【托福】托福TOEFL语法句法完整版pptppt模版课件.ppt

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1、LOGOSyntaxSyntax句法学句法学句法学句法学LOGO句法：句法：syntax简单句：简单句：simplesentence并列句：并列句：compoundsentence主从复合句：主从复合句：complexsentence只包含一个主谓结构的句子，是英文的基本组成单位只包含一个主谓结构的句子，是英文的基本组成单位两个或两个以上互不依从的主谓结构构成，由并列连词连接两个或两个以上互不依从的主谓结构构成，由并列连词连接两个或两个以上互相依从的主谓结构构成，有从句有主句两个或两个以上互相依从的主谓结构构成，有从句有主句LOGOGarfield曾经说过：曾经说过：vBehindeverys

2、uccessfulman,thereisawoman.Andbehindeveryunsuccessfulman,therearetwo.LOGOOtherfamouswordsofhim：Moneyisnoteverything.Therescreditcard&Visa.Oneshouldloveanimals.Theyaresotasty.Savewater.Showerwithyourgirlfriend.Successisarelativeterm.Itbringssomanyrelatives.Neverputofftheworktilltomorrowwhatyoucanputo

3、fftoday.LOGOSOSimplesentence简单句简单句compoundSentence并列句并列句ComplexSentence复合句复合句绝世好爸型绝世好爸型焦头烂额型焦头烂额型和谐共处型和谐共处型Syntaxislife.Thereare3typesofmeninthisworld.LOGOSimplesentence：S+V+O只有一套主谓结构，从一而终型代表人物:张学友LOGO简单句几大考点：简单句几大考点：宾语宾语主谓结构主谓结构状语状语同位语同位语LOGO主谓结构主谓结构缺主谓缺主谓(1)Traditionally,-in New England on Thanksg

4、iving Day.Traditionally,-in New England on Thanksgiving Day.(A)when served is sweet cider(A)when served is sweet cider(B)when sweet cider is served(B)when sweet cider is served(C)is served sweet cider(C)is served sweet cider(D)sweet cider is served(D)sweet cider is served(2)(2)A historical novel may

5、 do more than mirror history;-future A historical novel may do more than mirror history;-future events.events.(A)even influencing(A)even influencing(B)it may even influence(B)it may even influence(C)may even influence(C)may even influence(D)that it may even influence(D)that it may even influence LOG

6、O谓语动词谓语动词Havingbrushedhisteeth,XMdecidedtogotothebathroomfilledwithboys.Brushinghisteeth,XMdecidedtogotothebathroomfilledwithboys.LOGO男孩女孩起床大不同男孩女孩起床大不同LOGOLOGOLOGOLOGOLOGOLOGO谓语专一原则谓语专一原则并列句中的每个分句及主从句中的每个简单句仍需遵循谓语专一原则。牢记这一原则才可准确地排除干扰选项，找出句中的致命错误确实需要多个谓语时需用连词,或主从句形式加以连接（分号也可）如:Shelookedandsmiled.Hew

7、illgiveyousomeadvice;hemayevenhelpyoudoit.简单句中只允许存在一个谓语动词，其余动词必须是非谓语形式。英文中切忌：两个谓语形式的动词直接连接（尤其是be动词不能和实意动词连用，isdo是绝不可能出现的），或以逗号连接LOGO例题：例题：The edible tube mushroom-a cushion like,moist cap that is light brown or darkish red.(A)which has(B)to have(C)having(D)has LOGO表语表语表语多由形容词、名词担当，也可是介宾短语、不定式、分词或动名词

8、等1)Quasars-emittingextremelyintenseradiowavesandvisibleradiation.(A)starlikeobjectsare(B)starlike,theyareobjects(C)arestarlikeobjects(D)aretheystarlikeobjects(2)Whereverthereisplentyofrainduringthegrowingseason,lifeis-invariousforms.(A)abundant(B)theabundance(C)anabundant(D)itabundantLOGO状语状语句子中除了主谓

