初中英语所有知识点复习大全初中英语中考知识点归纳.docx

《初中英语所有知识点复习大全初中英语中考知识点归纳.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《初中英语所有知识点复习大全初中英语中考知识点归纳.docx（96页珍藏版）》请在淘文阁 - 分享文档赚钱的网站上搜索。

1、初中英语知识大全第一课时名 词一、概述1、名词的属性：表示人或事物的名称抽象概念的词叫名词。2、名词分普通名词和专有名词。普通名词是表示某一类人或事物，或某种 物 体或抽象概念的名称。如：teacher, desks, plates, mik, box等，专有名词表示某 一特定的人、事物、地方团体、党派、国家机关、语言、节日等专用的名称。（运 用）如：China, Chinese, Saturday, June, Green, Beijing,Olympic等。（专有名词的 第一个字母要大写）二、可数名词与不可数名词1、可数名词是指表示人或事物，可以用数来计量的名词，有单复数之分。如：glas

2、sglasses; book- books2、不可数名词是指所表示的事物不能用数来计量。如：paper, rice, water, milk, tea 等。3、有些名词在特定情况下由不可数变为可数名词。Light travels faster than sound; （light ：光线，不可数）The lights are on. 4 不可 （light：灯,可数）数名词的量的表示不可数名词一般无法用数来计算，前面不能用a或an或数词来表示数它的量往往借助于容器来表示。如：a glass of milk four glasses of milka piece of paper two pie

3、ces of papera bag of rice three bags of rice三、可数名词的复数形式（识记、运用）1、可数名词在应用时有单复数之分，单数变复数有规那么变化和不规那么变化两种。学习资料重点学习资料第1页，共61页规那么变化情 况变化形式例词一般情况加-Sgirls; books;以s,x,ch,sh结尾的名加-esclasses; boxes; watches;brushes以辅音字母加y结尾的名词变y为i,加escity-cities; baby-babies以f或fe结尾的名词变f,fe为v,加esknife-knives; leafleaves以。结尾的名词pot

4、atoes; tomatoes photos; kilos; bamboos; radios2、少数名词有不规那么的变化形式序数词）”表示。（分子大于1时、分母序数词用复数）如：one-third; two-thirds; three twenty-seconds五、数词与名词的搭配1）数词与名词连用时，它们的次序是“名词+基数词”Lesson 15; Room 1506或者用the +序数词+名词”The Fifteenth Lesson the third floor2）数词与小时的搭配two hours and a half three hourshalf an hour第七课时形容词一

5、、概述形容词修饰名词，说明人或事物或特征。在句中可作定语、表语、宾语补 足语。The beautiful girl is Tom（兖s遍 定rThree is nothing serious, is thereN充当定语，修饰不定代词的形容词及短语 要放在不定代词之后）The shoes in the shop were not very expensive（作表语）The old are looked after well.有些形容词和定冠词the连用时，表示一类人或物，其谓语动词用复数形式）二、形容词比拟级及最高级的形式1、绝大局部双音节形容词和单音节形容词的比拟等级变化是规那么变化。情况

6、变化形式举 例一般情况在词尾直接加-er; -estsmall - smaller - smallest以e结尾的词在词尾加 -r; - st;large - larger - largest以辅音字母+y结尾变 y 为 i,加-er; -esthappy- happier- happiest以一个元音字母加一个 辅音字母结尾，而且是 重读闭音节将该辅音字母双写，再加-er; -estfat - fatter - fattestthin - thinner - thinnest big - bigger - biggest hot - hotter - hottest2、局部双音节和多音节形容

7、词比拟级和最高级变化形式在多音节形容词前力口 more 或 mostbeautiful - more beautiful - most beautiful useful - more useful - most useful 3 不 规那么形容词比拟级和最高级形式：学习资料重点学习资料第10页，共61页good, well - better - bestbad, ill - worse - worstmany, much - more - mostlittle - less - leastfar - farther, further - farthest, furthest三、形容词的比拟等级

8、的用法1、当A=B时，那么用as (副) as (介，连)，中间用形容词或副词的 原级。表示甲与乙在某方面一样He is as tall as I (me)2、AtB,那么用not as(so)as表两与乙在某方面不一样。He is not so tall as I = He is shorter than I =l m taller than heThe boy isn t as careful as that one=This boy isn t as careful than that one3、比拟级+than形式This lesson is more difficult than t

