华东政法大学2010年博士研究生入学考试英语试卷说课讲解.doc

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1、Good is good, but better carries it.精益求精，善益求善。华东政法大学2010年博士研究生入学考试英语试卷-华东政法大学2010年博士研究生入学考试英语试卷第一部分基础英语试题PartI:Grammar&Vocabulary(10%)Directions:ChoosethewordorphrasethatbestcompleteseachsentenceandthenmarkyouranswersonyourANSWERSHEET1.1. Tomostpeople,marriageisa_affair.A.love-and-hatredB.nowornever

2、2. C.win-winsituationD.give-and-takeWetriedtosettletheargumentbut_nothing.3. A.finishB.completedC.endedD.accomplishedWeshouldsettleourdifferenceby_notbywar.4. A.assignmentB.compromiseC.securityD.appointmentTrampsaspioneers?Itseemedabsurd.Ikept_theidea_.5. A.pondering,aboutB.mulling,aboutC.thinking,o

3、fD.speculating,onPeoplebecome_theplacetheylivein.6. A.associatedwithB.attachedtoC.appreciativeofD.attachablewithSincethedaysofColumbus,Americahasbeenanothernameforopportunity,whereoneseemstoaccomplish_.7. A.anythingB.somethingC.nothingD.littleNomatterhowdifficulttheproblemis,hecanhandleit_.8. A.ateq

4、ualeaseB.ofequaleaseC.withequaleaseD.fromequaleaseThesuccessfultrampswouldbe_thepioneers.9. A.equalB.equalofC.equaltoD.equalsItslikelyfortheoutstandingonestostandout_therest.10. offB.ofC.fromD.aboveItshumannatureto_wealth_reachandneglecthappinessalready_.A. crave,within,withinreachB. cravefor,outof,

5、inhandC. chaseafter,beyond,beyondreach11. seekafter,within,outofhand_hersurprise,migrantworkersare_.A. Outof,atoughandhard-workinglotB. To,adiligentandcheerfullotC. To,diligentandtoughlots.12. Outof,toughandhard-workinglotWhenaskedwhetheritsthe_heis_,theanswer,aftersome_,isinvariablythesame.A. money

6、,after,hesitantB. money,cravingfor,thoughtC. money,chasingafter,considerate13. money,craving,thinkingResourcefulasthegeneralwas,helet_spreadthathewouldattackonacertaindaynextmonth.14. A.thewordB.wordC.awordD.wordsThe_wouldperishinaworldoffiercecompetition.15. adaptableB.adaptedC.inadaptableD.adaptiv

7、eItseasyforthetrampsto_temperandget_withthesteadyjob.16. lose,sickB.control,fedupC.lose,fedupD.control,sickandtiredWegenuinely_youropinionandyoursuggestion.17. A.appreciateofB.valueC.evaluateasD.estimateaboutTheEmpireStateBuildingisafamous_ontheNewYorkskyline.A. stumblingblockB. steppingblockC. land

8、mark18. springboardTheteachertriedto_thenewboy_bylettinghimsaysomethingabouthishometown.19. A.drawforB.drawbackC.drawawayD.drawuponThegrasswas_withdew.Dropsofwater_inthesun.A. full,sparkledB. wet,sparkledC. filled,gleamed20. abundant,gleamedWhathesaidlastnightis_anuisancethanitshouldbe.A.moreofB.les

9、sthanC.justasD.morelikePartII:ReadingComprehension(15%).Direction:Thereare3readingpassagesinthispart.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,C,andD.YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheet1withasingleline

10、throughthecenter.PassageOne:Questions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage.BetweentheeighthandeleventhcenturiesA.D.,theByzantineEmpirestagedanalmostunparalleledeconomicandculturalrevival,arecoverythatisallthemorestrikingbecauseitfollowedalongperiodofsevereinternaldecline.Bytheearlyeighthcentury,theemp

11、irehadlostroughlytwo-thirdsoftheterritoryithadpossessedintheyear600,anditsremainingareawasbeingraidedbyArabsandBulgarians,whoattimesthreatenedtotakeConstantinopleandextinguishtheempirealtogether.Thewealthofthestateanditssubjectswasgreatlydiminished,andartisticandliteraryproductionhadvirtuallyceased.

