热能与动力工程专业英语翻译Ch02教案.doc

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1、Chapter 2 Boiler其次章 锅炉29-37Air heater 空预器Anchor 支座，固定Anhydrous ammonia 无水氨Anthracite 无烟煤Atomized 雾化Austenitic 奥氏体钢Auxialiary 关心机械Axis 轴Bagasse 甘蔗渣Bare tube 光管Bark 树皮Beam 梁，横梁Bituminous coal 烟煤Blade 叶片Blast 鼓风Blowdown 排污Boiler 锅炉Bulk 大块的Burner zone 燃烧器区域Butane 丁烷Calcination 煅烧Capacity 出力Carbon steel

2、碳钢Cerium 铈Chromium 铬Commissioning 试运行Compressor 压缩机、压气机Condenser 凝汽器Containment 反响堆安全壳Convection 对流Coolant 制冷剂Coordinated 坐标，定位Corten 低合金耐腐蚀钢Counterflow 逆流换热器 Creep strength 蠕变强度Criterion 标准Critical pressure 临界压力Culm 煤屑Cyclone furnace 旋风炉Debris 残骸、有机残留物Decane 癸烷Decay 分解Deposited 沉积，沉淀的Deterioration

3、恶化Diesel oil 柴油Differential 差动，微分Distillate 馏出物Distortion 变形Division wall 分隔墙，双面水冷壁Drainage 疏水Circulating fluidized bed CFB循环流化 Drum 汽包床锅炉Coal char煤焦Cogenerator 热点联产机组Combustion 燃烧Dwell time 保存时间Economizer 省煤器Embrittlement 脆性，脆化Equalization 均衡，平衡Erosive 侵蚀的，腐蚀的Ethane 乙烷Evaluate 评估，评价Evaporate 蒸发Exce

4、ss air过量空气Extended surface 扩展受热面Fatigue 疲乏Feedwater 给谁Ferrite 铁素体Fin 鳍片，肋片Flange 法兰Flue gas 烟气Fouling 沾污Furnace 炉膛Generator 发电机Geological 地质的Girth 环形Govern 把握、调整Gravity 重力Header 联箱，集箱Helical 螺旋状的Helium 氦Heterogeneous 不均匀的Hopper 斗，料斗Husk 壳，外壳Hydraulic 水力的，液压的Ignite 点火Impurity 杂质Inert 惰性Inferior 低级的，劣

5、质的Ingredients 成分Ingress 进口，入口In-line 顺列Inorganic 无机的Ion 离子Jurisdiction 权限Lignite 褐煤Lime 石灰Limestone 石灰石Low alloy 低合金钢Low-volatile 低挥发分的Margin 裕量，安全系数Matrix 矩阵Membrane 膜Methane 甲烷Mill 磨煤机Molecule 分子Molten 熔化Nitric oxide 氮氧化物Nonpressure 非承压的Nontoxic 无毒的Organisms 有机体Oxidation 氧化Peat 泥煤Pendants superhea

6、t platen 悬吊式屏式过热器Pentane 戊烷Petrochemical 石油化工制品Petroleum 石油制品Plasma spray coating 等离子喷涂Platen 屏Polymer 聚合物Pores 气孔，小孔Porosity 多空的Potassium 钾Prandtl numbers 普朗特数Prefabricated 预制的Premium fuel 优质燃料Pressure loss 压力损失Primary air 一次风Propane 丙烷Proximate analysis 工业分析Pulp 纸浆Pyrites 黄铁矿Radius 半径，范围Rare earth

7、 element 稀土元素Recuperator 间壁式换热器Regenerator 回热器，蓄热器Regulate 把握，调整Repercussions 反响Reservoirs 储气罐Residuale fuel oil 渣油Resonant 共振Retract 缩回Reynolds number 雷诺数Rigid 刚性的，严密地Rollers 辊子Scale 水垢， Seal 密封Sedimentary 沉积Serpentine tube 蛇形管Shale 页岩Silica 二氧化硅Silt 淤泥Single-phase 单相Skin casing 外护板Slag 结渣Slurry 水煤