9、结构外，还可能包含表示时间、地点、方式等内容的状语，通常由副词、介宾短语来承当。如：At night,XM go to night club very often.此句中at night,very often都是状语(1)(1)-irritating effect on humans,the use of phenol as a general -irritating effect on humans,the use of phenol as a general antiseptic has been largely discontinued.antiseptic has been large

10、ly discontinued.(A)Its(A)Its(B)Where its(B)Where its(C)Since its(C)Since its(D)Because of its (D)Because of its LOGO(2)-a child,sculptor Anne Whitney showed an eager intellect and (2)-a child,sculptor Anne Whitney showed an eager intellect and artistic talent that her parents recognized and encourag

11、ed.artistic talent that her parents recognized and encouraged.(A)Has been(A)Has been(B)It was while(B)It was while(C)She was(C)She was(D)As(D)As (3)-,snakes frequently subdue their prey without injecting(3)-,snakes frequently subdue their prey without injecting poison.poison.(A)Contrary to general b

12、elief(A)Contrary to general belief(B)General belief contrary to(B)General belief contrary to(C)Belief contrary to general(C)Belief contrary to general(D)Contrary belief general to (D)Contrary belief general to LOGO宾语宾语若谓语动词是及物的，那么及物动词后面一定要接宾语。宾语大部分由名词和代词的宾格充当，也可是动名词、不定式等如：Hefoundaladybirdinhispencil

13、-box.Idontwanttodisturbyou.牢记makepossible的三种形式：1.make+名词+possible；Hisfinancialaidmakesthistrippossible.2.make+possible+名词（名词短语较长时）HisfinancialaidmakespossiblethepoorChinesestudentsenteringoftheworldfamousuniversity.3.makeitpossible(forsb.)todo(见形式宾语部分)Thefathershardlabormakesitpossibleforthesontorec

14、eivebettereducation.LOGO(1)Amicrophoneenablesasofttonetobeamplified,thusmakingitpossibletheABCgentlerenditionsofromanticlovesongsinalargehall.D(2)TheUnitedStatesCongressmadeWashington,D.C.,-in1800.(A)afterthegovernmentcenter(B)ofthegovernmentcenter(C)thecenterofgovernment(D)thenthecenterofgovernment

15、LOGO同位语同位语填空题中若除去空格部分是完整的主谓结构，且空格与句子其他部分之间用两个逗号完全隔开或用一个逗号隔开一边，则空格处需要填入同位语或定语(1)From1946to1949,-WilliamHenryHastieservedasgovernoroftheVirginIslands.(A)thelawyer(B)hewasthelawyer(C)thelawyerwho(D)wasthelawyerLOGO(2)Theskyscraper,-,isanarchitecturalformthatoriginatedintheUnitedStates.(A)isatallcommerc

16、ialstructure(B)atallcommercialstructure(C)atallcommercialstructurewhich(D)ofwhichatallcommercialstructure（3）Plankton,-,isthebasicfoodstuffforeverythingthatlivesintheocean.(A)comprisebothminutemarineanimalsandplants(B)isthenamegiventominutemarineanimalsandplants(C)thecollectivenameforminutemarineanim

17、alsandplants(D)minutemarineanimalsandplantscollectivelythatLOGOCompoundsentence:s+v+o,ands+v+多套主谓共存，互相独立，针锋相对；夹缝中生存，焦头烂额代表人物：谭咏麟LOGO并列句：并列句：有关并列连词的知识有关并列连词的知识关于平行结构关于平行结构由连词由连词连接的连接的多套主多套主谓结构谓结构并存，并存，彼此之彼此之间相互间相互没有依没有依存关系存关系LOGO并列连词并列连词1.最典型的并列连词有：and,but,or,so,yet,for2.固定搭配使用的并列连词：notonlybut(also),

18、notonlybut(aswell),bothand,eitheror,neithernor,tooto,such()asthesame.as,betweenandaswellas(注意和副词aswell相区别),(not)soasasas,notsomuchAasB(与其说A不如说B)so/suchathatLOGO例题：例题：(1)Accordingtocognitivetheoriesofemotion,angeroccurswhenAindividualsbelievehavebeenharmedandthattheharmwaseitherBCDavoidableandundeser