12、Bytheearlyeleventhcentury,however,theempirehadregainedalmosthalfofitslostpossessions,itsnewfrontiersweresecure,anditsinfluenceextendedfarbeyonditsborders.Theeconomyhadrecovered,thetreasurywasfull,andartandscholarshiphadadvanced.ToconsidertheByzantinemilitary,cultural,andeconomicadvancesasdifferentia

13、tedaspectsofasinglephenomenonisreasonable.Afterall,thesethreeformsofprogresshavegonetogetherinanumberofstatesandcivilizations.RomeunderAugustusandfifth-centuryAthensprovidethemostobviousexamplesinantiquity.Moreover,anexaminationoftheapparentsequentialconnectionsamongmilitary,economic,andculturalform

14、sofprogressmighthelpexplainthedynamicsofhistoricalchange.ThecommonexplanationoftheseapparentconnectionsinthecaseofByzantiumwouldrunlikethis:whentheempirehadturnedbackenemyraidsonitsownterritoryandhadbeguntoraidandconquerenemyterritory,Byzantineresourcesnaturallyexpandedandmoremoneybecameavailabletop

15、atronizeartandliterature.Therefore,Byzantinemilitaryachievementsledtoeconomicadvances,whichinturnledtoculturalrevival.Nodoubtthishypotheticalpatterndidapplyattimesduringthecourseoftherecovery.Yetitisnotclearthatmilitaryadvancesinvariablycamefirst.Economicadvancessecond,andintellectualadvancesthird.I

16、nthe860stheByzantineEmpirebegantorecoverfromArabincursionssothatby872themilitarybalancewiththeAbbasidCaliphatehadbeenpermanentlyalteredintheempiresfavor.Thebeginningoftheempireseconomicrevival,however,canbeplacedbetween810and830.Finally,theByzantinerevivaloflearningappearstohavebegunevenearlier.Anum

17、berofnotablescholarsandwritersappearedby788and,bythelastdecadeoftheeighthcentury,aculturalrevivalwasinfullbloom,arevivalthatlasteduntilthefallofConstantinoplein1453.ThusthecommonlyexpectedorderofmilitaryrevivalfollowedbyeconomicandthenbyculturalrecoverywasreversedinByzantium.Infact,therevivalofByzan

18、tinelearningmayitselfhaveinfluencedthesubsequenteconomicandmilitaryexpansion.21.Whichofthefollowingbeststatesthecentralideaofthepassage?(A)TheByzantineEmpirewasauniquecaseinwhichtheusualorderofmilitaryandeconomicrevivalprecedingculturalrevivalwasreversed.(B)After810Byzantineeconomicrecoveryspurredam

19、ilitaryand,later,culturalexpansionthatlasteduntil1453.(C)Theeighth-centuryrevivalofByzantinelearningisaninexplicablephenomenon,anditseconomicandmilitaryprecursorshaveyettobediscovered.(D)TherevivaloftheByzantineEmpirebetweentheeighthandeleventhcenturiesshowsculturalrebirthprecedingeconomicandmilitar

20、yrevival,thereverseofthecommonlyacceptedorderofprogress.22.Theprimarypurposeofthesecondparagraphiswhichofthefollowing?(A)ToestablishtheuniquenessoftheByzantinerevival(B)ToshowthatAugustanRomeandfifth-centuryAthensareexamplesofcultural,economic,andmilitaryexpansionagainstwhichallsubsequentcasesmustbe

21、measured(C)Tosuggestthatcultural,economic,andmilitaryadvanceshavetendedtobecloselyinterrelatedindifferentsocieties.(D)Toarguethat,whiletherevivalsofAugustanRomeandfifth-centuryAthensweresimilar,theyareunrelatedtootherhistoricalexamples23.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatbytheeleventhcenturytheByzant

22、inemilitaryforces(A)hadreachedtheirpeakandbeguntodecline(B)hadeliminatedtheBulgarianarmy(C)werecomparableinsizetothearmyofRomeunderAugustus(D)werestrongenoughtowithstandtheAbbasidCaliphatesmilitaryforces24.Inthethirdparagraph,theauthormostprobablyprovidesanexplanationoftheapparentconnectionsamongeco

23、nomic,military,andculturaldevelopmentinorderto(A)suggestthattheprocessofrevivalinByzantiumaccordswiththismodel(B)setupanorderofeventsthatisthenshowntobenotgenerallyapplicabletothecaseofByzantium(C)castaspersionsontraditionalhistoricalscholarshipaboutByzantium(D)suggestthatByzantiumrepresentsacasefor

24、whichnohistoricalprecedentexists25.WhichofthefollowingdoestheauthormentionascrucialevidenceconcerningthemannerinwhichtheByzantinerevivalbegan?(A)TheByzantinemilitaryrevivalofthe860sledtoeconomicandculturaladvances.(B)TheByzantineculturalrevivallasteduntil1453.(C)TheByzantineeconomicrecoverybeganinth

25、e900s.(D)TherevivalofByzantinelearningbegantowardtheendoftheeighthcentury.PassageTwoQuestions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage.In1896aGeorgiacouplesuingfordamagesintheaccidentaldeathoftheirtwoyearoldwastoldthatsincethechildhadmadenorealeconomiccontributiontothefamily,therewasnoliabilityfordamages.

