现在完成时的完成用法和未完成用法.pdf

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1、现在完成时的“完成用法”和“未完成用法”现在完成时的“完成用法”和“未完成用法”一、现在完成时的结构：助动词 have/has+动词的过去分词(Past Participle)其中 have/has 为助动词,因而它的否定和疑问句形式全部由 have/has 进行变化。例如:a.He has already finished his homework.他已经做完了家庭作业。否定句：_ (already 用于肯定句中,改成否定和疑问句时用 yet，一般放句末)一般疑问句：_?b.His father has been to Beijing three times.他父亲去过北京三次了。否定句：_

2、.一般疑问句：_?提问：_?二、现在完成时的完成用法 A、定义：现在完成时的完成用法指的是动作发生在过去某一时刻并已结束，但该动作对现在产生了影响，与现在情况具有因果关系。例如：He has turned off the light.他已把灯关了。(动作结束于过去，但说明的是现在的情况-灯现在不亮了。)B、特点：现在完成时完成用法的特点是动作不延续，因此，该时态只能与表示不定的过去时间状语(如：already，yet，before，recently 等)、频度时间状语(如：never，ever，once等)、包括现在时刻在内的时间状语(如：this morning month year.，to

3、day 等)连用。例如：Have you found your pen yet？你已找到你的钢笔了吗？请尝试着做以下的练习 用所给动词的适当形式填空。1.I_ already _(see)the film.I _(see)it last week.2.-_ he _(finish)his work today?-Not yet.3.-_you _(be)to Hong Kong?-Yes,I _(be)there twice.4.-_ you ever _(eat)chocolate sundaes?-No,never.5.My father _ just _(come)back from w

4、ork.He is tired now.6.Where Li Ming?He _(go)to the teachers office.7.Shanghai _(be)a small town hundreds of years ago.Now it _ (become)a large city.8.So far(到目前为止)I _(make)quite a few friends here.9.-I _(see)the film“Chicken Run”.-Where and when _ you _(see)it?-Last week.10.Mary _ already _(have)her

5、 supper.11.I _(not want)to see the film.I _(see)it with my parents.We _(see)it last Sunday.12.-_ Uncle Wang _(mend)the TV yet?-Yes,he_.-When _ he _ it?-Yesterday.13._ you _(read)todays newspaper yet?14 They _ already_(do)their homework.But they dont know what_(do)next.15.-_ you _(see)the film last n

6、ight?-No,I _(see)it for several times.2.现在完成时的未完成用法 A、定义：现在完成时的未完成用法指的是动作开始于过去某一时刻，一直延续到现在，或可能还要继续下去。例如：He has lived here since 1978.自从 1978 年以来，他一直住在这儿。(动作起始于 1978 年，一直住到现在，可能还要继续住下去。)I have been in the army for more than 5 years.我在部队已经呆了五年多了。(动作开始于 5 年前，一直延续至今，有可能还要继续下去。)B、特点：此种用法的句中常需一个表示一段时间的状语(

7、由 since 或 for 引导)，或表示与现在时刻相连的时间状语(如：up to now，so far 到目前为止)等。例如：I have heard nothing from him up to now.到目前为止我没有他的任何消息。注意：(1)现在完成时的未完成用法只适用于延续性动词，不可用于终止性动词，即瞬间完成或延续时间很短的动词。如：come，go，arrive，leave，join，become，die 等。(2)现在完成时常见两种句型：主语have/has beenfor 短语/since 短语 It is一段时间 since 从句 例如：He has been in the

8、League for three years.=It is three years since he joined the League.他入团已三年了。请尝试着做以下的练习 1.I _(work)here since I _(move)here in 1999.2.-How long _ the Smiths _(stay)here?-For two weeks.3.She _(be)ill for three days.4.She_(not read)this book before.5._ you ever _(travel)on a train before?6.-_ Wei Hua

9、_(come)yet?-Yes.She_(come)already.She _(come)just now.7.-How long _you _(learn)English?-For more than two years.8.They _(live)in China since they _(move)to China.9.I_ already _(see)the film.I _(see)it last week.10._ you _(be)to Hong Kong?Yes,I _(be)there twice.11.My father _ just _(come)back from wo

