2023年上海市英语高考二轮专题复习精讲精练(含真题与一二模题)15概要写作含详解.docx

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1、专题15概要写作【考情分析】试卷提供一篇350词以内的短文，要求考生基于该短文写出一篇60词左右的内容概要。所给短文主要以说明 文、议论文及记叙文为主。阅卷时主要考虑以下内容：(I)对原文要点的理解和呈现情况;(2)应用语法结构和词汇的 准确性;(3)上下文的连贯性;(4)对各要点表达的独立性情况。注意：理解准确，涵盖全部要求，完全使用自己的语言， 准确使用相应的语法结构和词汇，得分相应比较高。相反，如果概要写作部分出现两句以上整句抄自原文现象，得 分档次将会大大降低;所写内容与所提供内容无关不得分。【考查能力】概要写作，简言之就是对所读过的文章简要概括，写出文章的中心大意，也可称之为摘要。写

2、概要时，读者要 是把文章的具体信息用一些具有概括功能的词和句表述出来，而不是抄袭文章的原句，更不是把细节性信息作为中 心，而是要通过对文章中的单词、词组和句子进行合理转换，对文章的具体信息进行概括，再用合适的语言表述出 来。这一题型主要考查学生对文章主旨大意的概括和准确获取关键词的能力，同时考查学生用简洁的语言概括文章 重要信息的能力以及对文章整体结构的把握能力。因此，概要写作是基于阅读理解和书面表达，是二者的有机结合 体，是阅读理解和书面表达的沟通桥梁。【写作步骤】.细读原文。首先要仔细阅读短文，掌握文章主旨和结构，明确各段的大意。1 .弄清要求。新高考的概要写作是写全文概要，不是写某一部分

3、的概要，或者就某些问题写出要点。2 .列出原文要点。分析原文的内容和结构，将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的顺序。在此基础上选出与文章 主题密切相关的部分。【写作技巧】.遣词造句，使用高级词汇，正确使用复杂句型，提高文章档次。1 .衔接连贯，有效、恰当地使用连接词，使文章结构紧凑，层次清楚，过渡自然。2 .确定框架，掌握记叙文、议论文和说明文三种文体风格，找到文章的主要要点，确定写作框架。【对点训练】句子衔接练习A.显性的衔接手段：形合法一、句型转换1. If she doesnt invite me, I will not go to her birthday party._, I will

4、 not go to her birthday party.【答案】Unless; invited2. I noticed a poor dog in the park when I walked my pet dog.强调主语：强调宾语：强调地点状语：强调时间状语：【答案】It was I that/who noticed a poor dog in the park when I walked my pet dog.The French measures, however, rely too much on severe punishment to change a culture (ha

5、t still regards beauty as skin-deep and bone-showing. Under the law, using a fashion model that docs not meet a government-defined index of body mass could result in a $85,000 fine and six months in prison.The fashion industry knows it always has a problem in focusing on material adornment and ideal

6、ized body types. In Denmark, the United States, and a few other countries, it is trying (o set voluntary standards for models and fashion images that rely more on peer pressure for enforcement.In contrast to Frances actions, Denmarks fashion industry agreed last month on mles and sanctions regarding

7、 the age, health, and other characteristics of models. The newly revised Danish Fashion Ethical Charter clearly states: We are aware of and take responsibility fbr the impact the fashion industry has on body ideals, especially on young people.*Relying on ethical persuasion rather than law to address

8、 the misuse of body ideals may be the best step. Even better would be to help promote notions of beauty beyond the material standards of a particular industry.【答案】One possible version:France has attempted to redefine physical beauty by law in its fashion industry to stop pursuing ultra-thinness. The

9、 new bans not only oppose unhealthy beauty standards,but also advocate individual worth like character and intellect. Unlike France, which relies on the severe punishment, other countries, such as Denmark, turn to milder measures and ethical persuasion to promote similar beauty concepts.【导语】本文是一篇说明文

10、。法国时装行业试图通过法律重新定义外形美，以停止追求超瘦。新的禁令不仅反对不 健康的审美标准，而且提倡个性和智慧等个人价值。与依赖严厉惩罚的法国不同，其他国家，如丹麦，转而采用较 为温和的措施和伦理说服来推广类似的美的理念。【详解】1要点摘录.France has attempted to redefine physical beauty by law in its fashion industry to stop pursuing ukra-thinness.1 .The new bans not only oppose unhealthy beauty standards,but also

11、 advocate individual worth like character and intellect. 3.1n contrast to Frances actions, Denmarks fashion industiy agreed last month on rules and sanctions regarding the age, health, and other characteristics of models.4 .Relying on ethical persuasion rather (han law to address the misuse of body

12、ideals may be the best step.5 .缜密构思将第1、2分别概括，将第3、4要点进行整合。6 .遣词造句France has attempted to redefine physical beauty by law in its fashion industry to stop pursuing ultra-thinness .The new bans not only oppose unhealthy beauty standards,but also advocate individual worth like character and intellect. Un