8、浆Sodium 钠Solvents 溶剂Sootblower 吹灰器Sour gas 含硫气体Specification 规格Stable ignition 稳定着火Stanton number 斯坦顿数Saturated 饱和的Straw 稻草Steam line blowing 蒸汽管路吹灰Steams 茎，杆Stress corrosion 应力腐蚀Structural formula 构造式Stud 双头螺栓Subbituminous 贫煤，次烟煤Suction 真空，负压Sulphur 硫Superheater 过热器Swamp 沼泽Sweet gas 无硫气Switchgear 配

9、电装置，开关装置Temperature-entropy 温熵图Tenacious 黏的Thermodynamics 热力学Tube bundles 管束Tubular 管状的Turbine 汽轮机Velocity 速度Vertical spidle mill 中速磨，立轴磨Vessel 容器Viscosity 黏度Volumetric expansion 体膨胀Vulnerable 易损的，薄弱的Wear 磨损Welded 焊接Wingwall 屏式凝渣管Yttrim 釔Abbreviations AFBC 常压流化床燃烧AFCO 燃料自动切断AFWC 给水自动切断ASME 美国机械工程师协会

10、ATM 标准大气压BFP 锅炉给水泵BUT 按钮BWC 锅炉水浓度BYP 旁路CFBB 循环流化床锅炉MCR 最大连续蒸发量DAS 数据采集系统DEH 数字电液系统DNB 偏离核态沸腾FDF 送风机FGD 烟气脱硫FSSS 炉膛安全检测保护系统HRB 回热锅炉IDF 引风机IGCC 整体煤气化联合循环LMTD 对数平均温差MFT 主燃料切断MUF 锅炉补给水NWL 正常水位OFA 火上风，燃尽风PFBC 增压流化床燃烧SSC 刮板除渣机TGA 热重UBC 未燃烧WFGD 湿法烟气脱硫2.1 IntroductionBoilers use heat to convert water into s

11、team for a variety of applications. Primary among these are electric power generation and industrial process heating. Steam has become a key resource because of its wide availability,advantageous properties and nontoxicnature.Thesteamflowratesandoperatingconditionscanvary dramatically; from 1000lb/h

12、 (0.1kg/s) in one process use to more than 10 million lb/h (1260kg/s) in large electric power plant; from about 14.7 psi (1 bar) and 212F insome heating applications to more than 4500 psi (310bar) and 1100 F (593) inadvanced cycle power plant.2.1 简介 SSC锅炉利用热量使水转变成蒸汽以进展各种利用。其中主要是发电和工业供热。由于蒸汽 具有有利的参数和

13、无毒特性，因此蒸汽作为一种关键的工质资源被广泛地应用。蒸汽流量和运行参数的变化很大：从某一过程里1000 磅/小时0.126kg/s到大型电厂超过10106磅/小时1260kg/s，压力从一些加热应用的14.7 磅/ in21.0135bar212F100到先进循环电厂的 4500 磅/ in2310bar1100F593。Modern boilers can be classified by various criteria. These include end use, firing method, operating pressure, fuel and circulation meth

14、od.现代锅炉可依据不同的标准分类。这些包括最终用途、燃烧方式、运行压力、燃料和循环方式。Utility boilers are used primarily to generate electricity in large central power stations. They are designed to optimize overall thermodynamic efficiency at the highest possible availability. A key characteristic of newer units is the use of a reheater s

15、ection to increase overall cycle efficiency.大型中心电站的电站锅炉主要用来发电。它们经过优化设计，可到达最高的热效率。机组的关键特性是利用再热器提高整个循环效率。A variety of additional systems also produce steam for power and process applications. These systems usually take advantage of low cost or free fuels, a combination of power cycles and process, and

16、 recovery of waste heat in order to reduce overall costs, examples of these include:各种附加的系统也产生蒸汽用于发电及其他过程应用。这些系统经常利用廉价或免费燃料，联合动力循环和过程，以及余热回收，以削减总费用。这些例子包括：Gas turbine combined cycle (CC) use advanced gas turbines with heat recovery steam generator as part of a base cycle to use waste heat recovery a

17、nd increase thermal efficiency.燃气轮机联合循环CC：先进的燃气轮机，将余热锅炉作为根本循环的一局部，以利用余热并提高热效率。Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) adds a coal gasifier to the CC to reduce fuel cost and minimize airborne emissions.整体煤气化联合循环IGCC：在CC 根底上增加煤气化炉，以降低燃料费用并将污染排放降到最低。PressurizedFluidized-bedCombustion(PFBC)include

18、shigherpressurecombustion with gas cleaning and expansion of the combustion products through a gas turbine.增压循环流化床燃烧PFBC：在更高压力下燃烧，包括燃气净化，以及燃烧产物膨胀并通过燃气轮机做功。Blast furnace hood heat recovgeernyerates steam using the waste heat from a blast furnace.高炉排烟热量回收：利用高炉余热产生蒸汽。Solar steam generator uses concentr

19、ators to collect and concentrate solar radiation and generate steam.太阳能蒸汽发生器：利用集热器收集太阳辐射热产生蒸汽。2.2 Development of Utility BoilerThe modern 660MW coal-fired boiler has some 6000 tons of pressure parts which include 500 km of tubing, 3.5 km of integral piping and 30,000 tube butt welds. It is the culmi

20、nation教材 25 页of some fifty years development and while the basic concept of pulverized fuel firing into a furnace lined with evaporator tubes, with the combustion gases then passingoverconvectionsuperheaterandheatrecoverysurface,hasremained unchanged, the advancement of steam conditions, increases i

21、n unit size and the properties of the fuel fired have required major changes in materials employed, fabrication techniques and operating procedures.2.2 电站锅炉的进展现代 660MW 燃煤锅炉有大约 6000 吨的压力部件，其中包括 500 千米的受热面管材，3.5 千米连接收，和 30000 个管接头焊口。这是经过大约 50 年进展的成果，并形成了至今未变的根本概念，即煤粉在布置有蒸发管束的炉膛内燃烧，然后烟气通过对流过热器和热回收外表。蒸汽

22、参数的提高，机组容量的增大及燃料燃烧特性改进都要求在材料、制造技术和运行程序上相应进展。In the years immediately following the second World War, is was customary to install in a power station, a greater number of boilers than turbines, the boilers feeding a range to which the turbines were connected. This arrangement reflected the inferior av

23、ailability of boilers compared with turbines but increase in boiler availability in the late 1940s led to the acceptance of unitized boilers and turbines. The change to unitizedboilerandturbineallowedreheattobecomepracticaland,withthe availability of high temperature steels, there followed a continu

24、ous advance in steaming conditions to the current standard cycle of 2400 lbf/in2 (165.5bar), 568with reheat to 568 . To take full advantage of the more advanced steam conditionsand to obtain the economies of size, the next fifteen years also saw a twenty-fold increase in unit size.二战后的一些年里，在电厂安装锅炉的数

25、量多于汽轮机是很常见的，锅炉供给蒸汽到母管然后到汽机。这种布置反响了锅炉的可用性低于汽轮机。四十年月后期，随着锅炉可用性的提高，锅炉和汽机开头可以相互配套使用。这一变化使再热变得可行，而且随着高温钢材可用性的提高，蒸汽参数不断变化，到达了当前的2400lbf/in2165.5bar，568和 568再热的标准循环。为充分利用更高的蒸汽参数和获得更大的经济性，在接下来的15 年，机组容量又增加了 20 倍。A utilitynormallyprocuresplantfromspecialistmanufactureswhohaveresponsibilityfordesign,manufactu

26、re,erectionandcommissioning.Whilethe manufactures carry out development of manufacturing process and continuously update their design methods, and change in operation conditions and size necessarily results in a new plant being of a prototype nature. While some new features can be tested in advance

27、of construction the only real test of a new boiler design is in operation and with its associated turbine and generator. The commercial success of a new design is proved over the whole projected life of power station and utility, therefore, has to balance the immediate economic advantages of a new d

28、esign in terms of improved efficiency, reduced capital costs, etc. against the risk of poor availability, need for major modifications, etc., which might result from a new development. A utility normally purchases plant against generating needs and the repercussions of poor initial availability are

29、not only being unable to meet load demand but also having to use costly plant tomake up the shortfall.This period of major advance insteam cycle and unit size therefore required quite exceptional interaction with manufacturers in design and fabrication area and development of operation and maintenan

30、ce techniques to ensure that the economic gains did not prove illusory.电站设备一般向负责设计、制造、建设和调试的专业厂商购得。同时生产厂商实施生产 过程的进展，不断修正设计方法，转变必要的运行参数和容量, 从而形成电厂的原型。虽 然一些的特性可以在安装前进展测试，但一个设计锅炉的真正测试是和汽轮发电机组配 套运行后进展的。一个的设计获得商业成功需要通过电站在整个设计寿命中的使用来证 明。因此，需要平衡考虑由效率提高、投资本钱削减等带来的直接经济效益，与设计机组 可能产生的牢靠性低和需要大的改进等风险。公用事业公司一般依靠发

31、电需求购置设备，并 且最初可用性较低的影响不仅不能满足负荷需求，还需要使用昂贵设备以弥补缺乏。因此， 在对蒸汽循环及机组容量进展较大改进的时期，必需和厂商在设计、制造领域，以及运行、维护技术领域亲热合作，以保证经济利益的牢靠。2.3 Fuel and combustionThe fuels used in most boilers are coal, natural gas and oil. However, during the past few decades, nuclear energy has also begun to play a major role in at least t

32、he electric power generation area. Also, an increasing variety of biomass materials and process byproducts have become heat sources for steam generation. These include peat, wood and wood wasters, straw, coffee ground, corn husks, coal mine wastes (culm)煤屑, waste heat from steelmaking教材 26 页furnaces

33、 and even solar energy.2.3 燃料及燃烧大局部锅炉以煤、自然气和石油作为燃料。然而，在过去的几十年里，至少在发电领域核能开头扮演一个主要角色。同样，不断增加的各种生物质和工业副产品也成为生产蒸汽的热源。这些包括泥煤、木材及木材废弃物、麦秆、咖啡渣、玉米秆、煤矿废弃物煤屑、 炼钢炉废热甚至太阳能。The dominant fuel in modern U.S. central stations is coal, either bituminous, sub-bituminous or lignite. While natural gas or fuel oil may b

34、e the fuel of choice for selected future fossil fuel power plants, coal expected to continue its dominant role in supplying energy to new, base power utility power station boilers.现代美国中心电站以煤作为主要燃料，使用烟煤、次烟煤或褐煤。虽然自然气和燃油或许 是将来化石燃料电厂的燃料选择，但对于带根本负荷的电站，煤仍将是主要的锅炉燃料。2.3.1 Coal classificationA coal classific

35、ation system is needed because coal is a heterogeneous substance with a wide range of compositionand properties. The propertiesof a typical China coal are showed in table 2-1. Coals are typically calssified by rank. This indicates the progressive alteration in the coalification process from lignite

36、to subitiminous, bituminous and anthracite coals. The rank indicates a coals geological history and characteristics.2.3.1 煤的分类表 2-127 页由于煤是一种不均匀的物质，且其组成和特性变动很大，所以建立煤的分类系统是很必要的。中国煤的性质如表 2-1 所示。以煤阶进展煤的分类是典型的做法。这表现为煤化程度的大小：从褐煤到贫煤、烟煤以及无烟煤。煤阶说明白煤的地质历史和主要特性。The system used in the U.S. for classifying coal

37、 by rank was established by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). ASTM classification is a system which uses the volatile matter and fixed carbon (FC) results from the proximate analysis and the heating value of the coal as ranking criteria. This system aids in identifying commercia

38、l uses of coals and provides basic information regarding combustion characteristics.现在美国应用的煤分类标准是由美国材料试验学会ASTM建立的。其分类是通过煤的工业分析所确定的挥发分和固定碳的含量以及煤的发热量作为分类标准。这套系统目的在于确定煤的商业使用价值，并供给关于煤燃烧特性的根本信息。2.3.2 Combustion systemsThe combustion of fossil fuels within a boiler for steam raising purposes has been prac

39、tisedformanyyears.However, withinthepasttwodecadescombustion techniques have been considerably refined in order to reduce atmospheric emissions and pollution to practicable minimum.2.3.2 燃烧系统锅炉内化石燃料燃烧以产生蒸汽的技术已成熟多年。然而，在过去的二十多年中，为了将大气排放和污染降到可行的最低程度，燃烧技术得到了很大程度的提高。Oil combustion systemsOil is burned in

40、 all utility boiler, in coal boiler to ignite the coal burners, to warm up the boiler and raise pressure before coal is admitted, and in oil fired boilers as the main load教材 27 页fuel. In general, the oil is residual Fuel Oil of 3500 sec. to 6500 sec. viscosity. In order to burn effectively this oil

41、must be heated to 120-130 and divided or atomized into very small droplets.油燃烧系统全部的电站锅炉都燃用油，在燃煤锅炉中点燃煤粉，在煤进入炉膛之前加热炉膛并升压， 而在燃油锅炉中则作为主要负荷燃料。一般地，燃油都是粘度在3500 sec 到 6500sec 的残渣燃料油。为了有效的燃烧，这些油必需被加热到 120130并被良好地分散或雾化成很小的微滴。The use of this oil, cheaper than normal distillate (diesel/gas oil etc.) causes prob

42、lems, amongst them, acid smuts and dust emissions. The smut problem is caused by the sulfur content of the oil, which may be up to 3%. In the early 1960s the utility undertook an intensive development program on oil burner design, which was aimed at removing the problems of oil fired emissions. This

43、 resulted in an oil burner,“the Standard Burner” which reduced emissions of carbon at very low excess air levels. Considerable work was also done in order to ensure that burner in a boiler received the same amount of air, and the current operating level for excess air in an oil fired unit is 2%.燃用渣油

44、，要比一般的馏分油柴油，汽油等廉价，但又带来一些问题： 酸性污染物和粉尘的排放。酸性污染问题是由石油中的硫产生的，硫分的含量有时可高达 3%。在 20 世纪 60 年月早期，人们对油燃烧器设计进展了深入争辩和开发，目的在于解决燃油的排放问题。由此诞生了一种油燃烧器“标准燃烧器”，它可以在格外低的过量空气系数下削减碳排放。为保证锅炉中每个燃烧器获得同样多的空气也做了大量的工作。目前油燃烧过量空气系数运行水平为 2%。Coal combustion systemsCoal burners have been developed in a similar fashion to the oil bur

45、ners, and considerable emphasis is placed upon feeding each burner with carefully regulated amounts of coal and oil. All coal fired boilers in the utility fire pulverized coal (produced by milling) which is very finely divided coal carried to the burner on a stream of air (primary air). The design e

46、ffort directed at flow equalization has produced boilers which can be operated at lower excess air levels than previously, and thus have increased overall efficiency without increasing unburned carbon levels in the ash.煤燃烧系统煤燃烧器的进展模式同油燃烧器类似，而且重点放在准确把握每只燃烧器煤和油的供给量。实际中全部的燃煤锅炉都是燃烧煤粉由磨煤机生产，这些煤粉经过很好的粉碎，然

47、后由空气流一次风送入燃烧器。同以前相比，在流淌平衡上的设计成果现在已能使锅炉在较低的过量空气水平下运行，并在不增加飞灰含碳量水平的状况下提高了总的效率。This, when combined with the development of low NOx burners will result in reduced gaseous emission in line with EEC directives and is the main objective of two boiler conversions (both complete) to establish the level to wh

48、ich NOx maybe reduced in the exhaust from 500MW coal fired boilers. A NO x reduction development trial isproposed on a third boiler design,这样，结合低 NOx 燃烧器的开发，就使气体排放到达欧共体的标准，这也是两代锅炉转换已完成的主要目的，即设定 500MW 燃煤锅炉可能到达的NOx 排放水平。在第三代锅炉的设计中进展了进一步降低 NOx 的开拓性试验。The arrangement of coal-fired system components must be determined accor