19、ved.(2)Providence,RhodeIsland,isabusymanufacturingcityandseaport,ABaswellthestatecapital.CDLOGO(1)Duringmostofthiscentury,A.PhilipRandolphstruggledforBlackrightsintheABUnitedStatesandbecomesanimportantfigureinthelabormovement.CD(5)LillianD.Wald,publichealthnurseand-,wasborninCincinnatiOhio,in1867.(A

20、)reformingsociety(B)socialreformer(C)whoreformedsociety(6)WesternNebraskagenerallyreceiveslesssnowthaneasternNebraskaisABCDLOGOComplexsentence:s+v+o,becauses+v+主句和从句并存，相互依存，和谐共处，其乐融融；左右逢源主句和从句并存，相互依存，和谐共处，其乐融融；左右逢源代表人物：阿拉伯男人代表人物：阿拉伯男人LOGO从句的类型从句的类型主句主句LOGO定语从句定语从句在句中充当定语的句子就叫做定语从句，定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的

21、，修饰从句的先行词。先行词先行词如果先行词是the girl,表示人，则引导词应是who或whom或that,从句谓语必须是第三人称单数形式；She is the girl whom I saw in the zoo yesterday.She is the girl whom I saw in the zoo yesterday.She is the girl who sells computer.She is the girl who sells computer.如果先行词是the goods,则引导词是that或which,从句谓语是第三人称复数形式 Do you get the ph

22、otos that I sent last week.Do you get the photos that I sent last week.LOGO例题：例题：(1)ArocketburnspropellantrapidlyandmostrocketscarryasupplythatABClastjustafewseconds.D(2)Resinisasubstancethat-inwater.(A)doesnotdissolve(B)donotdissolve(C)notdissolving(D)notdissolvedLOGO关系代词：关系代词：大部分定语从句都由关系代词引导，主要的关系

23、代词包括：that,who,which,whom,whose,其中可以代替人（指先行词）的是：that,who,whom；代替物的是that,which；whose之前既可接人又可接物，但必须和名词搭配使用。(1)JackieMcLeansrecordingshaveshownthatheisoneofthefewAjazzmusicianswhostyleofplayinghaskeptpacewiththeevolutionBCDofmodernjazz.LOGO介词前置于关系代词：介词前置于关系代词：当关系代词作句中介词的宾语时，介词可以前置于关系代词，此时关系代词不能省略，而且只能用w

24、hich或whom.如：Thisistheroadbywhichwecame.Thatisthemanaboutwhomwehaveheardsomuch.注意：先行词为theway的定语从句中inwhich习惯上可以省略Thisistheway(inwhich)Imaketheproblemout.(1)Andidealisastandard-peoplejudgephenomena.(A)how(B)of(C)bywhich(D)foritLOGO(2)InreorganizingthecurriculumofMt.HolyokeCollegeinthelate1800sElizabeth

25、Meadlaidthefoundation-themoderncollegerests.(A)iswhich(B)onwhich(C)whichison(D)LOGO关系副词：关系副词：定语从句还可以由关系副词when,where或why引导，关系副词在从句中作时间、地点或原因状语如：Haveyoueverbeentothehousewhereheusedtolive?(where=inwhich)Icouldhardlyforgetthedaywhenmyunclepassedaway.(when=onwhich)TellmethereasonwhyIamfired.(why=forwhic

26、h)(1)Thekneeisthejoint-thethighbonemeetsthelargeboneofthelowerleg.(A)when(B)where(C)why(D)whichLOGO状语从句状语从句状语从句是从句中的一大类，在考题中更是频繁出现，它状语从句是从句中的一大类，在考题中更是频繁出现，它的主要功能是作主句的状语，由完整的主谓句构成。状语的主要功能是作主句的状语，由完整的主谓句构成。状语从句和主句在语法上关系并不紧密，但在逻辑上是不可分从句和主句在语法上关系并不紧密，但在逻辑上是不可分割的。割的。LOGO状语从句的分类：状语从句的分类：1.时间状语从句主要引导词：whe

