科学研究和论文写作第5章科技论文的撰写课件.ppt

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1、主要内容主要内容n第第1章章 科学研究与科研课题科学研究与科研课题n第第2章章 科学研究的进行科学研究的进行n第第3章章 科技论文的基础知识科技论文的基础知识n第第4章章 科技论文写作中的一般问题科技论文写作中的一般问题n第第5章章 科技论文的撰写科技论文的撰写n第第6章章 科技论文的发表科技论文的发表第第5章章 科技论文的撰写科技论文的撰写第第1节节 题名题名第第2节节 署名及作者信息署名及作者信息第第3节节 摘要和分类号摘要和分类号第第4节节 关键词关键词第第5节节 分类号及文献标识码分类号及文献标识码第第6节节 目录目录第第7节节 引言引言第第8节节 文献综述文献综述第第9节节 实验方法

2、或计算方法实验方法或计算方法第第10节节 实验结果实验结果第第11节节 讨论讨论第第12节节 结论结论第第13节节 参考文献参考文献第第14节节 符号表符号表第第15节节 附录附录科学论文有比较清晰的结构，一般包括科学论文有比较清晰的结构，一般包括：TitleAbstractIntroductionSupport(theoretical or experimental)DiscussionConclusionReference第第1节节 题名题名题名标题、题目题名标题、题目n英文为英文为Title，Headlinen题名以最恰当、最简明的词语反映报告、论文中最题名以最恰当、最简明的词语反映报告

3、、论文中最重要的特定内容的逻辑组合。重要的特定内容的逻辑组合。n能反映论文的全貌，引人入胜激发读者的注意和兴能反映论文的全貌，引人入胜激发读者的注意和兴趣；趣；题名拟定要点题名拟定要点n中文题名一般不超过中文题名一般不超过20个汉字。应避免选择重复的词语，同时个汉字。应避免选择重复的词语，同时避免同义词和近义词的连用，也要减少形容词的使用。避免同义词和近义词的连用，也要减少形容词的使用。n题名要准确得体，不要太大，以免失之笼统，也不要太具体。题名要准确得体，不要太大，以免失之笼统，也不要太具体。n题名不成句题名不成句n必要时可以加上副标题必要时可以加上副标题n题名中用科学名词要规范，也要尽可能

4、不要化学式题名中用科学名词要规范，也要尽可能不要化学式n尽可能反映创新点和难点，最好能包括更多的关键词尽可能反映创新点和难点，最好能包括更多的关键词n有英文题名，且应该与中文题名一致，不是完整的句子。有英文题名，且应该与中文题名一致，不是完整的句子。Characteristics of an effective titlelPotential readers will use the title to decide whether to read your work so it should give a clear indication of what is to follow.lThe t

5、itle should provoke interest in the topic.lIt should use the fewest number of words possible to represent the content of the text.lIt should be an honest representation of the content of the dissertation.It should indicate the topic and the scope of the topic.标题标题-以最精炼的语言充分概括论文内容以最精炼的语言充分概括论文内容 务必务必

6、n传达论文的主要发现传达论文的主要发现n具体具体n简洁简洁n完整完整n吸引读者吸引读者 不要不要n滥用专业术语滥用专业术语n使用罕见缩写词使用罕见缩写词n使用含糊词汇使用含糊词汇n过于细节过于细节n仅关注部分内容仅关注部分内容命题易犯的毛病命题易犯的毛病 虚、大、空虚、大、空不宜用一个大领域或学科分支的名称作为不宜用一个大领域或学科分支的名称作为学位论文题目。学位论文题目。n“纳米材料的物理化学研究纳米材料的物理化学研究”n“磷的生命化学研究磷的生命化学研究”n“摩擦化学机理研究摩擦化学机理研究”n“非电解质溶液的热力学研究非电解质溶液的热力学研究类似的题目可用于学术专著或学报特约撰类似的题目

7、可用于学术专著或学报特约撰写的评论，但不适用于学位论文或小论文写的评论，但不适用于学位论文或小论文又如：同一篇化学论文可选用四个题目又如：同一篇化学论文可选用四个题目：题目题目 3 简明扼要，且切题。显然最为得体简明扼要，且切题。显然最为得体1.1.聚合物的溶解性研究聚合物的溶解性研究3.3.聚氯三氟乙烯与有机溶剂间相平衡的温度效应聚氯三氟乙烯与有机溶剂间相平衡的温度效应2.2.聚氯三氟乙烯的溶解热力学问题聚氯三氟乙烯的溶解热力学问题4.4.关于在加温下聚氯三氟乙烯与邻苯二甲酸二丁关于在加温下聚氯三氟乙烯与邻苯二甲酸二丁酯和一氯三氟乙烯等溶剂之间的相平衡研究酯和一氯三氟乙烯等溶剂之间的相平衡研