26、Incontrast,lessthanacenturylater,in1979,theparentsofathreeyearoldsuedinNewYorkforaccidental-deathdamagesandwonanawardof$750,000.ThetransformationinsocialvaluesimplicitinjuxtaposingthesetwoincidentsisthesubjectofVivianaZelizersexcellentbook,PricingthePricelessChild.Duringthenineteenthcentury,sheargue

27、s,theconceptofthe“useful”childwhocontributedtothefamilyeconomygavewaygraduallytothepresent-daynotionofthe“useless”childwho,thoughproducingnoincomefor,andindeedextremelycostlyto,itsparents,isyetconsideredemotionally“priceless.”Wellestablishedamongsegmentsofthemiddleandupperclassesbythemid-1800s,thisn

28、ewviewofchildhoodspreadthroughoutsocietyinthelate-nineteenthandearly-twentiethcenturiesasreformersintroducedchild-laborregulationsandcompulsoryeducationlawspredicatedinpartontheassumptionthatachildsemotionalvaluemadechildlabortaboo.ForZelizertheoriginsofthistransformationweremanyandcomplex.Thegradua

29、lerosionofchildrensproductivevalueinamaturingindustrialeconomy,thedeclineinbirthanddeathrates,especiallyinchildmortality,andthedevelopmentofthecompanionatefamily(afamilyinwhichmemberswereunitedbyexplicitbondsofloveratherthanduty)wereallfactorscriticalinchangingtheassessmentofchildrensworth.Yet“expul

30、sionofchildrenfromthecashnexus,althoughclearlyshapedbyprofoundchangesintheeconomic,occupational,andfamilystructures,”Zelizermaintains.“wasalsopartofaculturalprocessofsacralizationofchildrenslives.”Protectingchildrenfromthecrassbusinessworldbecameenormouslyimportantforlate-nineteenth-centurymiddle-cl

31、assAmericans,shesuggests;thissacralizationwasawayofresistingwhattheyperceivedastherelentlesscorruptionofhumanvaluesbythemarketplace.Instressingtheculturaldeterminantsofachildsworth,Zelizertakesissuewithpractitionersofthenew“sociologicaleconomics,”whohaveanalyzedsuchtraditionallysociologicaltopicsasc

32、rime,marriage,education,andhealthsolelyintermsoftheireconomicdeterminants.Allowingonlyasmallroleforculturalforcesintheformofindividual“preferences,”thesesociologiststendtoviewallhumanbehaviorasdirectedprimarilybytheprincipleofmaximizingeconomicgain.Zelizerishighlycriticalofthisapproach,andemphasizes

33、insteadtheoppositephenomenon:thepowerofsocialvaluestotransformprice.Aschildrenbecamemorevaluableinemotionalterms,sheargues,their“exchange”or“surrender”valueonthemarket,thatis,theconversionoftheirintangibleworthintocashterms,becamemuchgreater.26.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethataccidental-deathdamage

34、awardsinAmericaduringthenineteenthcenturytendedtobebasedprincipallyonthe(A)earningsofthepersonattimeofdeath(B)wealthofthepartycausingthedeath(C)degreeofculpabilityofthepartycausingthedeath(D)amountofmoneythathadbeenspentonthepersonkilled27.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatintheearly1800schildrenwere

35、generallyregardedbytheirfamiliesasindividualswho(A)neededenormousamountsofsecurityandaffection(B)requiredconstantsupervisionwhileworking(C)wereimportanttotheeconomicwell-beingofafamily(D)wereunsuitedtospendinglonghoursinschool28.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto(A)reviewtheliteratureinanewacademicsu

36、bfield(B)presentthecentralthesisofarecentbook(C)contrasttwoapproachestoanalyzinghistoricalchange(D)refuteatraditionalexplanationofasocialphenomenon29.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatwhichofthefollowingstatementswastrueofAmericanfamiliesoverthecourseofthenineteenthcentury?(A)Theaveragesizeoffamilies

