残疾人及其在COVID-19大流行中的权利：一个都不能少.docx

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1、roducdonInternational instruments that protect the rights of persons with disabilities in situations of humanitarian risk A sociodemographic overview of persons with disabilities in Latin America and the Caribbean, prior to the pandemic Recommendations on public policy actions biographyCOVID-19 REPO

2、RTSPersons with disabilities and their rights in the COVID-19 pandemic: leaving no one behindIntroduction1Since March 2020, Latin America and the Caribbean has been facing a health, social and economic crisis caused by the coronavirus disease (COVID-19). The crisis has deepened pre-existing inequali

3、ties within countries, revealed the extent to which the most vulnerable groups in the population are excluded, and highlighted the urgency of including persons with disabilities in public policy actions taken in the short, medium and long term (ECLAC, 2020a and 2020b; ECLAC/PAHO, 2020).There are aro

4、und 70 million persons with disabilities in the region. They are one of the most excluded groups in society and are among the most affected by the pandemic. Before the health crisis, they were already less likely to participate in the community or to have access to health care, education or employme

5、nt. A considerable proportion of them live in poverty and are exposed to higher rates of violence, neglect and abuse than the rest of the population. They are also among the most marginalized groups in communities in crisis situations.Persons with disabilities are more severely affected by the attit

6、udinal, environmental and institutional barriers that are perpetuated in the response to COVID-19, In addition, many have pre-existing health conditions that make them more susceptible to contracting the virus and they have more severe symptoms upon infection, leading to high mortality rates.In this

7、 context, the international message to States must be reinforced, so that all actions concerning persons with disabilities are carried out with a rights-based approach, to ensure that no one is left behind, or left out of medium- and long-term post-pandemic strategies. Protection of their rights mus

8、t be strengthened in line with the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the Montevideo Consensus on Population and Development. These instruments put persons with disabilities at the centre, as rights holders who must be involved in a

9、ll stages of measures adopted by States, from planning and implementation to accountability.Up-to-date statistical information on persons with disabilities is in short supply in the region, and information on COVID-19 trends among this population group is even more scarce. There are no data disaggre

10、gated by disability which makes analysis and decisionmaking difficult during this crisis and in subsequent recovery efforts.This document examines the situation of persons with disabilities, in terms of the impact that COVID-19 could have, taking into consideration age and sex, health conditions, ty

11、pes of disability, access to basic infrastructure, overcrowding in the home, access to information and communications technology (ICT), employment status and education. In conclusion, the report presents some national actions that have been taken to reduce the impact of the pandemic and recommendati

12、ons for addressing the devastating social and economic effects of COVID-19 on persons with disabilities.it saThe cut-off date for the information used to prepare this report is 30 September 2020, unless otherwise indicated.Another important factor is the difficulty persons with disabilities have in

13、maintaining physical distancing if they need additional support to perform everyday activities or if they are institutionalized. Also, people who are blind or visually impaired and who need to touch objects to obtain information about their surroundings or who must physically support themselves in f

14、requently used spaces will be at greater risk of contracting the virus. Indeed, no matter the limitation, any barriers that persons with disabilities may have in accessing public health information, and in particular information on COVID-19, will increase the risk of infection (WHO, 2020b).Some pers

15、ons with disabilities have underlying comorbidities or health disorders and may be at greater risk of developing more severe cases of COVID-19 if they become infected. This is because the virus exacerbates existing health problems, particularly those related to respiratory functions, the immune syst

16、em, heart problems and diabetes (WHO, 2020b). In addition, persons with disabilities may face barriers in accessing health care, partly because of increased demand for these services in the pandemic or because other population groups are given priority for assorted reasons. It is in this context tha

17、t, as the pandemic spread and particularly when it intensified in some countries of the region, the Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and the Special Envoy of the Secretary-General on Disability and Accessibility issued communiques calling on States to take all appropriate measure

18、s to ensure access to health services for persons with disabilities and to provide them with the same range, quality and level of medical care as other persons, including mental health services. Moreover; persons with disabilities who contract the coronavirus will always have the right to be treated

19、 with dignity, to make decisions with autonomy, to have their wishes and preferences respected, to have their free and informed consent requested, and to have the privacy of their personal data protected. This should be done taking into account especially articles 10, 25 and 28 of the Convention on

20、the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, in particular Goal 3 on health and well-being, and several priority actions of the Montevideo Consensus on Population and Development.2. Households and families that include persons with disabilitiesAnother way to

21、analyse disability is to go beyond the individual and examine households and families that include persons with disabilities, since it is from there that they interact, either within their own family group or with society. It is also important to consider the situations that occur in a household whe

22、n one or more members have a disability, as the support and care provided will depend on the type of household or family. Likewise, gender differences should not be lost sight of as they are relevant at the family level: the roles of men and women are not the same throughout their life cycles, or in

23、 the household or family. The burden of care and support provided to persons with disabilities within the home is usually borne by women, whether they are the mothers, daughters or partners of these persons. And, in this context of a health crisis, the burden of care and household tasks can increase

24、 significantly for women.Table 2 shows that the proportion of households with at least one person with a disability is highest in Peru (26%), while in Guatemala the proportion is 14% and in Colombia it is 10%. Although in the latter two countries the proportion is less than 15% of households, it is

25、clear that the impact of disability is greater at the household level than at the individual level.Table 2Colombia, Guatemala and Peru: proportion of households with persons with disabilities, 2010 census round(Percentages)Guatemala, 201814.2Colombia, 201810.4Peru, 201726.3Source: Economic Commissio

