33、 any food.She lay on the kang,and no one could persuade her to get up.听人家背地里议论,孔乙己原来也读过书,但终于没有进学,又不会营生;于是愈过愈穷,弄到要讨饭了.From the gossip that I heard,it seemed that Kong Yiji had studied the classics but never passed the official examinations and,not knowing any way to make a living,he had grown steadil

34、y poorer until he was almost reduced to beggary.银行储蓄所只在大部分人上班时开门,广大群众太不方便了.The saving bank is open only when the great majority of people are at work,and this is very inconvenient for the broad masses of people.上海行路难,乘车难曾是一个突出的社会问题.In Shanghai people found great trouble in getting to their destinati

35、ons on foot or by car and it became a top social problem.我这时突然感到一种异样的感觉,觉得他满身灰尘的身影,刹时高大了,而且愈走愈大,须仰视才见.Suddenly I had a strange feeling.His dusty,retreating figure seemed larger at that instant.Indeed,the further he walked the larger he loomed,until I had to look up to him.北京的冬季，地上还是积雪，灰黑色的秃树枝丫杈于晴朗的天

36、空中，而远处有一二风筝浮动，在我是一种惊异和悲哀。Often I feel deeply depressed to see the Peking winter scene when the thick snow banks up on the ground and the bare ashen tree branches thrust up against a cold blue sky,while in the distance one or two kites are floating casually.那年冬天，祖母死了，父亲的差使也交卸了，正是祸不单行的日子。Misfortunes n

37、ever come singly.In the winter of more than two years ago,grandma died and father lost his job.屋子里总是散乱着碗碟，弥漫着煤烟，使人不能安心做事。The room was so cluttered up with dishes and bowls and filled with smoke that it was impossible to work steadily there.翻译的启示：1.在双语转换中，我们必须以语段为单位，一个语段一个语段地进行理解，分析，转换，而不是以单句或词组为单位，将

38、语段分割，孤立地处理。2.由于汉语句子多意合，语段中各组成部分之间的关系常常处于隐含状态。因此，首先，就要析出各句子（词组）及句子（词组）之间隐含的逻辑关系，为的是下一步整合之需要，并反映在英语连接成分上。语段：语段由句子和词组组成，即各种完整句及完整句的缩略式的千变万化的聚集方式，形成“板块流”。这些词组和句子之间的关系常常是隐性的。汉语的语段是适合汉译英翻译的最基本单位。主要是因为：汉语讲求意合，重内在联系，不求形式上的连接，句子连接的自由度很大。词组可以相对独立地使用（句子的词组化），语流疏放，不求句子结构的齐整。以语段为单位能够为汉译英的句子整合提供更合理的基础。3.汉语的语段以“形散

39、而神聚”为特征，而英语具有比较严谨的形式组织要求。因此，显而易见，汉英翻译中必须研究如何加强原语语句的组织程度，化“流散”为“聚集”，也就是并句与断句的问题。4.英语具有 SV 提携机制的特点。在整合的过程中，需进一步确定主句以及主语，才能统领全局/句。5.在整合过程中，善于使用英语的分词，不定式，形容词及形容词短语以及介词短语来连接句子成分。减译 When it is dark in the east,it is light in the west;when things are dark in the south there is still light in the north.东方不亮

40、西方亮，黑了南方有北方。You feel such a sense of exhilaration that you wouldnt exchange it for all the power and glory of the world.你是那样的快乐，使你对世界上的任何权利和荣誉视若敝帚。How could you,when you know that this might damage the apparatus?既然你知道这样会损坏仪器，你怎么能这样做呢？你知道这样会损害仪器，你怎么能这样做 汉译英形合过程中初学者容易出现的问题：1.缺乏向形合转变的意识及使用恰当形合手段的能力 英汉语

41、的一个本质差异就是形合与意合的区别。大多数情况下，汉译英的过程实际上就从意合向形合转变的过程，将汉语语段中的隐含语义关系通过语法手段与词汇手段表现出来，将句子各成分重新搭架，成为符合英语形合特点的句子。这一点颇像是在餐馆里用餐的经验。开始吃头盘或冷碟的时候，印象很好。吃头两个主菜时，也是赞不绝口。学生译文：This is like having dinner in a restaurant.When you begin to have the first dish or cold dish,the impression is good.When you begin to have the fi

42、rst two courses,you are also full of praise.You will be not only favorably impressed with the first dish or cold dishes,but also profuse in praise of the first two courses.2.在形合的过程中，不能遵循简洁的原则，趋向于使用从句来代替单词或短语。简洁是语言的生命（Brevity is the soul of wit）。人是很有趣的，往往在接触一个人时首先看到的都是他或她的优点。学生译文 1：Human beings are i

43、nteresting,when they first get in contact with a person,they always see his or her merit.学生译文 2：Human beings are interesting.When they first get in contact with a person,they always see his or her merit.Human beings are interesting in that they tend to first see good in a new acquaintance.她忽然提出了这么个问

44、题，使余敬唐吃了一惊。立刻看出这姑娘还是个刚离娘窝的“雏儿”。（杨沫 青春之歌）学生译文1：She suddenly put forward such a question,which astonished Yu Jingtang.He immediately realized the girl was a young bird just able to fly.年轻的妈妈，一高兴了，便会怂恿她的孩子把拿着要吃的烧山芋，分开一半，放在你这位客人的手上。学生译文：The young mother,if/when/as soon as she is happy,will encourage her

45、 baby to share his sweet potato with you.The baby will then divide it in two and put one half into your hand.The delighted young mother will encourage her baby to share his sweet potato with you.The baby will then break it in two and thrust one half into your hand.学生译文 2：Yu Jingtang was astonished w

46、hen she put forward such a question.He immediately realized the girl was a young bird just able to fly.改译：This abrupt question took Yu Jingtang by surprise and made him realize the girl was a young bird just able to fly.他们大多是一些基层技术人员：他们有才有智，奉公守法，深信自己的所作所为是为国为民。Most of them are grass-root technical p

47、ersonnel.Capable,intelligent,dedicated and law-abiding,they believe that all that they do is for their people and their country.人真是可笑的动物，一点极微末的小事情，便会受着很深的影响。Men are really laughable creatures,so easily upset by trifles.散文选集 是当代著名的散文作家杨朔的作品，其中收集了作家游历各地所见的人文风物，笔调清新，故事感人。Written by Yang Shuo,a well-kno

48、wn contemporary Chinese essayist,A Selection of Prose Pieces contains pleasant descriptions and enticing stories about people and places that the author came across on his travels.后来她终于睡着了，开始时是时醒时睡，似醒似睡，做的梦也十分怪诞不稽；后来才深深地酣睡了，直到黎明才睁开双眼。Eventually she had slept,fitfully and transiently at first with ni

49、ghtmares,but in the end deeply until dawn.东壁画散花天女，内以垂髫者，拈花微笑，樱唇欲动，眼波将流。（聊斋志异画壁）On the east wall was a picture of heavenly nymphs scattering flowers.Among these beauties was a young girl wearing maiden tresses.She holds a flower in hand and smiles.Her cherry lips seems about to move and her watery ey

50、es seems overflowed with tenderness.With a flower in hand,she was smiling sweetly while her cherry lips seemed about to move and her watery eyes seemed overflowed with tenderness.3.过度形合，不考虑原文文体风格等特点。老关忙即跳下车去，摸摸腰间的勃郎宁，又向四下里瞥了一眼，就过去开了车门，站在门旁边。学生译文：After jumping out of the car quickly,Old Guan placed h