8、究3.3.聚氯三氟乙烯与有机溶剂间相平衡的温度效应聚氯三氟乙烯与有机溶剂间相平衡的温度效应Language and punctuation features of titlesnComputer supported collaborative learning:lessons from a college classroomnIntegrating technology into the classroomn3D CAFE modelling of transitional ductile fracture in steelsnThe cultural acceptance of e-comm

9、erce in ChinanEmbryo research:the scientific,ethical and legal conflictnChildrens out-of-school literacies:what do they tell us?nThe legality,rationality and morality of an assisted death通常由名词、形容词、必要的介词和冠词；不包含动词Procedure for Deciding the TitlenDecide on all the key words which help convey the conten

10、t of your study and include these in your title nTake out any words that are not necessary nVary the order of the words until you feel they accurately reflect what your study is about 第第2节节 署名及作者信息署名及作者信息n作用作用n条件条件n顺序顺序n真名真名n单位署名单位署名第第3节节 摘要和分类号摘要和分类号n目的目的n内容：四要素内容：四要素n写作中的注意点写作中的注意点n英文摘要英文摘要摘要目的摘要目

11、的n n它是解决读者既要尽可能掌握浩瀚的信息海它是解决读者既要尽可能掌握浩瀚的信息海洋，又要面对自身精力十分有限这一对矛盾洋，又要面对自身精力十分有限这一对矛盾的有效手段。的有效手段。n论文的论文的“名片名片”运用摘要“推销推销”你的论文你的论文类型类型n指示性摘要（介绍性摘要）主要叙述一篇文章的主指示性摘要（介绍性摘要）主要叙述一篇文章的主题思想，帮助读者了解是否有必要参阅全文。通常题思想，帮助读者了解是否有必要参阅全文。通常用于评述文章和会议报告；用于评述文章和会议报告；n信息性摘要概括介绍论文的研究目的、研究方法、信息性摘要概括介绍论文的研究目的、研究方法、研究结果与结论，但不照搬各部分

12、标题研究结果与结论，但不照搬各部分标题n结构性摘要按照期刊要求直接标出各部分标题。通结构性摘要按照期刊要求直接标出各部分标题。通常用于医学期刊常用于医学期刊摘要四要素摘要四要素n目的、方法、结果、结论目的、方法、结果、结论摘要特点：摘要特点：n n摘要应简明摘要应简明n n摘要的编写应该客观、真实摘要的编写应该客观、真实n n摘要应具有独立性和自明性摘要应具有独立性和自明性Purpose:Summarize your contributionsStyle:What is the problemWhat is your workFeatures of your workAdvantages of

13、 your workResults编写摘要时的注意事项编写摘要时的注意事项n n排除在本学科领域方面已经成为常识的内容。排除在本学科领域方面已经成为常识的内容。排除在本学科领域方面已经成为常识的内容。排除在本学科领域方面已经成为常识的内容。n n不得简单地重复文章篇名中已经表述过的信息。不得简单地重复文章篇名中已经表述过的信息。不得简单地重复文章篇名中已经表述过的信息。不得简单地重复文章篇名中已经表述过的信息。n n要求结构严谨，语义确切，表述简明，一气呵成。要求结构严谨，语义确切，表述简明，一气呵成。要求结构严谨，语义确切，表述简明，一气呵成。要求结构严谨，语义确切，表述简明，一气呵成。n

14、n要用第三人称，不要使用要用第三人称，不要使用要用第三人称，不要使用要用第三人称，不要使用“作者作者作者作者”、“我们我们我们我们”等作为摘要陈述等作为摘要陈述等作为摘要陈述等作为摘要陈述的主语。的主语。的主语。的主语。n n要采用规范化的名词术语。要采用规范化的名词术语。要采用规范化的名词术语。要采用规范化的名词术语。n n不要使用图、表或化学结构式不要使用图、表或化学结构式不要使用图、表或化学结构式不要使用图、表或化学结构式n n必要提及的商品名应加注学名。必要提及的商品名应加注学名。必要提及的商品名应加注学名。必要提及的商品名应加注学名。n n应该使用法定计量单位以及正确地书写规范字和标

