词类及句子成分.pdf

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1、 1 十大词类：名词，代词，动词，形容词，副词，数词，连词，介词，冠词，感叹词。1、名词,名就是名称-人或事物的名称.具体的人或物体的名称:人名-Mike,Li Ming;地名America,China 动物名-pig,dog;植物名-tree,wheat.抽象的事物的名称:idea(主意),victory(胜利),knowledge(知识).2、代词，主要是来替代名词，所以说名词和代词关系是很近的，或者说代词的实质就是名词，绝大多数时候代词跟名词在句中起的作用是一样的。代词，从英语词汇的整体来看数量并不多。3、动词,动 就是动 作-人的五官动 作:walk(走),jump(跳),swim(游

2、泳)；人的大脑动作(心理活动):think(想),imagine(想象)；也有些动词是表示静止的，如：am，is，are。4、形容词，我们在谈论人或物时，常说：“你描述一下是什么样子。”你就要用上：tall（高的），short 矮的），black（黑的），white（白的）这些词往往是修饰名词，它们就是形容词。5、副词，主要是修饰动词、形容词饿副词的。副词很多是从形容词加 ly 构成的，所以看单词词尾是否有 ly 是判断是否是副词的一种方法，但是词尾是 ly 的也不一定都是副词，可能是形容词，不过只有少量的单词（likely fiendly lovely lonely weekly month

3、ly yearly）。6、介词，at,by,to,in,for,of,on,from,with 7、连词，其作用是把单词与单词、短语与短语、句子与句子连接起来。连词不能单独作句子成分，只能和其他词类一起作句子成分。常见的连词有：and、but、or、both.and、neither.nor、not only.but also、when、where、before、after、if 等等 8、冠词，英语中只有三个词：aan(不定冠词)the(定冠词)，简单来说，不定冠词表示泛指，定冠词表示特指，冠词与名词关系紧密，一般是放在名词之前。9、数词，跟数字有关的词就是数词，英语中的数词有两种，基数词和序

4、数词。表示数目大小的为基数词，比如：one、two、three 等；表示数目顺序的为序数词，比如：first、second、third 等。10、感叹词，主要是来表示喜怒哀乐等感情的，比如：oh、ah well 等 语法复习一：句子成分:简单句、并列句和复合句 一、句子成分（一）句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。（二）主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在 there be 结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词

5、、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如：During the 1990s,American country music has become more and more popular.（名词）We often speak English in class.（代词）One-third of the students in this class are girls.（数词）To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式）Smoking does harm to the health.（动名词）The rich should

6、help the poor.（名词化的形容词）When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主语从句）It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it 作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）（三）谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He practices running every morning.2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如

7、：You may keep the book for two weeks.He 2 has caught a bad cold.（2）由系动词加表语构成。如：We are students.（四）表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如 be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem 等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。例如：Our teacher of English is an American.（名词）Is it yours?（代词）The weather has turned col

8、d.（形容词）The speech is exciting.（分词）Three times seven is twenty one?（数词）His job is to teach English.（不定式）His hobby（爱好）is playing football.（动名词）The machine must be out of order.（介词短语）Time is up.The class is over.（副词）The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）（五）宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：T

9、hey went to see an exhibition（展览）yesterday.（名词）The heavy rain prevented me form coming to school on time.（代词）How many dictionaries do you have?I have five.（数词）They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名词化形容词）He pretended not to see me.（不定式短语）I enjoy listening to popular music.（动名词短语）I thin

10、k（that）he is fit for his office.（宾语从句）宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lend me your dictionary,please.（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：They elected him their monitor.（六）宾语补足语：英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如 make 等+宾语+宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：His father named him Dongming.（名词）

11、They painted their boat white.（形容词）Let the fresh air in.（副词）You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短语）We saw her entering the room.（现在分词）We found everything in the lab in good order.（介词短语）We will soon make our city what your city is now.（从句）（七）定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下等成分表示：Guilin is

12、a beautiful city.（形容词）China is a developing country;America is a developed country.（分词）There are thirty women teachers is our school.（名词）His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词）Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语）The teaching plan for next term has been worked o

13、ut.（动名词）He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语）（八）状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。可由以下形式表示：Light travels most quickly.（副词及副词性词组）He has lived in the city for ten years.（介词短语）He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短语）He is in the room making

14、 a model plane.（分词短语）Wait a minute.（名词）3 Once you begin,you must continue.（状语从句）状语种类如下：How about meeting again at six?（时间状语）Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因状语）I shall go there if it doesnt rain.（条件状语）Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地点状语）She put the eggs into the

15、basket with great care.（方式状语）She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴随状语）In order to catch up with the others,I must work harder.（目的状语）He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（结果状语）She works very hard though she is old.（让步状语）I am taller than he is.（比较状语）练习一 一、指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：1.The stud

16、ents got on the school bus.2.He handed me the newspaper.3.I shall answer your question after class.4.What a beautiful Chinese painting!5.They went hunting together early in the morning.6.His job is to train swimmers.7.He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing.8.There is going to be an American f

17、ilm tonight.9.He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.10.His wish is to become a scientist.11.He managed to finish the work in time.12.Tom came to ask me for advice.13.He found it important to master English.14.Do you have anything else to say?15.To be honest;your pronunciation is not so good.16.Would

18、you please tell me your address?17.He sat there,reading a newspaper.18.It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy.19.He noticed a man enter the room.20.The apples tasted sweet.二、用符号划出下列短文各句中的主语（）、谓语（）、宾语（）：I hope you are very well.Im fine,but tired.Right now it is the summer vacation and Im

19、 helping my Dad on the farm.August is the hottest month here.It is the time of year for the rice harvest,so every day I work from dawn until dark.Sometimes we go on working after dark by the lights of our tractors.We grow rice in the south of the States,but in the north where it is colder they grow

20、wheat.We have a lot of machines on the farm.Although the farm is large,my Dad has only two men working for him.But he employs more men for the harvest.My brother takes care of the vegetable garden.It doesnt often rain in the summer here.As a result,we have to water the vegetable garden.Every evening

21、 we pump water from a well.It then runs along channels to different parts of the garden.三、用符号划出下列短文各句中的定语（）、状语（）、补语（）：Most Saturday evenings there is a party,even at harvest time.These parties often make us very happy.We cook meat on an open fire outside.Its great!Americans eat a lot of meat too muc

22、h in my opinion.Some of my friends drink beer.I dont,because I have to drive home after the party.In your letter you asked about the time in different areas of the States.There are five different time areas in the States.In my state we are fourteen hours behind Beijing time.How many different time a

23、reas do you have in China?Well,I must stop and get some sleep.Please give my best regards to your parents.4 二、简单句、并列句和复合句（一）句子种类两种分类法 1、按句子的用途可分四种：1）陈述句（肯定、否定）：He is six years old;She didnt hear of you before.2）疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意）：Do they like skating?How old is he?Is he six or seven years old?Mary can

24、 swim,cant she?3）祈使句：Be careful,boys;Dont talk in class 4）感叹句：How clever the boy is!2、按句子的结构可分三种：1）简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。e.g.He often reads English in the morning.Tom and Mike are American boys.She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.2)并列句：由并列连词（and,but,or 等）或分号（；）

25、把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。e.g.You help him and he helps you.The future is bright;the road is tortuous.前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。3）复合句：含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。复合句包含：名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）、定语从句和状语从句等。e.g.The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall.（二）简单句的五种基本句型 1、主语+系动词+表语：e.g.He is a studen

26、t.2、主语+不及物动词：e.g.We work.3、主语+及物动词+宾语：e.g.Henry bought a dictionary.4、主语+及物动词+双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）：e.g.My father bought me a car.5、主语+及物动词+复合宾语（宾语+宾补）：e.g.Tom made the baby laugh.注：其他各种句子都可由这一种基本句型扩展、变化或省略而构成。（三）并列句的分类 1、表示连接两个同等概念，常用 and,not onlybut also,neithernor,then 等连接。e.g.The teachers name is Smith

27、,and the students name is John.2、表示选择，常用的连词有 or,eitheror,otherwise 等。e.g.Hurry up,or youll miss the train.3、表示转折，常用的连词有 but,still,however,yet,while,when 等。e.g.He was a little man with thick glasses,but he had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting.4、表示因果关系，常用的连词有 so,for,therefore

28、 等。e.g.August is the time of the year for rive harvest,so every day I work from dawn until dark.（四）高考考点探讨 1、简单句的五大句型是最基本的句型。虽然近几年单纯考查这种基础句型的题不多，但是在阅读中有时需借助于划分句子成分去理解，在书面表达中，没有最基本的遣词造句的能力是不可能用地道的英语句子来表达清楚的。2、祈使句、反意疑问句和感叹句是高考命题的热点之一。有时把祈使句与反意疑问句结合于一体来考查。一个题目，几个考点，是近几年命题的发展趋势。3、高考对简单句、并列句和各种复合句的考查常表现在对

29、连词的选择和使用上。如：and,but,or,while，以及其它连接名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句的连接词、关联词。4、各种主从复合句的考查常常与动词的时态联系在一起，以宾语从句与状语从句最为明显，时间从句与条件从句中，如果主句是将来时，从句则用一般式表将来，这一点在高考中经常考查。如：We will go outing if it doesnt rain tomorrow。5 练习二、简单句、并列句和复合句 一、判断下列句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句：1.We often study Chinese history on Friday afternoon.2.The boy who off

30、ered me his seat is called Tom.3.There is a chair in this room,isnt there?4.My brother and I go to school at half past seven in the morning and come back home at seven in the evening.5.He is in Class One and I am in Class Two.6.He was fond of drawing when he was yet a child.7.Neither has he changed

31、his mind,nor will he do so.8.What he said at the meeting is very important,isnt it?9.The farmer is showing the boy how to plant a tree.10.Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music.二、判断下列短文中各句是简单句、并列句还是复合句：I hope you are very well（）.Im fine,but tired（）.Right now it is the summer vacation and Im helping m

32、y Dad on the farm（）.August is the hottest month here（）.It is the time of year for the rice harvest,so every day I work from dawn until dark.（）Sometimes we go on working after dark by the lights of our tractors（）.We grow rice in the south of the States,but in the north where it is colder they grow wh

33、eat（）.We have a lot of machines on the farm（）.Although the farm is large,my Dad has only two men working for him（）.But he employs more men for the harvest（）.My brother takes care of the vegetable garden（）.It doesnt often rain in the summer here（）.As a result,we have to water the vegetable garden（）.E

34、very evening we pump water from a well（）.It then runs along channels to different parts of the garden（）.Most Saturday evenings there is a party,even at harvest time（）.These parties often make us very happy（）.We cook meat on an open fire outside（）.Its great（）!Americans eat a lot of meat too much in m

35、y opinion（）.Some of my friends drink beer（）.I dont,because I have to drive home after the party（）.In your letter you asked about the time in different areas of the States（）.There are five different time areas in the States（）.In my state we are fourteen hours behind Beijing time（）.How many different time areas do you have in China（）?Well,I must stop and get some sleep（）.Please give my best regards to your parents（）.