13、like France, which relies on the severe punishment, other countries, such as Denmark, (urn to milder measures and ethical persuasion to promote similar beauty concepts.概要写作6(2022上海模拟预测)Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize (he main idea and the main poinl(s) of the passage in no more tha

14、n 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.A New Wave of MigrationAs the sea extends steadily inland in countries such as Bangladesh and as decreasing rains put already marginal farmland out of play in Ethiopia and other places, a wave of migration caused by the changing climate is taking sha

15、pe on the horizon.But most “climate migrants will not be heading abroad to start new lives; instead they will settle elsewhere in their home countries. A report released this week declares that if nothing is done to control global wanning and factor migration into development planning, by mid-centur

16、y this internal population shift could involve more than 140 million people in three regions examined: sub-Saharan Africa, south Asia and Latin America. Climate change is already a driver of internal migration, and it will become more so in the future/ says John Roome, senior director of Climate cha

17、nge at The World Bank Group.The potential for such an increase in area consisting of 55 percent of the developing worlds population raises questions of environmental justice because those who have contributed (he least to global warming are forced to shoulder more of the burden. It is necessary for

18、developed countries like the U.S. to step up, says Maria Cristina Garcia, a professor of American Studies at Cornell University. Developed countries can help by both working to limit greenhouse gas emissions and funding efforts to help developing nations plan for climate migration challenges.The stu

19、dy of climate migration is still relatively new, and projections of just how many people might be driven from their homes as the world warms are hard to pin down. Some people will need to migrate despite any measures that might be taken but “this doesnt have to be a crisis“ Roome says. Properly mana

20、ged migration could even bring more economic opportunities to some poor communities. But planning needs to start now.【答案】 As the sea extends steadily inland, a wave of migration caused by the changing climate appear. Most “climate migrants will settle elsewhere in their home countries. Its unfair fo

21、r the countries who have contributed (he least to global warming to shoulder more of the burden. Though the climate migration is still relatively new, planning needs to start now.【导语】本文是说明文。文章主要讲述随着气候变暖，沿海地区人民要面临向内陆移民的问题。【详解】1.要点摘录As the sea extends steadily inland in countries such as Bangladesh an

22、d as decreasing rains put already marginal farmland out of play in Ethiopia and other places, a wave of migration caused by the changing climate is taking shape on the horizon. But most “climate migrants will not be heading abroad to start new lives; instead they will settle elsewhere in their home

23、countries.The potential fbr such an increase in area consisting of 55 percent of the developing worlds population raises questions of environmental justice because those who have contributed the least to global warming are forced to shoulder more of the burden.The study of climate migration is still

24、 relatively new, and projections of just how many people might be driven from their homes as the world warms arc hard to pin down.But planning needs to start now.2 .缜密构思将1、2、3三个要点进行重组，将4、5两个要点进行整合。3 .遣词造句As the sea extends steadily inland, a wave of migration caused by the changing climate appear.Mo

25、st “climate migrants will settle elsewhere in their home countries.Its unfair fbr the countries who have contributed the least to global warming to shoulder more of the burden.Though the climate migration is still relatively new, planning needs to start now.It was a poor dog that I noticed in the pa

26、rk when I walked my pet dog.It was in the park that I noticed a poor dog when I walked my pct dog.It was when I walked my pet dog that I noticed a poor dog in the park.3. The days when we were lacking in food and clothes are gone.（同义句转换）*the days when we were lacking in food and clothes. 【答案】 Gone a

27、re4. It was such an amazing scene that all people were attracted by it. （|r义句转换）（倒装句） 【答案】Such an amazing scene was it that all people were attracted by it.5. When George yawned, the conversation dropped.（用独立主格结构改写句子）【答案】George yawning, the conversation dropped.6. I must apologize for any inconvenie

28、nce it may have caused you.1 must any inconvenience it may have caused you.（apology）【答案】make an apology for7. Il turned out that the man was not as brave as he had been expected改成以 as 弓卜导的非限制性定语从句）【答案】 As it turned out, the man was not as brave as he had been expected.8. There are many problems that

29、 remain to be solved.（改成非谓语动词结构）答案There are many problems remaining to be solved.9. After he had turned off the TV set, he began to go over his lessons.（用动词的-ing 形式改写）【答案】Having turned off the TV set, he began to go over his lessons./After having turned off the TV set, he began to go over his lesson

30、s.1（）. It is said that he has been told about the news.（用动词不定式 to do 改写）He is said told about the news.【答案】to have been11. Ill tell Jack the good news as soon as I see him.Jack, Ill tell him the good news. 【答案】 The moment/ minute/instant I see12. Though they were lacking money,his parents managed to

31、 send him to a universily.（升级为省略句）money,his parents managed to send him to a university.【答案】 Though lacking13. Have you found ways to make waste water clean?（改为被动语态）【答案】Have ways been found to make waste water clean （by you）?14. I concentrated my mind on the book and didnt notice my mothers appearan