37、grewconsiderably(B)Thepercentageoffamiliesinvolvedinindustrialworkdeclineddramatically.(C)Familymembersbecamemoreemotionallybondedtooneanother.(D)Familymembersspentanincreasingamountoftimeworkingwitheachother.30.Zelizerreferstoallofthefollowingasimportantinfluencesinchangingtheassessmentofchildrensw

38、orthEXCEPTchangesin(A)themortalityrate(B)thenatureofindustry(C)thenatureofthefamily(D)attitudestowardreformmovementsQuestions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Inthetwodecadesbetween1910and1930,overtenpercenttotheBlackpopulationoftheUnitedStateslefttheSouth,wherethepreponderanceoftheBlackpopulation

39、hadbeenlocated,andmigratedtonorthernstates,withthelargestnumbermoving,itisclaimed,between1916and1918.Ithasbeenfrequentlyassumed,butnotproved,thatthemajorityofthemigrantsinwhathascometobecalledtheGreatMigrationcamefromruralareasandweremotivatedbytwoconcurrentfactors:thecollapseofthecottonindustryfoll

40、owingthebollweevilinfestation,whichbeganin1898,andincreaseddemandintheNorthforlaborfollowingthecessationofEuropeanimmigrationcausedbytheoutbreakoftheFirstWorldWarin1914.ThisassumptionhasledtotheconclusionthatthemigrantssubsequentlackofeconomicmobilityintheNorthistiedtoruralbackground,abackgroundthat

41、impliesunfamiliaritywithurbanlivingandalackofindustrialskills.ButthequestionofwhoactuallylefttheSouthhasneverbeenrigorouslyinvestigated.AlthoughnumerousinvestigationsdocumentanexodusfromruralsouthernareastosoutherncitiespriortotheGreatMigration,noonehasconsideredwhetherthesamemigrantsthenmovedontono

42、rtherncities.In1910over600,000Blackworkers,ortenpercentoftheBlackworkforce,reportedthemselvestobeengagedin“manufacturingandmechanicalpursuits,”thefederalcensuscategoryroughlyencompassingtheentireindustrialsector.TheGreatMigrationcouldeasilyhavebeenmadeupentirelyofthisgroupandtheirfamilies.Itisperhap

43、ssurprisingtoarguethatanemployedpopulationcouldbeenticedtomove,butanexplanationliesinthelaborconditionsthenprevalentintheSouth.Aboutthirty-fivepercentoftheurbanBlackpopulationintheSouthwasengagedinskilledtrades.Somewerefromtheoldartisanclassofslavery-blacksmiths,masons,carpenters-whichhadhadamonopol

44、yofcertaintrades,buttheyweregraduallybeingpushedoutbycompetition,mechanization,andobsolescence.Theremainingsixty-fivepercent,morerecentlyurbanized,workedinnewlydevelopedindustriestobacco,lumber,coalandironmanufacture,andrailroads.WagesintheSouth,however,werelow,andBlackworkerswereaware,throughlaborr

45、ecruitersandtheBlackpress,thattheycouldearnmoreevenasunskilledworkersintheNorththantheycouldasartisansintheSouth.Afterthebollweevilinfestation,urbanBlackworkersfacedcompetitionfromthecontinuinginfluxofbothBlackandWhiteruralworkers,whoweredriventoundercutthewagesformerlypaidforindustrialjobs.Thus,amo

46、venorthwouldbeseenasadvantageoustoagroupthatwasalreadyurbanizedandsteadilyemployed,andtheeasyconclusiontyingtheirsubsequenteconomicproblemsintheNorthtotheirruralbackgroundcomesintoquestion.31.Theauthorindicatesexplicitlythatwhichofthefollowingrecordshasbeenasourceofinformationinherinvestigation?(A)U

47、nitedStatesImmigrationServicereportsfrom1914to1930(B)Payrollsofsouthernmanufacturingfirmsbetween1910and1930(C)Thevolumeofcottonexportsbetween1898and1910(D)Thefederalcensusof191032.Inthepassage,theauthoranticipateswhichofthefollowingasapossibleobjectiontoherargument?(A)Itisuncertainhowmanypeopleactua

48、llymigratedduringtheGreatMigration.(B)TheeventualeconomicstatusoftheGreatMigrationmigrantshasnotbeenadequatelytraced.(C)Itisnotlikelythatpeoplewithsteadyjobswouldhavereasontomovetoanotherareaofthecountry.(D)Itisnottruethattheterm“manufacturingandmechanicalpursuits”actuallyencompassestheentireindustrialsector.33.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingistrueofwagesinsoutherncitie