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1、Lesion 2 食品科技论文的翻译技巧 复习上节课的内容,结合食品业和社会的发展前景,说明学习翻译和写作英语科技论文的必要性。食品科技论文翻译的意义 1、学习国外科技信息,引进国际先进技术,促进我国食品行业科学技术快速发展。2、让世界了解中国食品行业科学技术的发展状况。一、翻译理论和技巧 翻译质量的评判标准 跟别的文体翻译一样,科技英语的翻译的也主要在于准确理解原文,然后在理解原文的基础上,利用一些翻译技巧转换成适当的中文,其中准确理解原文是关键。翻译的标准方面,清末翻译家严复曾提出著名的“信、达、雅”原则,简单地讲就是要达到“忠实”、“通顺”、“典雅”,再具体一点,就是要“译文忠实于原文的
2、思想”、“译文要合乎全民规范化的语言”、“译文要保持原文的风格”。信:即忠实原文,正确表达原文意思。达:表示译文通顺、流畅。雅:使译文生动、雅致。对于科技英语翻译,通常要求译文忠实、明确、通顺、简练。翻译的方法通常认为有两种:直译和意译。直译是内容和形式都忠于原文;意译是内容忠于原文而表达方式可以有所改变,使译文更符合语言习惯。科技英语一般是直译,也有根据需要改变文字结构,加减文字而进行的意译。翻译是有规律的,也有许多技巧;在忠实于原文的前提下,同一句子可以有多种翻译方法;应该注重汉语与英语的不同表达,将翻译的语句更适合翻译语言的表达方式。1、翻译中的改换 英、汉两种语言表达方式不同,翻译时可
3、以将词义、词类进行转化,也有句子成分,修饰词的转换。Example 1:On completion of the heat treatment the skin color was immediately measured.一旦结束热处理,表皮的颜色立即被测量。(名词 动词)Example 2:He speaks good English。他的英语讲的不错。(肯定 否定)Example 3:You dont grow the grain you eat and you dont make the clothes you wear.你吃的粮食不是你种的,你穿的衣服不是你做的。(成分转换,宾语 主
4、语)Example 4:Much has been done on the high temperature processing of food products.关于高温对食品的处理已经研究得很多了。(成分转换,主语 补语)2、翻译中的增减、重复 科技英语的翻译中,不追求形式上的对等翻译,要求的是内容与形式协调,整体的对等;往往要进行句子或词的增减,有时为了文字表达通顺,还需要重复。Example 5:You should help her since you have promised to do so.你既然答应了要帮助她,就应该帮助她。(重复)Example 6:People in
5、the northeast of China are fond of eating a kind of pickled cabbage,which is preserved in big earthen jars and the cabbage can be stored for several months under proper storage conditions.酸菜是东北人喜爱的一种食品,它可以在适合的条件下保存数月。(词的减少,which is preserved in big earthen jars;并且 the cabbage 替换成代词“它”)Example 7:Frui
6、t storage qualities are affected by the internal and external factors.影响水果贮藏的因素包括内因和外因两个方面。(词的增加)Example 8:He spends nearly 3 hours on watching sports events.The fact that he was completely absorbed in sport interfered with his study.他每天花 3 小时看体育节目。他把心思都放在体育上,这对他的学习是有妨碍的。3、从句的翻译 这些从句的翻译,可以译成状语从句或者短语
7、,限定表达的准确性。(1)时间关系的从句翻译 Example 9:The puncture test was carried out as soon as the pork meat was boiled for 10 minutes at 100.当猪肉在 100煮 10 分钟后,紧接着就做穿透实验。(2)表示条件关系从句的译法 Example 10:If we do not control the processing conditions,some abnormal phenomena might occur.如果我们不控制处理条件,一些不正常的现象就会发生。(3)表示因果关系的从句,可
8、以翻译成原因状语从句、定语从句或者短语结构。Example 11:He is ill owing to excessive work.他由于过度工作而生病了。Example 12:Since displacement has direction,velocity also has direction.因为位移有方向,所以速度也有方向。(4)让步关系的翻译 Example 13:Although its raining,they are still working in the field.虽然在下雨,但他们仍在地里干活。Example 14:Though the sore be healed,
9、yet a scar may remain.伤口虽愈合,但伤疤留下了。长句的使用是科技英语中常见的现象之一,而从句的广泛使用是构成长句的重要原因。所以,掌握好各类从句的翻译是解决科技论文中长难句的关键。英语从句可分名词性从句(主语、表语、宾语、同位语从句等)、副词性从句(状语从句)、形容词性从句(定语从句)。主语从句:有从属连词 that、whether、if,连接代词 what、which、who、whose,连接副词 when、where、why、how等引导的主语从句,一般采用顺译法,把主语从句译在句首。Example 15:That the technique of high pres
10、sure processing is widely applied to food production is known to all of us.高压技术广泛应用于食品生产,这是我们大家都知道的。Example 16:Whether this experiment could prove it is still a question 这个试验能否证明它,这还是个问题。表语从句,可采用顺译法。Example 17:The relevant characteristics of these microorganisms are that they should be non-pathogeni
