Unit1李观仪新编英语教程第三版第五册.ppt

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1、Unit OneTEXT I Hit the Nail on the Head(恰到好处；一语中的恰到好处；一语中的）-Alan Warner Teaching objectivesUnderstanding the various aspects related to the usage of words.Cultivating a sense of appropriateness in styleLearning to use analogy as an expository means.I.Preparationv1)Topic“Hit the Nail on the Head”Deno

2、tation:original meaning force(the nail)into the right place;make something unmistakably clear.Connotation:implied meaningexactly right in words or action.Advice by the author:vEnglish learners should try to get the words,phrases and sentences completely right for their purposes in writing.v Denotati

3、ve meaning(外延/指示意义)refers to the essential and inextricable part of what language is,is regarded as the central factor in verbal communication.Denotative meaningv+HUMAN+ADULT+MALE-v+HUMAN+ADULT MALE-v+HUMAN ADULT+FEMAL-vBoy-+HUMAN ADULT+MALEvBull-HUMAN+ADULT+MALEmanwomengirlvConnotative meaning(内涵/隐

4、含意义)refers to the implied or communicative meaning,over or above the words denotative meaning.v e.g.milk-nutritious,healthy v pig-dirty,simplev swallow-alert,auspiciousConnotative meaningConnotative meaningvGrin vBeamvSmilevSmirk v the most common word?v the difference on meaning?v the relationship

5、among them?Hyponymy(上下义关系)vsuperordinate（上义词）vhyponyms（下义词）vco-hyponym（共下义词）I.Preparationv2)Authorv3)Source Alan Warner(1912-),English teacher at Makerere College(麦大),Kampala(坎帕拉),Uganda.Selected from A Short Guide to English Style(Warner,1960),which tells how to write clean English how to see Engli

6、sh style todayhow to develop English styleThe Rivals by Richard Brinsley SheridanvOne heroine in the drama is called Mrs.Malaprop who likes to show herself talented in use of words,though having little learning.While things go contrary to her wishes,her words are unbearably funny and laugh-evoking.O

7、n the education of children:v“As she grew up,I would have her instructed in geometry,that she might know something of the contagious countries”,she said.vMrs.Malaprop misused geography as geometry,then further misused contiguous as contagious.vThe poor matching derives the term Malapropism resulting

8、 from using Homophony.HomophonyvOne semantic relationship between words which sounds alike but are written differently and often have different meanings.ve.g.know-v threw-v bare-v meet-v flower-v sew-v dear-v right-Malapropism vLudicrous misuse of words,esp.for one resembling it.(用词错误、用语错误、飞白，尤指误用发音

9、相似而意义全非的词)e.g.vYou get up at the crank of dawn and dont talk to me,just sitting there being unspeakable.vcrank/crack at the crack of dawn vYou cant tell a book by its lover.vlover/covervMarge and I are insufferable friends.vinsufferable/inseparatable MalapropismvDo you want me to strangle a couple o

10、f eggs for you?vstrangle/scramblevI ate in a restaurant today,and the food was abdominal.vabdominal/abnormalvAt school,I took a course in domestic silence.vsilence/sciencevHome wasnt built in a day.vHome/RomeChinese style vs.English stylevGood written Chinese employs well-known set phrases and sayin

11、gs to connect the piece of writing with the Chinese literary tradition.v“以神传意”vGood written English avoids these and calls them clichs.It uses well-known phrases in a piece of written English so as to be in order and logic.v“以形达意”vGood written Chinese uses more empty words and repeats words that hav

12、e the same meaning or purpose to give balance and elegance to its sentences.For example,Chinese uses things like 也也,但是却,因为所以.vBut If you do a similar thing in English,you add flab and reduce clarity.vivid and refinedformalist and inelegantChinglishWetwowhoandwho？咱俩谁跟谁阿Howareyou?howoldareyou?怎么是你，怎么老