10、rk.He is tired now.12.I _(work)here since I _(move)here in 1999.13.How long _ the Wangs _(stay)here?For two weeks.3、for 和 since 的区别。a.for 和表示一段时间的词组连用。eg.for six hours/nine days/two weeks/thirty years b.since 和表示过去某一时刻的词或词组连用，这是介词。eg.since nine o clock this morning/last summer/three weeks ago/Septem

11、ber since 还可以引导时间状语从句，表示“自从.以来”，这是连词。eg.自从他出生以来，他就住在这儿。He has lived here since he was born._ three months _ two weeks ago,_ 1998,_last Sunday 4、延续性动词和终止性动词的概念 英语中，动词按其动作发生的方式、动作发生过程的长短，可分为延续性动词和终止性动词。延续性动词表示能够延续的动作，这种动作可以延续下去或产生持久影响。如：learn,work,stand,lie,know,walk,keep,have,wait,watch,sing,read,sle

12、ep,live,stay 等。终止性动词也称非延续性动词、瞬间动词或短暂性动词，表示不能延续的动作，这种动作发生后立即结束。如 open,close,finish,begin,come,go,arrive,reach,get to,leave,move,borrow,buy 等。5、延续性动词的用法特征 a.延续性动词可以用于现在完成时，其完成时态可与表示段时间的状语连用。表示段时间的短语有：for two years,during the past three years,since last year,how long等。如：I have learned English since I c

13、ame here.自从我来到这儿就学英语了。b.延续性动词不能与表示短暂时间的点时间状语连用。如：It raind at eight yesterday morning.(误)rain 为延续性动词，而 at eight 表示点时间，前后显然矛盾。如果用延续性动词表示一瞬间的动作，可以借助 come,begin,get 等终止性动词来表示。上句可改为：It began to rain at eight yesterday morning.(正)又如：-When did you get to know Jack?-Two years ago.-Then youve known each othe

14、r for more than two years.-Thats right.6、终止性动词的用法特征 a.终止性动词可用来表示某一动作完成，因此可用于现在完成时。如：The train has arrived.火车到了。Have you joined the computer group?你加入电脑小组了吗？b.终止性动词表示的动作极其短暂，不能持续。因此，不可与表示一段时间的状语连用(只限肯定式)。如：(1)他死了三年了。误：He has died for three years.正：He has been dead for three years.正：He died three year

15、s ago.正：It is three years since he died.正：Three years has passed since he died.(2)他来这儿五天了。误：He has come here for five days.正：He has been here for five days.正：He came here five days ago.正：It is five days since he came here.正：Five days has passed since he came here.(1)、(2)句中的 die、come 为终止性动词，不能与表示段时间的

16、状语连用。那么，应如何正确表达呢？可以采用下面的四种方法：(1)将句中终止性动词转换为相应的延续性动词，如上面两例中的第一种正确表达方式。下面列举几例：leavebe away from,borrowkeep,buyhave,begin/startbe on,diebe dead,move tolive in,finishbe over,joinbe in/be a member of,open sth.keep sth.open,fall illbe ill,get upbe up,catch a coldhave a cold。(2)将句中表示段时间的状语改为表示过去确定时间的状语，如下面

17、两例中的第二种正确表达方式。(3)用句型It is+段时间+since.表达原意，如上面两例中的第三种正确表达方式。(4)用句型时间+has passed+since.表达原意，如上两例中的第四种正确表达方式。3.终止性动词可用于现在完成时否定式中，成为可以延续的状态，因而可与表示一段时间的状语连用。如：He hasnt left here since 1986.I havent heard from my father for two weeks.4.终止性动词的否定式与 until/till 连用，构成not+终止性动词+until/till.的句型，意为直到才。如：You cant le

18、ave here until I arrive.直到我到了，你才能离开这里。I will not go to bed until I finish drawing the picture tonight.今天晚上直到我画完画，我才上床睡觉。5.终止性动词可以用于 when 引导的时间状语从句中，但不可以用于 while 引导的时间状语从句中。when 表示的时间是点时间(从句谓语动词用终止性动词)，也可以是段时间(从句谓语动词用延续性动词)。而 while 表示的是一个较长的时间或过程，从句谓语动词用延续性动词。如：When we reached London,it was twelve oc