9、hat oneShe is fatter than Kate4、the+最高级+(inof)短语Miss Zhou is one of the most popular in our classHe is the oldest of the threeof常与名词复数或表示数量的词连用。表示“在 之中”这一。in常与表示范围或场所的名词连用“在范围之中”四、形容词比拟级特殊用法1) more and more比拟级连用表示“越来 ”In spring the weather gets warmer and warmer.He is getting busier and busier.2) Th

10、e more the more 就越The larger the bus is , the more people it can carry.The farther away an object is from us, the smaller it looks.3)比拟级形式表达最高级：比拟级+than any other+名词单数；比拟级+than theother+名词复数He is clever than any other boy-He is the clevest of all the boysHe is clever than the other boys4、修饰比拟级的副词有 m

11、uch, even , quite , a little, a lot等表示“得多甚 表示程度。学习资料重点学习资料第11页，共61页第八课时副词一、概述副词是用来修饰动词、形容词或其他副词的词，表示动作的特征、状态的 特征或某种性质的程度。二、副词的分类 时间副词、地点副词、方式副词、疑问副词及程度副词。1、时间副词：时间副词表达的内涵包括回答“什么时候”或“经常与否”how, then, yesterday, last time, today, just now, later on, so far, ago;A: always, often, usually, sometimes, nev

12、er, hardly, ever;already, yet, late, early, soon, at once, at last, finally, at first, since;2、地点副词：表示地点或位置关系的副词。A: here, there, home, anywhere, everywhere;above, below, down, up, out, in, across, back, over, round, away, near;注：B类中表示位置的副词有时也可作介词。如：come in, pleaseThey live in the next room.3、 方式副词:b

13、adly, carefully ,politely, sadly, suddenly, happily. well, fast, high, hard.4、 程度副词： 常见的有：much, a little, a bit, very, even, so, too, enough, quite,rather, completely, terribly, nearly, hardly, not at all 这些副词多用来修饰形容词、 副词或动词以加强语气。5、疑问副词：是用来引导一个特殊问句，有时用来引导时间状语从句或 宾语从句。疑问副词有： how, when, where, why, wh

14、o6、局部副词的用法：1) too, either, also 都是表示“也”too和either都用于句末，too用于肯定句中，either用于否认句及一般疑问 句中，also放在句子中，BE动词前，实义动词后。2) so, ne让her都可以用在倒装句的开头。S。接在肯定句后表示“也一样句式：S0+助动词+主语；neRher接在一个否认句后面表示“也不，没句式：nHther+助动词+主语I have read the book, so has he.Jim didn t win the game, neither did Tom.3) already, yet学习资料学习资料重点学习资料第

15、12页，共61页already和yet通常用于现在完成时中，already用于肯定句，yet用于否认 句和疑问句中。He has already finished his homework.Jim hasn t come back yet.7、副词的比拟等级副词和形容词一样，也有比拟级和最高级，其变化形式与形容词的比拟比 较级和最高级一样。第九课时介词一、知识概述介词是一种虚词，一般在句子中不重读，也不能单独充当句子成分，但与 它的介词宾语一起构成介词短语，就可以在句子中作状语、定语和表语。介词又称前置词，一般位于名词或代词的前面，表示该词与句子其他成分 的关系。在学习介词时，最重要的是掌握介

16、词的用法，动介词组的搭配，时间介 词、方位介词、方向介词、位置介词、成语介词以及动向介词和静向介词的比拟 和区别。二、介词的定义及句法功能介词是一种虚词，在句中不单独作任何句子成分，只表示其后的名词或相 当于名词的词语与其他句子成分的关系。介词后的名词，或相当于名词的其他词 组、短语或从句，称为介词宾语。介词和介词宾语一起构成介词短语。介词短语 在句中主要用作定语、状语、表语和宾语补足语。The boy over there is my brother.（作定语）A friend in need is a friend indeed. 作定语）I shall meet you at the e

17、ntrance of Qianmen Hotel.（作卅i点1犬语）To their surprise, they saw not locusts, but seagulls（作原因状语） r II bie the office every afternoon.（作表语）He isn atthome （作表语）The farmer made the king out of the 帕ter （.作宾语补足语）I found everything in good order （作宾语补足语） 三、介 词与其他词类的固定搭配。介词和动词、形容词、名词等常构成固定搭配。也就是说，在这些词的后 面，常