27、n,whenever,before,after,until,while,since,once,solongas,assoonas,themoment,everytime,as,nexttimeeg：IdontcallheruntilIgettothecompany.EverytimeIfeellonely,shecomestotalktome.2.地点状语从句主要引导词：where,wherevereg：Whereveryougo,Iwillberightherewaitingforyou.LOGO3.原因状语从句主要引导词：because,as,since,consideringthat,n

28、owthat,notthat,seeingthat注意：inthat是书面语中原因状语从句的引导词，相当于because,在填空题中曾经出现eg：Nowthatitisraining,wedbettercancalthemeeting.4.目的状语从句主要引导词：sothat,inorderthat,forfearthat,incase,lestLOGO5.结果状语从句主要引导词：sothat,sothat,suchthat注意：sothat句式和tooto句式的区别是重要考点之一，sothat接从句；tooto接不定式eg：Theoldladyissogenerousthatalotofpe

29、opleadmireher.Sheistooyoungtoresistit.6.条件状语从句主要引导词：if,unless,incase,solongas,oncondition(that),provided(that)LOGO7.让步状语从句主要引导词：though,although,no matter,even if,even though,however,whatever注意though,although等都不能够与but连用 LOGO(1)Anthropologyisascience-anthropologistsusearigoroussetofmethodsandtechnique

30、stodocumentobservationsthatcanbecheckedbyothers.(A)inthat(B)thatin(C)that(D)in(2)Gorillasarequietanimals,-theyareabletomakeabouttwentydifferentsounds.(A)how(B)inspiteof(C)becauseof(D)eventhoughLOGO状语从句的省略用法状语从句的省略用法原则：原则：1.从句跟主句使用一套主谓结构从句跟主句使用一套主谓结构2.从句是主系表结构从句是主系表结构时，主语和系动词可省时，主语和系动词可省如：如：whenshewa

31、syoung,shekilledmanymen.whenyoung,shekilledmanymen.LOGO例题：例题：(1)-relativelycostly,thedieselengineishighlyefficientandneedsservicinginfrequently(A)Even(B)Itis(C)Eventhough(D)Thereis(2)Although-rigid,bonesexhibitadegreeofelasticitythatenablestheskeletontowithstandconsiderableimpact.(A)apparently(B)are

32、apparently(C)apparentlytheir(D)aretheyapparentlyLOGO同位语从句同位语从句句子的同位语多由名词短语充当，但少数词之后可接由that引导的从句作同位语，此时需和定语从句相区别，同位语从句中that不在从句中承担成分，而且不可省略如：Theideathatmanisinferiortoanimalsisquiteunacceptable.可接同位语从句的名词有：fact,reason,idea,news,hope,doubt,belief,proof等LOGO(1)Astronomydevelopedfromtheobservation-throu

33、ghregularcyclesofmotion.(A)goingtoheavenlybodies(B)theheavenlybodiesgoing(C)heavenlybodiesthatgo(D)thattheheavenlybodiesgoLOGO主语从句和表语从句主语从句和表语从句主语从句和表语从句都是名词性从句，与宾语从句的分类、语法规则基本相同。主语从句如：Thatshesangformeissheerrumor.Whoeversaysitmustbeafool.Whetheryouareinnocentornotremainsaquestion.表语从句如：Theproblemis

34、thatyouhavelostyourway.Thatshowwegottoknowthetruth.Mymajorconcerniswhetheryouagreeornot.LOGO(1)-xenoncouldnotformchemicalcompoundswasoncebelievedbyscientists.(A)For(B)Itwas(C)That(D)While(2)-hasbeenatopicofcontinualgeologicalresearch.(A)Didthecontinentsoriginate(B)Howdidthecontinentsoriginate(C)Havethecontinentsoriginated(D)HowthecontinentsoriginatedLOGO(3)Inhertime,IsadoraDuncanwas-todayaliberatedwoman.(A)callingwhatwewould(B)whowouldbecalling(C)whatwewouldcall(D)shewouldcallitLOGOLessonreview:CompoundsentenceSimplesentenceComplexsentencesyntaxLOGO