11、c,easy to maintain and cheap to grow 这些微生物的有关特性是它们不应是病原性的,而且易于保存,培养时花费不多。宾语从句,可采用顺译法。Example 18:From the evaporation of water we know that liquids can turn into gases under certain conditions.我们从水的蒸发现象知道,液体在一定条件下可以变成气体。同位语从句的翻译方法:Example 19:The thermostat is based on the fact that different material
12、s have different coefficients of expansion 各种金属的膨胀系数都不同,这一事实就是恒温器的基本原理。定语从句,它们使用很普遍,而且千变万化,翻译时可以根据它是限定或非限定性定语从句加以翻译。Example 20:The species that accepts electrons in an oxidation-reduction is referred to as the oxidizing agent 在氧化还原反应中接受电子的物质称为氧化剂。Example 21:Table 1 lists some microorganisms which ha
13、ve been reported to be metabolically able to carry out the biodegradation of some of these compounds.表 1 列出了一些据报道能通过代谢途径生物降解这些化合物的微生物。Example 22:Upon special circumstances the streamlines of a surface of discontinuity become free streamline,which are streamlines along which the pressure is constant
14、在特殊情况下,不连续表面的流线变为自由流线,其上各点压力不变。Example 23:The basic principle of continuous culture is applicable to any scale of operation,especially in the form of the chemostat,which has been the most successful type on the laboratory scale 连续培养的基本原理适用于任何规模的操作,尤其是恒化器这种类型。恒化器在实验室规模上是最为成功的类型。(分译法,重复先行词)状语从句,包括时间、地
15、点、条件、让步、行为、原因、目的、结果、比较等状语从句。它们有的可以译在句首,有的可以采用转换译法译为并列句,或者主从句互相转换。Example 24:If a stress lies well within the elastic limit,it can be removed and repeated as often as it desired without causing rupture.如果应力在弹性极限之内,那么,每当有必要时就可以重复它而不引起材料的破坏。二、翻译的难点(一)单词 英语的句子和词组都是由单词组成的,把一个理解错了,词组和句子就往往不知所云,难以通晓,因此,每个单
16、词都要理解和翻译的准确无误。大多数英语单词都是多义词,但每个单词在一定的句子中又只能有一种含义,句意才不至于模棱两可。因此,应准确选定单词在句中应有的含义。1、词义选定 多义词 根据词类 Example 25:根据场合 Example 26:根据专业 Example 27:根据搭配 Example 28:近义词 英语除多义词在英译汉时要细心区分外,还有很多多词一义,又不尽相同的近义词。For Example:目的、目标,可用 aim,goal,object,objective,purpose 等词 Aim 是指被攻击的目标,或者执行任务时精准的、明确的、单一的目标。goal 通常比较抽象,ai
17、m 则比较趋向一个比较 specific 的目标。Purpose 是指做事情的目的,一个计划的目标、大方向。在运动比赛里,我们都用 goal。比赛中的目标,比如该选手本次比赛的目的是要得到多少分,这里的“目的”就要用 goal。另外,goal 只能当作名词来用,而 aim 则可以是名词或动词。It is now our aim to set up a factory.我们现在的目的是创办一座工厂。My goal in life is to help others.我的人生目标是帮助他人。另外,goal 只能当作名词来用,而 aim 则可以是名词或动词。It is now our aim to
18、set up a factory.(名词)We aim to set up a factory.(动词)What is the purpose of his visit?他来访的目的是什么?purpose 是指意图。objective-由 object(受体)而来,表示“受体的结果”,即此动作影响下的事物结果,是顺理成章的。例如:The objective of radiotherapy is to kill the cancer cell.放疗的目的是为了杀死癌细胞。基础,base,basic,basis,foundation 这些名词都与基础与支撑物有关。Base:Base is appl
19、ied chiefly to material objects:主要指物体基础:amazed by the size of the monuments base.惊讶于纪念碑基部的巨大。Basis:Basis is used in a nonphysical sense:用来指非物质方面的基础:“The basis of a democratic state is liberty”(Aristotle).“民主国家的基础是自由”(亚里士多德)。basic,n.(名词)An essential,fundamental element or entity:基本要素,基础本质:the basics
20、of math.数学基础 Basic training.基本训练 Foundation applies physically(the foundation of a house)and figuratively(a statement without foundation in fact).It often stresses firmness of support for something of relative magnitude:Foundation 指物质基础如:(房基)及用作比喻:(没有事实基础的声明)。它经常被用来强调相关数量事物基础的稳固和坚固:“Our flagrant dis