19、lock.(reach 为终止性动词)Please look after my daughter while/when we are away.(be away 为延续性动词短语)6.终止性动词完成时不可与 how long 连用(只限于肯定式)。如：误：How long have you come here?正：How long have you been here?正：When did you come here?二、现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 1.一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的事、存在的状态或经常发生的动作。说话的侧重点只在于陈述一件过去的事情，不强调对现在产生的影响。如：He vi

20、sited Guilin in 1998.他 1998 年参观过桂林。(只说明去桂林的时间)2.现在完成时表示动作发生在过去，对现在造成了影响或产生了结果。不与确定的过去时间状语连用。如：Jill has bought a new computer.吉尔买了一台新电脑。(着重点是现在有了一台新电脑)3.两种时态的区分 (1)一般过去时的谓语动词用过去式，而现在完成时的谓语基本构成是助动词 have/has+过去分词。如：The film started at 7 oclock.He has been a teacher for many years.(2)一般过去时通常与表示过去的时间状语连用

21、。如：yesterday,last week,two years ago,just now,in 2002 等；而现在完成时则常与 just,already,ever,never 等副词和 these days,this week,since.,for.等表示一段时间的状语连用。看看以下的几组句子，有什么区别？Have you seen the film?(A)Did you see the film?(B)说明 你看过这部电影吗？(A)句强调的是被问者对剧情是否了解；(B)句强调的是看这部电影的动作是否发生过，并不强调是否知道其内容。How has he done it?(A)How did

22、 he do it?(B)说明他是怎么做的这件事？(A)句强调的是他做这件事的方式对现在产生了某种影响；(B)句单纯的询问做这件事的方式。He has lived in Beijing for 8 years.(A)He lived in Beijing for 8 years.(B)说明他在北京住了 8 年。(A)句讲的是到目前为止他在北京住了 8 年，可能还会继续在北京住下去。(B)句讲的是他在北京住过 8 年，现在不在北京了。【学习过程】1预习情况交流，引入现在完成时。a.现在完成时的第一种用法。b.现在完成时的第二种用法。2一些注意点和要点。【自主课堂作业】一、动词填空。1.She _

23、(be)away from home for almost four years.2.The sun _(rise)in the east.3.You look tired.Stop _(work)and _（have）a rest,4.I _(not hear)from you for a long time.5.My brother _(be)to English twice.6.Mr Green _(not come)back to China yet.7.Who _(teach)you math last term?8.They _(go)to the shopping center

24、already.9.Listen,Xiao Li _(sing)in the next room.10.They _(play)football when I walked past.二、句型转换(每空一词)。1.I have been to Macau before.(改为否定句)I _ _ been to Macau before.2.He hasnt come to school because hes ill(就划线部分提问)_ _ he come to school?3.He has learned English for 5 years.(就划线部分提问)_ _ _ _ learn

25、ed English?4.I bought a new bike just now.(用 just 改写)I _ just _ a new bike.5.We began to learn English three years ago.(改为同义句)We _ _English _three years 6.He has lived here since 1999.(就划线部分提问)_ _ _ he_ here?7.They have already finished the work.（否定）They _ _ the work _.8.My father got there two days

26、 ago.（同义句）My father _ _ there for two days.9.Mr.Li began to teach English in this school in 1999.（同义句）Mr.Li _ _ English in this school since 1999.10.The factory opened ten years ago.（同义句）The factory _ _ _ for ten years.11.They have cleaned the room twice this week.(就划线部分提问)_ _ _ _ they _ the classro

27、om this week?12.My father went to England in 2003 and 2005.（同义句）My father _ _ _ England _.13.John left Beijing three years ago.（同义句）John_ _ _ Beijing_ three years.14.His company closed in 2003.（同义句）His company _ _ _ _ 2003.15.My father bought the car half a year ago.（同义句）My father _ _ the car _ half a year.16.We got to know each other for about 15 years.（同义句）We _ _ each other _ about 15 years.17.The film began ten minutes ago.（同义句）The film _ _ _ for ten minutes.18.I borrowed this book two weeks ago.（同义句）I _ _ this book for two weeks.