32、ce.With. I didnt notice my mothers appearance.【答案】 my mind concentrated on the book15. He was strong enough to lift the heavy box.（同义句转换）He was he could lift the heavy box.【答案】 so strong that16. The supermarket is based on trust, and i（ is working all right.（同义句转换）, the supermarket is working all ri

33、ght.【答案】 Based on trust二、按照要求完成句子l.She bought a tin of coffee. She bought a bottle of milk.（运用 and 连接）t She bought a tin of coffee and a bottle of milk.2 .He wants to leave. It suddenly rains. He wants to leave but it suddenly rains.（运“J but 连接）3 .He is a coward. It is known to all. It is known to a

34、ll that he is a coward.（运用关系代词 that）4 .Mrs. Brown was a doctor. You met her at my house. Mrs. Brown who you met at my house was a doctor.（运用关系 代词who）5.It was a crucial moment. Everybody decided to devote themselves to the rescue work. It was a crucial moment when everybody decided to devote themselv

35、es to the rescue work.（运用关系副词 when）6. Every summer, I travel abroad with my family or my best friends. When the new term comes, I find that my oral English gets better. So I firmly believe the book is not the only source of knowledge.Every summer, I travel abroad with my family or my best friends. A

36、fter returning from my trip, I find my oral English gets better. So I firmly believe reading books is not the only way of learning English; foreign travel also facilitates language learning.三、完成短文 running, race walking is physically demandings she says. According to most calculations,racewalkers mov

37、ing at a pace of six miles per hour would burn about 800 calorics （卡路里）per hour, is approximately twice as many as they would burn walking, fewer than running, which would probably burn about 1, 000 or more calories per hour., race walking does not pound the body as much as running does, Dr. Norberg

38、 says. According to her research, runners hit the ground with as much as four times their body weight per step, race walkers who do not leave the ground, create only about 1.4 times their body weight with each step., she says, some of the injuries associated with running, such as runners knee, are u

39、ncommon among race walkers. the sports strange form does place considerable stress on the ankles and hips so people with a history of such injuries might want to be cautious in adopting the sport., anyone wishing to try race walkingshould probably first consult a coach or experienced racer to learn

40、proper technique, she says. It takes some practice. 参考答案:I. Like 2. which 3. though 4. However 5. while 6. As a result 7. But 8. In factB.隐性的衔接手段：意合法翻译下列句子：(1) Tom太累了，不能再走了。Tom was too tired to walk.（2）他收拾好书包，然后亳不犹豫地离开。He packed the bag, and left without hesitation.(3)小男生正在玩，这时他妈妈冲进来了。When the littl

41、e boy was playing, his mother rushed in.(4)到了我就打电话给你。Ill call you as soon as I arrive.(5)好久不见了。It has been a long time since I saw you last.(6)有空就来。Come if you have time.（7）冬天来了，春天还会远吗?If winter comes, can spring be far behind?【上海高考真题及模拟试题精选】概要写作1(2022上海浦东新二模)Directions: Read the following passage.

42、Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Does Zoom exhaust you?During the COVID-19 pandemic, as social distancing has kept people apart physically, more people are logging on to popular video chat platforms to connec

43、t with colleagues, family and friends. And as a result, virtual meetings, or “zooming”, have skyrocketed. However, communication professor Jeremy Bailenson, founding director of the Stanford Virtual Human Interaction Lab (VHIL) examined the psychological consequences of spending hours per day on the

44、se platforms, warning that those video calls are likely tiring you out.In a normal meeting, people will variously be looking at the speaker, taking notes, or looking elsewhere. But on Zoom calls, everyone is looking at everyone, all the time. A listener is treated nonverbally like a speaker, so even

45、 if you dont speak once in a meeting, you are still looking at faces staring at you. The amount of eye contact is dramatically increased. “Social anxiety of public speaking is one of the biggest fears that exist in our population,Bailcnson said. When youre standing up there and everybodys staring at

46、 you, thats a stressful experience.Most video platforms show a square of what you look like on camera during a chat, which is unnatural. Bailcnson said, “In the real world, if somebody was following you around with a mirror constantly so that you were seeing yourself in a mirror while you were talki

47、ng to people, making decisions, giving feedback, etc., that would just be crazy/ He cited studies showing that when you see a reflection of yourself, you are more critical of yourself and there will be negative emotional consequences.Moreover, video chats dramatically reduce our usual mobility. In-p

48、erson and audio phone conversations allow humans to walk around and move. But with videoconferencing, most cameras have a set field of view, meaning a person has to generally stay in the same spot. Movement is limited in ways that are not natural. Theres a growing research now that says when people are moving, theyre performing better cognitively/ Bailenson said.【答案】 According to Jeremy Bailenson. although virtual meetings are popular, they can be exhausting. Firstly, excessive amounts of eye contact may cause people feel stressed. Secondly, seeing y