21、regard for the law attacks the foundation of this society”(Peter D.Relic).“我们明显地忽视法律对这个社会的基础是一种攻击”(彼特D瑞利科)。结构、构造,construction,structure 工艺,craft,technology 下两组单词之间区别自学。2、词义引申 英语有时为了修辞上的考虑,常运用象征性、比喻性的词语,以吸引读者,此时就不能直译。Example 29:The light in the workshop is poor.直译:车间光线贫乏。意译:车间光线不足。Example 30:The shor
22、test distance between raw material and a finished part is casting.直译:原料与成品之间的最短距离是铸造。意译:将原料变成品的捷径是铸造。(三)词量增减 词量增补 词量删减(四)词类转换(五)词序顺逆 词序相同 词序相反 二、非谓语动词 三、介词 四、短语 五、补语 六、被动 七、倒装 参见张叔方编著科技英语捷径 翻译长句时可以采用分析综合法。分析句子的语法成分,分清主句和从句。对句子可以先找谓语,后配主语。如果主语明显,也可以根据主语确定谓语。一般情况下,若不是并列谓语,则有几个谓语动词就有几个主语,即几个简单句。无连词或关联词
23、的句子是主句。然后,确定各个简单句内的宾语、定语、状语、补语等与主要成分的关系。这样,句子的主、次、具体结构就分明了。最后综合给出正确恰当的译文。长句翻译练习 This is particularly importantfor a food engineer since the commercial advantages of an optimal controlled process include it can provide better product quality and lower costs compared with an uncontrolled process长句翻译练习
24、主句状语从句从句主语从句谓语从句的宾语从句从句的宾语补语省略that主语系动词表语状语 Exercise 1:Computer control is the current by-word in fermentation technology and will soon reach the point where you dare not admit that your fermenters are not coupled to a computer;unfortunately,amidst the improvements this brings,we are beginning to se
25、e cases of the old dogma instruments prevent creative thinking Exercise 2:It is possible,particularly in the ease of an empty fermenter,that a vessel under vacuum could be deformed by the external air pressure,but the main reason for avoiding pressure below atmospheric within the fermenter is that t
26、he non-sterile air of environment could be drawn through any small leak in the seams welded seams of the vessel or pipeline,or through joints or valves 三、写作的一般方法及注意事项(一)前言(introduction)的写法 1、目的、宗旨和中心论题 2、综述前人在本领域工作、发现及与本论文内容关系 3、背景知识 4、本课题研究价值、意义 5、本论文研究手段、数据和资料来源 6、正文框架结构 1、研究目的和意图 基本句子结构:本文的目的 Our
27、 task(job etc.)in/of this article/paper is to The purpose(objective/goal/etc.)of this study(research)is to 表示意图。In this paper we attempt(intend/desire/hope/etc.)to In this work(thesis/research/article/etc.)we aim at 其他写法:2、课题的价值和意义 For example:3、前人的工作和成果 若论文所论述内容是在前人工作基础上发展起来的,则一定要加以引用,引用时一定要准确列出作者、
28、发表日期以及相关论文的名称或书名(一般列在参考文献中)。对研究现状的看法或评价。(二)正文 1、定义和描述 一般定义 被下定义的事物(name)+动词+类别(class)+特征(characteristics)1)Nutrition is the science that deals with the effects of food on the body,or the way the body uses food for optimal health 营养学是关于食物对人体的作用效果,或人体采用哪种方式最有利于健康的科学。2)An enzyme is a protein,which can
29、increase the efficiency of a biochemical reaction and is generally specific for that reaction.类别(class)+特征(characteristics)+动词+被下定义的事物(name)The process,through which water is lost from a plant primarily in the form of vapor,is known as transpiration.水在植物体中以蒸汽的形式散失的过程称为蒸腾作用。特指定义:特定的种类 Inorganic compo
30、und are compounds not forming the substance of living bodies.无机化合物是与机体无关的化合物。A supersaturated solution is a solution which contains more solute than is required to saturate it.过饱和溶液是含有过量溶质的溶液。扩展定义 Photosynthesis,which occurs in all land plants and many water plants,is a food-manufacturing process up