15、点符号。应该使用法定计量单位以及正确地书写规范字和标点符号。应该使用法定计量单位以及正确地书写规范字和标点符号。应该使用法定计量单位以及正确地书写规范字和标点符号。英文摘要英文摘要英文摘要英文摘要 (Abstract)(Abstract)内容基本与中文摘要相同内容基本与中文摘要相同 但但不不要要逐逐字字逐逐句句直直译译。要要按按英英文文科科技技论论文文摘要通用格式和英语习惯重新组织段落和语句摘要通用格式和英语习惯重新组织段落和语句普遍问题：句型及语法错误较多普遍问题：句型及语法错误较多，中文味浓中文味浓提提高高技技巧巧的的途途径径是是模模仿仿好好的的范范文文，主主要要是是英英语语国家作者写的论

16、文（摘要）国家作者写的论文（摘要）不要自行创造句型不要自行创造句型，它几乎百分百是错的！它几乎百分百是错的！在句型及语法正确的前提下改善修辞在句型及语法正确的前提下改善修辞n摘要中都涵盖了哪些内容？分别是第几句？n在描述研究背景时用的什么时态和语态？n在描述研究目的时用的什么时态？为什么？n研究方法用的什么时态？n研究发现用的什么时态？n研究结论和启示用什么时态？n哪些句子用了被动语态？为什么？Several research studies concur that parents are the most important people in their childrens world a

17、nd that they perform better at school when their parents are involved in their education at home.(1)They also agree that the provision of an enriched literacy home environment which is consolidated at school is one of the most critical ways in which parents and teachers can work collaboratively to i

18、nfluence children in their acquisition of enduring literacy.(2)This small-scale research project was undertaken in order to ascertain the perceptions of Barbadian Early Childhood Education teachers on the role of parents in early literacy development at home.(3)The data were obtained from postal sel

19、f-completion questionnaires,completed by twenty teachers.(4)The findings revealed that the teachers strongly support parental involvement in early literacy development.(5)They believe that children enter school with literacy concepts which they acquire through their home experiences and consequently

20、 the school should not be the sole institution with the responsibility for literacy development.(6)There was general agreement that successful literacy development requires sustained collaborative efforts by parents and teachers.(7)This definitely has clear implications for policy and practice in te

21、acher training and improvements in home-school relationships.(8)第第4节节 关键词关键词n选取方法选取方法n关键词顺序关键词顺序n英文关键词英文关键词关键词关键词n关键词对索引来说至关重要：它们使你关键词对索引来说至关重要：它们使你的论文更易于被识别和引用的论文更易于被识别和引用;n关键词要具体关键词要具体n避免使用罕见缩写词和一般性词汇避免使用罕见缩写词和一般性词汇第第5节节 分类号及文献标识码分类号及文献标识码第第6节节 目录目录实实实实 例：例：例：例：第第7节节 引言引言n作用和内容作用和内容n期刊论文和学位论文引言的不同

22、期刊论文和学位论文引言的不同引言的作用引言的作用：向读者解释论文的主题和目的向读者解释论文的主题和目的 帮帮助助读读者者更更方方便便地地阅阅读读论论文文，了了解解课课题题的的背景和背景和意义意义向读者解释清楚：为什么做这项研究？怎么做？主要内容主要内容nA clear statement of the topic areanAn introduction to the context and importance of the topicnA definition or definitions of the key terms in the title nA clear description

23、 of the aim or purpose of the writernIndicate a gap in the existing literature or area of study,or a specific problemn A clear indication of the structure of the writing with a sequenced overview of the content注意事项注意事项n对对前前人人的的结结果果，要要用用流流畅畅的的语语言言概概括括和和评评述述。不不要要大大段段直直译译照照抄抄，使使文文体体不不伦伦不类不类n对本领域进展与动向要给

24、出恰当评价对本领域进展与动向要给出恰当评价期刊论文引言要遵循规则期刊论文引言要遵循规则n要尽可能清楚地给出论文所研究问题的性质和范要尽可能清楚地给出论文所研究问题的性质和范围；围；n引言要简要回顾相关文献中的工作；引言要简要回顾相关文献中的工作；n引言应明确指出采用的研究方法，引言应明确指出采用的研究方法，n引言应该陈述主要的研究结果；引言应该陈述主要的研究结果；n引言应该简单指出研究结果得出的主要结论。引言应该简单指出研究结果得出的主要结论。IntroductionPurpose:Background and organization of the paperStyle:Problem X