18、常要求用一定的介词。1、形容词与介词的固定搭配 有些形容词后面要求用固 定的介词，这类介词常见的有：about, at, for, from, in, of, to, with学习资料重点学习资料第13页，共61页(1)形容词 4-aboutcareful abouthopeful aboutsure aboutHe is careless about his clothes(2)形容词+atgood atsurprised at angry at(3)形容词+ forfamous for ready forsorry forI m terrible sorry for telling him

19、 the truth.(4)形容词+ from different from safe fromHe was absent from class this morningMy sister is different from me in many ways. (5)形容词+ininterested insuccessful inHe is interested in making model ships.2、名词与介词的固定搭配(1)名词 + forHe made up an excuse for being late.Did you find the cause for your failu

20、re?(2) 名词+ inHe has some difficulty in translating the bookShe has made great progress in English.(3) 名词+ ofShe found another way of solving the problemHe forms a bad habit of getting up late (4) 名词+ onThere have been several attacks on foreigners recently.Have pity on me!(4) 名词 + withI wanted to ha

21、ve a talk with youHe is always getting into trouble with the police 第十课时 连词 一、知识概述连词是一种虚词，不能在句子中单独作句子成分，也没有句子重音，在句学习资料重点学习资料第14页，共61页子中只起连接词与词、短语与短语、句子与句子以及从句的作用。 连词分为并列 连词和附属连词两种。并列连词是连接彼此并列关系的词。附属连词是用来引导 从句的词。二、并列连词并列连词用来连接具有并列关系的词、短语或句子。并列连词按其作用可 分为表示转折、因果、选择和联合关系等四大类。表示联合关系的连词，常见的有：and, not only

22、 but also, as well as, both and, neither nor .Written English is more or less the same in both Britain and American.They were very surprised and I knew that I had done the right thing.Work hard and you II pass the exam=lf you work hard, you II pass the exam.While I was in the university, I learned b

23、oth English and Japanese.Both European and Asian speak RussiaYou can t speak both American English and British English at the same time.Neither Tom nor you are a driver.Neither I nor he has seen the play.Neither of us is a teacherYou don t like it, Neither do I .She is beautiful as well as clever.He

24、 is a great writer as well as a famous doctor.三、附属连词 附属连词是用来连接各种从句的词1、连接主语从句、表语从句与宾语从句的连词只有三个，即that, if, whethero如：Ask her if she w川 come with me.The reason is that she never wasted her time.I don t know whether he had passed the exam.2、引导状语从句的附属连词(1)连接时间状语从句的附属连词有:since, until, after, before, when,

25、 while,as soon as, whenever.I II tell you as soon as I know.(2)连接地点状语从句的附属连词有：where, whereverSit wherever you like.学习资料重点学习资料第15页，共61页I found my books where I had left them.(3)连接让步状语从句的附属连词有：although, though, even if, however.Although she was tired, she kept on working.(4)连接原因状语从句的附属连词有：as, because,

26、 since, now that,He was absent because he was ill.(5)连接目的状语从句的附属连词有：that, so that, in order that.He raised his voice so that we could hear him.(6)连接条件状语从句的附属连词有：if, unless, once, in case.You II miss the train unless you hurry up.(7)连接结果状语从句的附属连词有：so that, such that.He came so late that he missed the

27、 class.(8)连接比拟状语从句的附属连词有：as as , not so as less(more) than, the theThis is more than I can accept.(9)连接方式状语从句的附属连词有：as, as ifIt looks as if it was going to rain.第十一课时动 词（一）一、知识概述在英语中，每个句子必须有一个动词来担当谓语。说明主语“是什么”或“做 什么动词是表示动作或状态的词。动词和名词、代词一样，有人称和数的变化。 谓语动词的人称和数一般要与主语的人称和数保持一致。学好了英语动词相当于学好了一半的英语语法，可见英语动

28、词的重要性。在初中英语中，动词的分类、动词的时态和语态以及动词的各种形式之间的联系， 非谓语动词的构成、用法等等贯穿整个初中课本，包括英语句型都离不开动词时 态或语态，因此在学习时特别要注意英语中时态的运用和语态之间的区别。二、动词的分类及作用按照动词的词义和在句中的作用，英语动词可分为行为动词（又叫实义动词）、连系动词、助动词和情态动词。1、行为动词 表示动作或状态，能独立作谓语。如：学习资料重点学习资料第16页，共61页She took pictures of treesHe is typing letters.行为动词又分为及物动词和不及物动词。(1)及物动词及物动词后面必须跟宾语，意思

