专题24 人与社会之对社会有突出贡献的人物---2022年高考英语一轮复习讲练测（新教材新高考）（测）（含答案解析）.docx

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1、人与社会之对社会有突出贡献的人物（测）满分：50得分阅读理解（每小题2分，共16）A （2021 吉林长春外国语学校高三期中）Before Douglas Engelbart, computers were as big as rooms and used mostly for handling numbers. But in the late 1960s, Engelbart invented almost everything your personal computer has today: a mouse, hypertext, screen sharing and more. Eng

2、elbart was adding real-time edits, graphics, hyper-linking and sharing screens - all before the birth of the World Wide Web. “The digital revolution is far more significant than the invention of writing or even of printing/9 said Engelbart, and as it turns out, he held all the right cards.If hed bee

3、n British, Engelbart would have been knighted （授爵）,but the Portland, Oregon, native instead lived out the rest of his years as an unsung hero, trying to fry even bigger fish in Silicon Valley. His blueprint of the Internet was totally different from todays profit-driven, streamlined version. Engelba

4、rt imagined an information system built on the backbones of cooperation and education, all meant to enhance the collective human mind. He wanted a computerized network of real-time, human-wide cooperation, with the open-source spirit of Wikipedia and the purposefulness of Change.org.By the late 70s

5、and early 80s, Engelbart and his ideas were cast aside in favour of Apple Macintosh and Microsoft Windows, along with their profit-generating vision for personal computing, and a user-friendly approach to the Internet. Engelbarts team of researchers abandoned him, and he had a lesser position at a c

6、ompany called Tymshare while still battling with his pie-in-thesky visions of a better world. Even worse, when Engelbarts mouse invention gained widespread use years later, he never gained the profits it had been licensed to Apple for around $40,000, Engelbart revealed.And if Engelbart had won? “Har

7、d to say,“ says Jefferson of the Internet Archive in San Francisco. The Web was bound to grow in ways its founders never intended,he says. He notes his belief that the same spirit of knowledge-sharing and cooperation Engelbart tirelessly pushed for will one day become part of our fast-evolving Inter

8、net, even if a commercial layer clouds the original vision. But even so, fame is difficult to achieve; it often ridicules great thinkers like Galileo or Tesla, only to meet them decades after death. Granted, Engelbart was eventually allowed into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 1998, and into

9、the Pioneers Circle in the Internet Hall of Fame after his death, but the heart of his dream has yet to be realized.1. The expression “his pie-in-the-sky visions of a better world“ in Para 3 refers to.A the function of computer data processing B. a real-time video chat on the Internet C. a user-frie

10、ndly approach to the Internet D. an Internet of knowledge-sharing and cooperation 2. Most probably Engelbarts greatest regret was that. A. he was too crazy about his vision of the Internet when totally ignored B. he was not profitably rewarded for his landmark inventions of computer C. he was admitt

11、ed to the U. S. National Inventors Hall of Fame too late D. the Internet was commercially oriented against his original intention 3. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?A. Engelbart rose and fell in his all-out battle over the future of the Internet.B. Engelbart could have su

12、cceeded in the Internet with his landmark inventions.C. Engelbarts achievements have never been recognized.D. Engelbart didnt get any profit fbr his mouse invention.4. Which of the following is the best title of the passage?A. Who Benefits from the Internet?B. Who Lost the Internet Wars?C. Who pione

13、ered the World Wide Web?D. Who Commercialized the Internet?【答案】1. D2. D3. C4, B【解析】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了恩格尔巴特为互联网做出的贡献，恩格尔巴特发明了今天个 人电脑所用的几乎一切东西：鼠标以及超文本、屏幕共享等神奇技术，倡导一个全人类合作的计算机网络， 但是因为出身他没有获得应有的地位。相信恩格尔巴特不懈倡导的“知识共享和协作精神”有朝一日会成为我 们快速发展的互联网的一部分。I.词句猜测题。根据第二段最后一句He wanted a computerized network of real-time,

14、 human-wide cooperation, with the open-source spirit of Wikipedia and the purposefulness of Change.org.（他要的是一种能实时展开全人类 合作的计算机网络，兼具维基百科的开源精神和“变革”网的坚定目的户以及第三段中的“Engelbarf steam of researchers abandoned him, and he had a lesser position at a company called Tymshare while still battling with his pie-in-

