外文翻译--数控车床.doc
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1、CNCWhat is CNC?Computer numerical control is a very broad term that encompasses a variety of types of machinesall with different sizes, shapes, and functions. But the easiest way to think about CNC is to simplyunderstand that its all about using a computer as a means to control a machine that carves
2、 usefulobjects from solid blocks of material. For example, a CNC machine might begin with a solid block ofaluminum, and then carve away just the right material to leave you with a bicycle brake handle. CNC machines can be divided into two groups: turning machines and milling machines. A turningmachi
3、ne is generally made up of a device that spins a workpiece at high speed and a tool (sharp edge)that shaves off the undesired material from the workpiece (where the tool is moved back and forth andin and out until the desired form is achieved). A milling machine is a machine that has a spindle (adev
4、ice similar to a router) with a special tool that spins and cuts in various directions and moves in threedifferent directions along the x, y, and z axes.Historically, you wouldnt actually need a computer to create forms with a turning machine or amilling machine. Adding a computer to the mix allows
5、you to design a product on a computer first andthen specify how the machine should cut this product. To design the product is to produce acomputeraideddesign (CAD) file. Then you specify how the machine should cut the product, and the result of thatstep is a computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) file (
6、or G-Code file, or .NC filethere are many namesfor this type of file). This CAM file remembers all of the operations that the milling machine must followto cut out the parts for the product. The computer tells the CNC machine how to build the part byinterpreting the CAM file into signals that the CN
7、C machine can understand.Industrial UsesIndustrial applications for CNC machines have been chiefly based around the removal of metal to create adesired form. Metal is widely used for producing almost everything we see around us, even though these things may not be made of metal themselves. Some of t
8、he most obvious products that are made ofmetal are cars. The engine block and the parts within the transmission are directly produced from a CNCmachine because tight tolerances are necessary (a tolerance is a range in dimensioning to which themachine must adhere). However, most of the parts of a car
9、 are not made by a CNC machine, but theyhave a latent connection to one. For example, how do you make a quarter panel? There is a hydraulicpress with a thing called a die to create an impression in a sheet of metal. Most of the parts of thehydraulic press were made from a CNC machine. The die, the p
10、art that carries the negative form of thequarter panel and that can be replaced when design changes, was also made by a CNC machine, andthen tempered for hardening and heat resistance. Even the plastic parts of a car have some connectionto a CNC machine. Many of these parts were made from a mold tha
11、t was created using a CNC machine Because CNC machines have very high precision and they can provide information back to thecomputer, they are also used in dimensional testing. If a switch (probe) is fastened to the location of thetool, it can analyze the measurements of a part that was produced. Th
12、e machine runs this probe all overthe part to confirm its desired form and measurements.For more information on industrial uses of CNC machines, visit Personal UsesThere is a large following by various hobbyists and DIYers around the globe interested in the concept ofCNC machines. Roboticists, craft
13、smen, handymen, home machinists, small business owners, techenthusiasts, backyard scientists, and artists have all discovered how a CNC machine can open doors tonew designs and more detailed creations. A roboticist, for instance, will use a CNC machine to create thestructural components of the robot
14、 with very high precision. Making these components by hand wouldbe tedious and very time consuming. Using a CNC machine, the parts come out beautifully and fittogether with great precision.For the typical handyman, a great example of using a CNC machine might be designing and making cabinets for aro
15、und the house. Typically, cabinets share many of the same dimensions and can be cut bya CNC machine over and over. Imagine cutting all of the drawers and cabinet lids by hand! The parts arenumerous and the work would be quite tedious. But with a CNC machine, the individual pieces are cutand the cabi
16、nets assembled; no driving around looking for the right cabinets, having to special orderthem, and then waiting for delivery from the home improvement store. (The cabinets will needassembly, too, but with your own CNC machine, youll find that the high cost of buying them in the storecan be eliminate
17、d.)CNC machines for personal use can be purchased from a variety of manufacturers, but many DIYers suffer from sticker shock the first time they begin shopping for a CNC machine. Prices of $3,000 andhigher are typical for small, desktop versions that often come with a 1218 workspace, meaning youllbe
18、 limited to working on materials that fit in that small space. CNC machines with workspaces that allowfor materials of 24, for example, start around $7,000, and prices go much higher for larger workspacetables.For most DIYers, owning their own CNC machine is still out of reach financially. But no lo
19、ngerthisbook brings CNC within easy reach. If you can afford to spend $700 to $800, then you can afford to buildyour very own CNC machine.Your DIY CNC MachineWith your DIY CNC machine, youre going to be able to do some amazing thingscut, drill, etch, and sculptwith a variety of materials. In fact, a
20、uthor Patrick Hood-Daniel uses his own CNC machines to make more CNC machines! He has a machine cut and drill the MDF (medium-density fiberboard) parts used to build more CNC machines. (You can do this, too, but first youll need to build your own DIY CNC machineit all starts there.)Your DIY CNC mach
21、ine is made of MDF, a rigid material that holds up well to cutting and drilling, as well as being extremely strong and dimensionally stable (it doesnt shrink or expand with fluctuations in the weather or humidity). The MDF parts youll be cutting and drilling are bolted together using a variety of si
22、zes of bolts, nuts, washers, and other hardware. Finally,youll be adding a mix of electronics and one computer to bring your DIY CNC machine to life and amaze your friends and family (who will,unfortunately, come up with all kinds of requests for you and your machine).The DIY CNC machine isnt someth
23、ing with vague dimensions and a random mixture of hardware.Well tell you exactly what to buy. Youll be cutting and drilling material from plans created by authorPatrick Hood-Daniel and tested and used to build three machines; one by James Floyd Kelly, one by Darrell Kelly, and one by Jim Burt (not t
24、o mention the number of machines built by Patrick himself).When youre done, however, youre not really done. CNC is a growing and changing technology, so the limits of what you can do with your machine are really up to you. While this book will give you the basic information to build and use your mac
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