29、才完整。I enjoyed the film very muchI gave the child another piece of cake.常见的能带两个宾语的动词有：bring, build, buy, cook, cut, draw, find, get, hand, leave, lend, make, offer, pass, pay, read, return, sell, show, teach, tell, write, etc.(2)不及物动词本身词义完整，后面不要求跟宾语。如：Horses run fast.They work in a factory.She curled

30、 up in bed and began her book.2、连系动词(1)本身有词义，不能在句子中单独作谓语，必须和表语一起构成谓语。常见的连系动词有： be, look, get, feel, sound, turn, smell, taste, become.My father is an engineer.My brother has become a doctor.It seems that he was a millionaire.I don t feel very well today.(2)表示感觉知觉的动词可以是连系动词，如 feel, touch, sound, smel

31、l.I can smell the sea.The customs officer looked carefully at their suitcases.I feel a pain in the arm.She looked worried about it. 3 动词与介词的固定搭配动词与介词的搭配主要指以下两种形式：(1)动词+宾语+介词The song always reminds me_of my school days.Parents usually_expect a lotof their children.I often take her for her sister.He h

32、ide everything from me.学习资料重点学习资料第17页，共61页The headmaster praised the boy for his courage.They supplied people with enough food and drink.They presented us with a lot of flowers.The man was charged with mueder.(2)动词+反身代词+介词dress oneself in;prepare oneself forgive oneself topride oneself onHe gives hi

33、mself to pop music.She always dresses herself in white.第十二课时动 词(二)一、动词的形式大多数动词有四种基本形式：1、现在式；2、过去式；3、过去分词；4、现在分词；现在式是字典中所给的形式，也可称为动词原形。按照动词各种形式的构 成方法，动词可分为规那么动词和不规那么动词两类。1、第三人称单数形式；加-s的规那么动词一般现在时单数第三人称形式的构成和名词复数的构成法及读音完全学习资料重点学习资料第18页，共61页一样。情 况变化形式例词一般情况加-Shelps makes gets以s5x,ch,sh,o结尾的名加-esguesses

34、 fixes goes washes以辅音字母加y结尾的名词变y为i,加esflies cries tries studies2、动词的过去式和过去分词：构成动词-ed形式的规那么。(1)规那么变化的过去式和过去分词的构成是一样的。都加 -edo(2)不规那么动词的过去式及过去分词的形式是不规那么的，可以查不规那么动构成规那么动词原形变化后一般在动词原形末尾加edlook playlooked played结尾是e的动词加dlive hopelived hoped以辅音字母加y的动词，改y 为i加edstudy carrystudied carried重读闭音节的，又写最后一个 辅音字母，再加

35、edstop drop fitstopped dropped fitted3、英语动词的现在分词，一般在动词末尾加规贝|变化形式例词一般情况加inggoing asking以不发音的e结尾的去e,再加ingwriting closing以重读闭音节结尾的双写最后一个辅音字母，再加inggetting beginning以ie结尾的先将ie变为y,再加ingdying lying tying-ing。词变化形式表。词变化形式表。 有些动词的三种形式一样。如:bet;burst;cast;cut;hit;hurt;read;shut;spread下面是一些易误用的不规那么动词cost;let;be

36、ar, bore, born draw, drew, drawn fly, flew, flown mean, meant, meantbite, bit, bitten drink, drank, drunk hide, hid, hidden ride, rode, riddenblow, blew, blown eat, ate, eaten lend, lent, lent rise, rose, risenshake, shook, shakenswim, swam, swum tear, tore, tornthrow, threw, thrownwear, wore, worn第

37、十三课时 动词(三)教学重点一、助动词 助动词本身没有词义，不能单独作谓语，只能和主要动词一 起构成谓语动词，表示否认、疑问、时态、语态等语法形式，或用来加强语气。常用的助动词 有:be, do, have, shall, will等。它们的具体用法如下:(1)助动词beA.可用于构成进行时态She is doing her homework now.I asked him what he had been doing all afternoon.B.可用于构成被动语态The baby was put in bed by his mother.学习资料重点学习资料第19页，共61页police