25、is importantA,B,and C have been doneA,B,and C have their weaknessOur work DFeatures and advantages of DResultsOrganization of the papernestablishing a research territoryby showing that the general research area is important,central,interesting,problematic,or relevant in some way.(optional);by introd

26、ucing and reviewing items of previous research in the area.(obligatory)1.recently,there has been growing interest in.;2.the possibility of has generated wide interest in3.the development of is a classic problem in4.the development of has led to the hope that5.the has become a favourite topic for ana

27、lysis6.knowledge of has great importance for7.the study of has become an important aspect of 8.a central issue in.isnRecently investigators have examined the effects of X on Y.nIn the past two decades a number of researchers have sought to determine.nPrevious studies have reported.Note:动词的选择，时态及语态ne

28、stablishing a niche:by indicating a gap in the previous research,raising a question about it,or extending previous knowledge in some way.Nevertheless,it is a fact that there is still controversy and considerable uncertaintySo far,however,there has been little discussion about.However,far too little

29、attention has been paid to.Most studies in X have only been carried out in a small number of areas.The research to date has tended to focus on X rather than Y.Negative Wordsn Verbs:Concentrated on,disregarded,failed to consider,ignored,been limited to,misinterpreted,neglected to consider,overestimat

30、ed,overlooked,been restricted to,suffered from,underestimated;nAdjectives:controversial,incomplete,inconclusive,misguided,questionable,unconvincing,unsatisfactorynnegative openingsUncountable:little information,little attention,little work,little data,little researchCountable:few studies,few investi

31、gations,few researchers,few attemptsnOccupying the niche by outlining purposes or stating the nature of the present research.(obligatory);by announcing principle findings.(optional);by indicating the structure of the research project.(optional)The aim of the present paper is to giveIn this paper we

32、give preliminary results forThe main purpose of the experiment reported here was toThis study was designed to evaluate a program toThe present work extends the use of the last model by.We now report the interaction between.Previous worksPurpose:Why your work,the differencesStyle:Categorization of pr

33、evious worksOne or two sentences for a workStrengthWeaknessnDont over-criticize previous worksPurpose:Introduce your workStyle:Motivation Definition,notationExplanationsIf you were the reader,what questions you want to ask?Your contribution第第8节节 文献综述文献综述-文献综述的作用文献综述的作用尊重前人尊重前人表明起点和创新表明起点和创新成果备查：本论文与

34、文献中的差别就是论文成果备查：本论文与文献中的差别就是论文的成果的成果主要内容和目的主要内容和目的nto provide a historical context for your research nto give an overview of the current context in which your research is situated nto show relevant theories and concepts for your research nto provide definitions and relevant terminology for your resea

35、rch nto describe related research in the field and how your work extends this or addresses a gap in previous work in the field nto provide supporting evidence for a practical problem which your research is addressing 文献综述的写法文献综述的写法 n要注意起点。要注意起点。n有理论深度的论文起点要适当提高。有理论深度的论文起点要适当提高。n不要写得太远，只写与论文作对比的内容不要写

36、得太远，只写与论文作对比的内容n在文献综述中主要介绍前人文献的成果、特色、在文献综述中主要介绍前人文献的成果、特色、理论，特别是新的思维，但不要细节。理论，特别是新的思维，但不要细节。n在文献综述最后，最好能给出一个简明的总结在文献综述最后，最好能给出一个简明的总结n学位论文的文献综述一般可以占整个论文的学位论文的文献综述一般可以占整个论文的1025paraphrase/summary or direct quotation大多数情况下，工程、科学、医学论文经常采用summary，而艺术类的论文有时选择直接引用；当作者的观点非常强烈、有效时可以采用直接引用。Chen(1997)has argu

37、ed that there should be awareness raising campaigns in local supermarkets regarding the dangers of a high fat diet.Changes in the purchasing habits of customers were noted after awareness raising campaigns took place(Chen 1997).According to Ely et al.(1997,p160),interpretation means drawing meanings

38、 from the analyzed data and attempting to see these in some larger context.Attitudenagree or endorse the information in the reference?nchallenge or express uncertainty about the information?nneither challenge nor express uncertainty about the information?Introduction or Literature Reviewfocusing on

39、an historical or contemporary overview of the field of study；A concise reference to research already carried out in the fieldnAn overview of the theories underpinning the current researchnA discussion of the key concepts and terminology relevant to the current researchnA detailed overview of related