31、on which all living things depend.The word is made up of two term 一 photo,meaning light,and synthesis,in chemistry meaning the combination of two or more simple elements into a complex chemical compound.光合作用,是发生在所有陆地植物和许多水生植物中的,所有生物赖以生存的食物生产过程。2、试验与比较的写法 课本 P24 给出了一些基本的写法,但随着科技论文的使用率越来越高,描述的方式越来越多样化
32、,并不拘泥于这些常用句型。如与时间有关的试验步骤的写法:表示试验目的的写法:1)The purpose(aimobjectobjective)of this research is to 2)Experiments on animals(fruitsfood)were made(carried outperformedundertakenstarted/initiated)in order to determine(establishmeasureobtainreveal)3)Measurements using this technique were(have been)made to de
33、termine(testcheckelucidateanswer the question whether)表示试验结果的句型有:The experiments reported here showed(have showndemonstratedindicatedsuggested)a correlation between Our experimental results support(ed)confirm(ed)the assumption(hypothesisevidence)that These experiments failed to Provide(showdemonstra
34、te)any correlation between(changes in/increase in)The highest(lowestbest80)yield(injurycontrol)was obtained(came fromcaused)the treatment of The yield(injurycontrol)was highest with the treatment of 表示结论的句型有:1)From the experiment one can conclude that 2)The problem requires further research(studyinv
35、estigationwork)in this area 与他人 结果比较 3、图表、公式的制作与说明 图表、公式的制作方法同中文论文。表(Table):包括表格顺序、表格标题、栏标题、脚注等 表名及顺序 表格标栏标题 脚注 图(Figure):图名称与顺序、图标题、坐标、坐标说明、单位等。图名称、顺序图坐标坐标说明单位图标题 图表、公式的说明:4、数量的表示 概括数量(general quality)尺寸 数量的修饰:为了表达数量的概念,有时要加适当的修饰。确切数量:平均:单位数:数量的增减:(三)结论的写法 直接给出结论:先说明前人的结论,然后指出作者结论,加强说服力(结论中使用较少):(四
36、)科技论文写作注意事项 1、材料、来源、名称、试验方法、试验设计不能省略写,只有在工人情况下做简要说明。Note:国内科技论文常不希望此部分过于繁琐,要求略写。2、要注意公式符号的准确写法。Note:符号(缩写等)在第一次出现时要写全称。3、尽量少用不确定词,如 maybe,seems 等。事实上近年来在作者对试验结果进行分析时,对可能的原因描述使用也较多。4、尽量使用量化数字说明问题。5、讨论、结论应在本文试验基础上进行,不能太过引申。6、注意美式英语和英式英语的使用区别。Words Words ending in re British English words that end in-r
37、e often end in-er in American English:British US centre center fibre fiber litre liter theatre theater or theatre British US colour color flavour flavor humour humor labour labor neighbour neighbor British and American terms British English American English accommodation accommodations action replay
38、 instant replay aerofoil airfoil aeroplane airplane agony aunt advice columnist Allen key Allen wrench aluminium aluminum aniseed anise anticlockwise counterclockwise articulated lorry tractor-trailer asymmetric bars uneven bars aubergine eggplant 1.介系词是用在名词或其同等语之前,表示该名词或其同等语和句中其他成分之间关系的字。介系词是虚字,不能单
39、独充当句子成分。I am concerned about her health?我对她的健康感到担忧。about 是介系词。2.在介系词后的名词或其同等语是介系词的受词。There is an apple on the table.桌子上有一个苹果。the table 是介系词 on 的受词。3.介系词从形式上来分有四种。类别 1:只有一个字的简单介系词。如:at,before,for,from,in,next,of,over,since,to,under,with 类别 2:由两个字合成的合成介系词。如:inside,into,out of,outside,upon,within,without 类别 3:由两个介系词组成的双重介系词。如:from among(从.当中),from behind(从.后面),till after(直到.之后)。类别 4:由两个或多个单字组成的片语介系词。如:at the end of(在.最后),according to(根据),because of(由于),by means of(以.为手段),in case of(万一),in need of(需要),in front of(在.之前),in spite of(尽管.还是),instead of(代替),owing to(由于)。
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