13、是你？Youdontbirdme,Idontbirdyou.你不鸟我，我也不鸟你Ifyouwantmoney,Ihaveno;ifyouwantlife,Ihaveone!要钱没有，要命一条 vYouGiveMeStop!你给我站住！knowisknow;noknowisnoknow.知之为知之，不知为不知.WATCHSISTER表妹youmeyoume.彼此彼此 Warm-up questions1.Does the title strike you as a bit unusual?2.Have you ever heard of the English proverb“Hit the n

14、ail on the head”?What does it mean?3.Whose job involves hitting nails?Is the text concerned about the carpenter?Then,whats the major concern of the author?4.What similarities does the author recognize in the job of a carpenter and the work of a writer?2.Have you ever heard of the English proverb“Hit

15、 the nail on the head”?What does it mean?vSuggested Answer(SA):vIt means exactly right in words or action.v(The author advises that the English students should try to get the words,phrases and sentences completely right for their purposes in their writing.)3.Whose job involves hitting nails?Is the t

16、ext concerned about the carpenter?Then,whats the major concern of the author?（stylistic matter,how to choose the right word from the extensive vocabulary of the English language）4.What similarities does the author recognize in the job of a carpenter and the work of a writer?（a.The process the writer

17、 chooses the right word is similar to the way a carpenter hammers a nail.b.Like the carpenter who needs to drive home every nail if he wants his work properly done,a writer needs to put efforts in choosing the right word if he wants to be accurate and concise.）AnalogyvOne kind of comparison,derives

18、from the Greek word“analogia”,which means“proportion”,or“according to ratio”.vIt compares two things,which are alike in various respects,for the purpose of explaining or clarifying some unfamiliar or complex idea or object by showing how the idea or object is to a familiar one.similarExercisesvChess

19、board vRules of the game vThe piecesvA new-born babyvCarpentervthe phenomenon of universevthe worldvThe laws of NaturevLiterature creationvThe first balloon flight (invented by Benjamin Franklin)AttentionvYou should not take time to mention the difference between the two subjects,because that will b

20、lur the focus and distract the reader.vInsteadvSimilarities onlyvDevelop as much as many parallel similarities as you canvDraw a similar conclusion from the othervNotice:vAnalogy and simile often overlap,yet simile is more artistic,analogy is done in an extended way to explain a thought process and

21、a line of reasoning.5.Learn more about English proverbs and idioms:(very important because of their specific cultural connotations)hit the nail on the head:exactly right in words or actions.to play by ear:to play a tune which one has heard,remembered,or invented but not seen written in notes.见机行事见机行

22、事 in hot water:into trouble related to anger or punishment.water off a ducks back:have no effect.to keep an ear to the ground:listen to what will happen attentively.注意舆论动向注意舆论动向to bark up the wrong tree:attack to the wrong target.找错对象找错对象 to fly off handle:lose ones temper,fly into a rage.暴跳如雷暴跳如雷 t

23、o twist someones arm:force someone to do something.taking candy from a baby:be insatiably avaricious 贪得无厌贪得无厌 to laugh up ones sleeve：laugh secretlya Black Sheep:en evil member of the herda dark horse:unknown competitor who may wina white lie:harmless lieSection I(paragraphs 1-3)v 1.An analogy betwe

24、en the unskilled use of the hammer and the improper choice of words(Paragraph 1)v2.The significance of finding the right words(Paragraphs 2-3)Organization of the TextStep 1:the use of analogy-How does the author introduce the subject?-What expository means is used in the first paragraph?-Can you exp

25、lain the difference between“comparison”and“analogy”?Step 2：To read the passage on page7 with the following questions in mind:1.WHAT is the purpose of drawing an analogy?2.WHEN is it often used?3.HOW is it different from“comparison”?Step 3：to identify the use of comparison and the use of analogy in p

26、ara.1 vComparisonvA clumsy man a skillful carpentervA good writer a skillful carpentervAnalogy vA writer choosing the right word vA carpenter hammering a nailStep 4:Sum up the main points:vAnalogy is a special kind of comparison and a more concrete way to explain things.The purpose of analogy is to

27、explain something abstract and remote.With analogy,of the two things being compared,one is usually a familiar subject,which helps to explain the other,which is usually a difficult and abstract subject,something hard to define.v1.Semantic differences between words having the same root(Paragraphs 4-7)