38、manpolicemen;manmen;womanwomen;tooth-teeth; foot-feet; sheepsheep; deer-deer;Japanese- Japanese; Chinese Chinese; fish fish四、名词所有格(运用)名词的所有格是表示所有关系的形式，它也有构成上的变化。1、单数名词变所有格，只需在词尾加S；2、复数名词的词尾已有s,只需加即可；3、复数名词的词尾假设没有 s ,那么应加s;4、如果表示某人或物为两人所共有，那么在第二个人后面加s;如：Da Mao and Xiao Mao s room如果不是两人共有，那么在每个人后面都加s;

39、如：Li Lei s and Tom s mother5、名词所有格结构通常用于表示有生命的名词，或表示时间、距离、地点 等，而表示无生命名词的所有关系那么用“ of”表示。如：the windows of house the picture of the familyof结构也能用于有生命名词的所有格。a friend of my sister absok of his第二课时冠词(一)一、概述冠词是一种虚词，在句子中不重读，本身不能独立使用。在汉语中没有这个词 类。在学习冠词时，要注意这种加在名词前帮助说明名词所指的人或事物的词表示数 量“一”时，与数词的区别；其表示“数量”的意义没有。“

40、ne”强，这是学习中注意区 别的。二、冠词的定义冠词是置于名词之前，说明名词所表示的人或事物的一种虚词，它不能离开名词而单独存在。冠词有两种：一种是定冠词(the Definite Article) ； the一种是不定冠词(the Indefinite Article). a an三、不定冠词的用法a用于辅音音素起首的单词前，an用于元音音素起首的单词前。1、当第一次提到某人或某物时，用 a或an起介绍作用，如：What is this? It is a bus.Who is she? She is a doctor.2、表示泛指一类人或物学习资料学习资料重点学习资料第2页，共61页The

41、invitation was received yesterday.c.可与动词不定式构成谓语These books are not to be taken out of the room.She is to arrive at six this morning.(2)助动词haveA.构成完成时态I have not seen him for three years.How long has your uncle taught in the v川age?He had lived in Scotland for fifteen years before he came to England.B

42、.和动词不定式构成谓语，表示因客观环境促使不得不做的事情She had to go shopping yesterday.(3)助动词doA.构成疑问句和否认句Did anyone sharpen this knife?I don t think you are right.B.用来加强语气I do want to have a talk with youDo come and see me.c.用来代替动词词组Have you finished your work? Yes, I did yesterday.He plays basketball well. So does his brot

43、her.(4)助动词shall构成将来时态,单纯表示未来情况I shall notbe back tonight.We shall pay a visit to the Banpo ruins next month.(5)助动词w川构成将来时，用于第一、二、三人称。如：They w川 move to anew house.She will not eat any solid food.注意：(1) have to 与 must 的区别must是情态动词，意思是“必须应该“一定要”后接动词原形。Must的 否认形式为 mustn构成疑问句时，肯定回答一般用musto否认回答用needn t或do

44、n t have t裱示“不必”学习资料重点学习资料第20页，共61页Must I do it now ?Yes, you must No, you needn t.have to表示“不得不，必须;可用于多种时态。I missed the train, so I had to take a taxi.I m sorry I won t go with you, I II have to go to the bank.We don t have to install this new television set.(2) used to表示过去常常，而现在不再有的习惯。其否认形式为：used

45、not to, usedn t (usen t) to , didn t use to.I used to go to work by bus. Now I go by car.I used to collect stamps when I was a boy.Used they to have a lot more free time ?第十四课时 动词(四)教学重点情态动词(1)情态动词表示说话人对某一动作或状态的态度，或表示主观设想。情 态动词有自己的词义，但不能单独作谓语动词，必须和不带to的动词不定式连用，没有人称和数的变化，常用的情态动词有can, may, must, will,

46、 shall, should,would, need, dare.情态动词有自己的词义，表示说话人对某一动作或状态的态度，或主观 设想。如:You may go now.This bus can seat 40 people.The work must be finished as soon as possible.情态动词不能单独作谓语，必须和不带to的不定式连用，没有人称和数的变化。情态动词有现在式和过去式两种形式。(2)情态动词的用法。may的用法a.表示允许或征询对方的许可，有“可以”的意思。May not表示说话人“不 许可”,如:You may go now.学习资料重点学习资料第21页，共61页May I use you typewrite?You may not go=l do not permit you to go.b.在回答may引导的疑问句时，肯定回答用 yes, you may否认用No, you mustn t. No, you can或 Nb,you had better not.can的用法a.表示能力，有“能、会、能够”的意思。b.表示允许，在口语中代替 may,有“可以的意思。c.表示“可能性”常用于否认句或疑问句。The hall can hold a