26、n for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), on the basis of census microdata from the respective countries processed with REDATAM.In households with persons with disabilities there is a greater demand for support and care during the health crisis and an increased burden of these tasks for women.W

27、hen disability is considered from the perspective of households and families, the population group made up of persons with disabilities has an even greater impact on society, since the home and the family are the spaces where most of peoples lives take place (Perez, 2016). There are a wide variety o

28、f family situations: people can choose to live alone, in couples without children, in single-parent homes, in domestic partnerships or in same-sex unions with children (Arriagada, 2007). However; it is less clear whether persons with disabilities have the same freedom to make these decisions, even t

29、hough they have the right to live an independent life.Information on the structure of the households and families of persons with and without disabilities can be used to determine what specific needs arise in these family situations when there are persons with disabilities, and thus to include speci

30、fic social policies.3 Figure 4 shows the relative distribution of the family situation of households with and without persons with disabilities in the three countries analysed. There are several similarities and some differences between the two types of households. Firstly, regardless of whether or

31、not there are any persons with disabilities, households made up of two-parent nuclear families are most prevalent. However; among households without persons with disabilities, this structure accounts for the highest proportion: 53% in Guatemala, and 43% in Colombia and Peru. Among households with pe

32、rsons with disabilities, the proportion of two-parent nuclear families is lower; and that of extended families with two parents and relatives is the second most frequent situation. Together; these two categories represent more than half of the households with persons with disabilities: 63% in Guatem

33、ala, 52% in Colombia and 53% in Peru. This indicates that persons with disabilities live in nuclear and extended families because of the support and care that they need in everyday activities. However; although the proportion of single-person households is higher among households without persons wit

34、h disabilities, it is particularly significant that around 10% of households whose members include persons with disabilities are single-person.Figure 4Colombia, Guatemala and Peru: structure of households with and without persons with disabilities, 2010 census round (Percentages)Single-person, only

35、head of household4. Nuclear： male head with children7. Extended: male head with children and relativesMlO.Composite with male head2. Nuclear: two-parentSWIS. Extended: two-parent with relatives8. Two-parent composite9&. 11. No nucleus: female head with relatives and non-relatives 3. Nuclear: female

36、head with childrenExtended： female head with children and relatives Composite with female head12. No nucleus： male head with relatives and non-relativesSource: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), on the basis of census microdata from the respective countries processed wi

37、th REDATAM.The typology of the household structure is based on the kinship of the members of a household with respect to the person who declares him or herself to be the head of the household. Two main types of units are established: non-family households and families. Non-family households include

38、single-person households and those without a marital nucleus or paternal or maternal bond, with or without other relatives. Families include nuclear families (only nuclear members), extended families (with other relatives) and composite families (with non-relatives). Each of these structures can be,

39、 in turn, single- or two-parent.In this health crisis, and with the physical confinement measures implemented in the countries to curb the spread of the virus, persons with disabilities, particularly those living alone, may face situations in which their rights are infringed (ECLAC, 2020a). Access t

40、o essential goods and services that maintain well-being can be impeded; this is especially critical in the case of health, rehabilitation and care services, but also in the case of medicines, diapers, assistive devices and special foods, among other goods (ECLAC, 2020a). In addition, care relationsh

41、ips may be suspended or interrupted, and support networks weakened or truncated by the strict lockdowns in countries. If a person with a disability becomes infected and has severe symptoms of the disease, they will need support and care; without accessible technologies to communicate with friends or

42、 relatives, this support may be delayed or not arrive when they need it.Women are heavily involved in care and, in households where there is a person with a disability who requires daily care, it is mainly women who provide it. Before the pandemic, this care could be distributed between formal arran

43、gements (educational and care centres, care centres for dependent persons, paid domestic work) and informal arrangements (such as support from family members and neighbours). However; physical confinement and distancing measures during the pandemic have led to the reduction of discontinuation of suc

44、h arrangements, putting more pressure on women caregivers and exponentially increasing their workload, with an unequal burden that is mainly borne by women (ECLAC, 2020c).In economic and care terms, households with persons with disabilities are under greater pressure. In these households there are m

45、ore health, rehabilitation and education expenses, as well as higher spending on buying and maintaining assistive devices and on medicines and transport (ECLAC, 2020a), Furthermore, to meet the aforementioned care needs, some members of households may be forced to give up their paid work, and it is

46、often women who withdraw from the labour market. This affects household income, which has already been hit by the economic crisis in the countries of the region, potentially aggravating poverty if States do not put support mechanisms in place to cover or subsidize the costs and needs of these househ

47、olds (ECLAC, 2020a).3. Overcrowding and access to basic servicesSince the beginning of the pandemic, the recommendations from WHO and countries; ministries of health have mainly been for people to wash their hands frequently with soap and water maintain a physical distance of at least 1 or 2 metres

48、from others, avoid touching their eyes, nose and mouth, and wear a mask in open or closed public spaces.In order to comply with these prevention measures, the population must have access to drinking water in their homes for frequent hand washing and for washing and disinfecting food and other object

49、s entering the home. Therefore, access to drinking water is a fundamental requirement and, although it has always been, in this context it is even more imperative. Persons with disabilities must have access within the home, with barrier-free accessibility to bathrooms or washbasins.The First regional report on the implementation of the Montevideo Consensus on Population and Development (ECLAC, 2019b) and the Quadrennial report on regional progress and challenges in relation to the 2