28、v(1).Example 1(human vs.humane)(Paragraph 4)v(2).Example 2(anxiety vs.eagerness)(Paragraph 5)v(3).Example 3(singularity vs.singleness)(Paragraphs 6 7)Section 2(paragraphs 4 10):The various aspects in word usagev2.Wrong choice of words caused by failure to recognize their connotations(Paragraph 8)vEx

29、amples:imprison,contain,sum up,epitomize and distillv3.Stylistic differences between synonyms(Paragraph 9)vExamples:in my childhood vs.when I was a child;love to watch vs.love watching;die vs.expire;poor vs.in indigent circum-stancesv4.The abundance of specific words in English for general notions(P

30、aragraph 10)vthe importance of a good control and command over known words(A good writer is not measured by the extent of his vocabulary,but by his skill in finding the word that will hit the nail cleanly on the head.)Section 3:Conclusion(Paragraph 11):vV.Key Points of the TextvParagraph 1vknock ove

31、r:hit to fall 捶翻捶翻vdrive something home:force(the nail)into the right place;make something unmistakably clear 把（钉子等）打入；使明确无误把（钉子等）打入；使明确无误vE.g.v(1).He slammed the door and drove the bolt home.他砰地关上门，把门闩插好。他砰地关上门，把门闩插好。v(2).drive ones point home 讲清楚自己的观点讲清楚自己的观点v(3).a voice that drives home each word

32、 字字字字清清晰的说话声晰的说话声v(4).To drive home his policy,the president wrote his second letter.为为了了阐阐明明他的政策，总统又写了第二封信。他的政策，总统又写了第二封信。v(5).You must drive it home to John that we dont have enough money.你你必必须须使使约约翰翰明白我们钱确实不够。明白我们钱确实不够。vdeft:effortlessly skillful 熟练的熟练的vhit it squarely on the head:hitting it dire

33、ctly on the head.Also hit the(right)nail on the head:(informal)be exactly right in words or action 正中要害；猜中；说得好，做得好正中要害；猜中；说得好，做得好vE.g.:v(1).Your criticism really hit the nail on the head.你的批评确是一针见血。你的批评确是一针见血。v(2).In so saying,you hit the right nail on the head.你这样说确是击中要害。你这样说确是击中要害。vsquarely:meanin

34、g“directly”,may be used both literally and figuratively.vE.g.:v(1).The boxer hit his opponent squarely on the jaw.v(2).We must face the difficulty squarely.va word that is more or less right:a word that is almost right,but not completely right 差不多恰差不多恰当的词语当的词语vclean English:English that is exact(pre

35、cise)and clearvQuestion 1:vWhich phrase in this paragraph marks a contrast between a clumsy man and a skillful carpenter?vSA:On the other hand.vQuestion 2:vWhich sentence in Paragraph 1 establishes the link between the driving of a nail and the choice of a word?vSA:So with language;the good craftsma

36、n will choose words that drive home his point firmly and exactly.vParagraph 2vQuestion 1:vWhat does the word“this”in Sentence 1 refer to?vSA:Getting the word that is completely right for the writers purpose.vscrupulous writers:vwriters who are thorough,exact,and who pay careful attention to details

37、一丝不苟的作家一丝不苟的作家vscrupulous:correct even in the smallest detail;exact;painstaking;meticulous 严格严格认真的认真的,审慎的审慎的vunscrupulous:不择手段的不择手段的,肆无忌惮的肆无忌惮的,the opposite of scrupulous,seems to be more often used to describe people who do not care about honesty and fairness in getting what they want,or who are co

38、mpletely without principles.Also by hook or(by)crook:to win by hook or crookParagraph 2vQuestion 2:Do you agree with the author that there is a great deal of truth in the seemingly stupid question“How can I know what I think till I see what I say”?Why or why not?Paragraph 2vSA:Yes,I do.It sounds irr

39、ational that a person does not know what he himself thinks before he sees what he says,but,as a matter of fact,it is quite true that unless we have found the exact words to verbalize our own thoughts we can never be very sure of what our thoughts are,without words,our thoughts cannot be defined or s