40、 research studies in the field第第9节节 实验方法或计算方法实验方法或计算方法是是学学位位论论文文的的主主体体的的一一部部分分。是是体体现现其其科科技价值和学术水平的核心部分技价值和学术水平的核心部分该该部部分分结结构构可可因因课课题题性性质质的的不不同同而而异异；但但均须合理划分章、均须合理划分章、节节实验方法实验方法实验方法实验方法有有独独创创性性的的研研究究技技术术路路线线，或或较较复复杂杂的的研研究究方案宜借助流程图来辅助说明方案宜借助流程图来辅助说明标准仪器设备仅需标明其型号、厂家标准仪器设备仅需标明其型号、厂家通通用用或或标标准准的的实实验验、测测试试

41、方方法法不不必必详详细细介介绍，只需标明有关参考文献出处绍，只需标明有关参考文献出处自行设计的实验方法和装置应有详细说明和附图自行设计的实验方法和装置应有详细说明和附图必要时，可附上实验装置照片必要时，可附上实验装置照片图图3.2 激光蒸发源与飞行时间质谱仪组合实验装置激光蒸发源与飞行时间质谱仪组合实验装置主要内容主要内容nA general description of the type of study：general strategy and approachnthe subjects or participants of the study:who or what the subjec

42、ts of the studynSampling techniques：how and where the subjects or participants were selected;the number and the reasons why you selected this particular group and number.nMeasures:how the variables are categorised and measured.the categories and themes and how they can be developed.nProcedures descr

43、ibe when,where and how the data is collected.nA description of the materials involves the use of any apparatus or equipment used in the data collection.nIn the data analysis you have to mention any statistic tests and computer software used in the study.Theoretical analysisPurpose:Theoretical suppor

44、t to your workStyle:Definition,notation(can be omitted if existing)LemmaTheoremProofPut tedious details in AppendixExperimentsPurpose:Experimental support to your workStyle:Experimental designnBe sure that other researchers can repeat your experiments according to your descriptionsComparisonsDiscuss

45、ionsnWhat is revealed by the experiments?Put tedious details in AppendixThe fifty countries selected for the analysis were chosen on the basis of current available data from the OECD.They were categorised into two groups(a larger and a smaller)according to the size of their populations,with the mill

46、ion as the dividing line.Next they were subdivided into developed and undeveloped countries based on their per capita income.What emerges from the data is the significance of exports relative to government expenditure and investment.It appears this tendency relates to the size of the countries rathe

47、r than whether they are developed or not(see Hunt 2002;Hill 2000)时态和语态时态和语态n普遍问题和背景描述用一般现在时；n已经完成的程序和过程使用一般过去时；n最后得出的普遍性规律总结用一般现在时；n研究过程的描述通常使用被动语态option1option2option3Findings or ResultResult and DiscussionFindingsDiscussionConclusionDiscussion and ConclusionConclusion第第10节节 结果结果结果与讨论结果与讨论结果与讨论结果与讨

48、论实实验验结结果果是是论论文文的的关关键键；研研究究成成败败由由此此判判断。全部结论和推论均以此为依据断。全部结论和推论均以此为依据用用表表格格、曲曲线线、图图解解、照照片片等等来来辅辅助助说说明明，帮帮助助读读者理解者理解对对结结果果如如无无深深入入的的分分析析讨讨论论，只只是是“研研究究简简报报”，不算是科技，不算是科技论论文文对对主主要要实实验验结结果果要要逐逐项项探探讨讨、判判断断分分析析。这这是是由由表表及及里里、由由此此及及彼彼，从从现现象象到到规规律律，从从感感性性到理性的提到理性的提炼炼升升华过华过程程结果结果这项研究的主要发现这项研究的主要发现 务必务必 切勿切勿用图表对数据

49、作总结用图表对数据作总结 在图表和正文中重复出在图表和正文中重复出 现相同数据现相同数据展示统计分析结果展示统计分析结果 用图表来表现可用文本用图表来表现可用文本 简单表达的数据简单表达的数据与相似研究作对比与相似研究作对比第第11节节 讨论讨论目的和主要内容目的和主要内容nA reference back to the original aims of the researchnAn overview of the main findings and their significance nThe relationship of the findings to existing resear

50、ch studies：compare and contrast with those similar studies.Points of agreement and disagreement can be highlighted and explanations for any differences suggested.nIntegration of the findings with existing theory；nDiscussion of any practical implications of your findings；nReference to the extent to w