40、tated in a clear and precise manner.vParagraph 3vthat constitutes his limitation:that makes or forms his shortcoming or inability in certain respectsvconcept vs.conception:vA concept is an idea of a category or kind that has been generalized from particular instances.Thus,the concept of“cat”arises f

41、orm the many cats we see.Concept also refers to a widely held idea of what something is or should be:The concept of government of many small nations has been influenced by the legislative and judicial institutions of Britain.vThe meaning of conception is much like this second sense of concept,but di

42、ffers in that the idea of what a thing is or should be is here held by an individual or small group and is often colored by imagination and feeling:vA childs conception of the universe is formed by his limited experience and his own fancies.vyour conception of the man is clearer and sharper:vyour id

43、ea of the man is clearer and more distinctvsharp:a word that has a variety of meaningsvE.g.:v a sharp(thrill)voice 刺耳的语声刺耳的语声v sharp(harsh)wordsv a sharp(severe)painParagraph 3vQuestion:What is the significance of finding the right words?vSA:Words are many and various;they are subtle and delicate in

44、 their different shades of meaning.The exact use of language gives us mastery over the material we are dealing with.Paragraph 4vhuman vs.humane:vhuman:relating to or characteristic of humankind or peoplevE.g.:human action:action taken by man 人的行人的行为为v To err is human;to forgive,divine.犯错人皆犯错人皆难免；宽恕则

45、属超凡。（犯错是人，宽恕是神）难免；宽恕则属超凡。（犯错是人，宽恕是神）vhuman killer:a person or a machine that kills humans 杀人凶手；杀人机器杀人凶手；杀人机器vhumane:having or showing compassion or benevolence;characterized by kindness,mercy,sympathyvE.g.:humane action:merciful action 人道的人道的行为行为vhumane killer:that which kills but causes little pain

46、;instrument for painless slaughter of animals 牲口无痛屠宰机，牲口牲口无痛屠宰机，牲口麻醉屠宰机麻醉屠宰机vParagraph 5vfar afield:far away from home;to or at a great distance;very far away 向远处向远处,远离远离vParagraph 6vcowardice:lack of courage 怯懦怯懦,胆小胆小vrife:widespread,common（流行的，普遍的）（流行的，普遍的）.Rife is an adjective used with something

47、 negative.vE.g.:(1).Crime and violence were rife in this city before liberation.v(2).Typhoid fever(Poultry flu)is rife.目前伤寒目前伤寒（禽流感）流行。（禽流感）流行。v(3).Corruption(Unemployment)is still rife in that country.那个国家依然贪污成风（失业遍地）。那个国家依然贪污成风（失业遍地）。v(4).The whole city is rife with rumors.满城谣言满城谣言纷纷。纷纷。v(5).This

48、article is rife with error.这篇文章错误这篇文章错误百出。百出。v(6).The country was rife with disease and violence.那个国家当时疾病和暴力横行。那个国家当时疾病和暴力横行。v(7).Diseases used to be rife in that country.vsingularity vs.singleness:vsingularity:strangeness,oddity,peculiarity 奇奇特特,特性特性,非凡非凡vE.g.:singularity of mind 思想奇特；标新立异思想奇特；标新立异

49、vsingleness:complete devotion to;holding steadfastly tovE.g.:singleness of mind 思想专一思想专一,专心致志专心致志vParagraph 7vmalapropism:van often amusing misuse of a word,such that the word incorrectly used sounds similar to the intended word but means something quite different 词语误用（尤指误用词语误用（尤指误用发音相似而意义全非的词）发音相似而

50、意义全非的词）vhold to:(cause to)follow exactly,keep to(something such as a promise);adhere to坚坚持，遵守，忠于持，遵守，忠于 vE.g.:v(1).Whatever your argument,I shall hold to my decision.v(2).The priest held to his beliefs in spite of cruel treatment.v(3).He holds to a simple life.他坚持过着简朴的他坚持过着简朴的生活。生活。v(4).He held to h