15、the-sky visions of a better world.（恩格尔巴特的研究团队抛弃了他，他在一家名为Tymshare的公司里只 担任了一个较低的职位，同时还在与自己对更美好世界的不切实际的幻想作斗争）”可知，第三段中的“他对 更美好世界的不切实际的幻想”是指知识共享和合作的互联网。故选Do.细节理解题。根据最后一段的“He notes his belief that the same spirit of knowledge-sharing and cooperation Engelbart tirelessly pushed for will one day become part

16、 of our fast-evolving Internet, even if a commercial layer clouds the original vision他相信恩格尔巴特不懈倡导的“知识共享和协作精神”有朝一日会成为我们快速发 展的互联网的一部分，就算商业的外衣遮蔽了最初的设想）”可知，很可能恩格尔巴特最大的遗憾是互联网是 以商业为导向的，违背了他的初衷。故选D。2 .细节理解题。根据最后一段最后一句段的Engelbart was eventually allowed into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 1998, and i

17、nto the Pioneers Circle in the Internet Hall of Fame after his death,（在 1998 年，他最终被允 许进入国家发明家行列。在他去世后，被承认是互联网的开拓先锋）“可知，C项Engelbarfs achievements have never been recognized.“他的成绩从来没有被认可”是错误的。故选C。3 .主旨大意题。通读全文可知，本文主耍讲述了恩格尔巴特为互联网做出的贡献，恩格尔巴特发明了今天 个人电脑所用的几乎一切东西：鼠标以及超文本、屏幕共享等神奇技术，倡导一个全人类合作的计算机网 络，但是因为出身他没

18、有获得应有的地位。反而是一些后起之秀获得了殊荣。最后一段首句中的“And if Engelbart had won?”给出了本文的中心主旨，因此推断B项“谁输了互联网战争?”作为题目最佳。故选B。B （2021 .四川成都.高三月考）Leonardo da Vinci died 500 years ago at the age of 67. He was a universal genius who always enjoyed exploring ideas in many fields, including sculpting, drawing and pamting.His surviv

19、ing body of work as a painter is remarkably slim: Fewer than 20 artworks can be comfortably regarded as his, although two of them - the nMona Lisa and The Last Supper -are easily among the most famous in the world. The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne J St. John the Baptist, and the nMona Lisa,” now

20、 all hang at the Louvre in Paris. The French museum has two more Leonardos - one of which is currently lent to the Louvre Abu Dhabiforming the largest collection in the world. Building on its collection, the Louvre will host a grand exhibition, starting in October, which it hopes will unite the larg

21、est ever number of Leonardo artworks under one roof. Organizers anticipate so much demand that a reservation will be required to attend, and tickets will go on sale in June.Celebrations are already underway in Italy. Leonardos hometown of Vinci is hosting a special exhibition featuring his earliest

22、known drawing. In Milan, where Leonardo lived for over 20 years, celebrations will center around the Sfbrza Castle and the restored Sala delle Asse, where visitors can see original wall and ceiling decorations by Leonardo. In Venice, his most famous drawing, the Vitruvian Man/ will be on display unt

23、il Julya rare occurrence, as the items fragility means its seldom exhibited.In London, visitors will be able to see over 200 original drawings at the nLeonardo da Vinci: Life in drawing” exhibition, which opens at Buckingham Palace on May 24, though organizers say this is the largest exhibition ofLe

24、onardos works in over 65 years.The uncertainty that surrounds so many aspects of Leonardos life and works has undoubtedly fueled the worlds fascination with the Renaissance master. Five hundred years on, it seems to be stronger than ever.5.A.He was bored with art.B. He was curious about things.C.He

25、was dead despite achievements.D. He was intelligent in a certain aspect.6.What can we infer about Leonardos artworks from paragraph 2?A.The Louvre in Paris has four of his works. B. Only The Last Supper is regarded as the best.C.More than 20 works are easily recognized as his. D. Their exhibition in

26、 Abu Dhabi may be quite popular.7.Why is it rare for Vitruvian Man to be exhibited in Italy?A.It wasnt discovered until lately.B.It is the easiest to ruin while on show.C.It is Leonardos most famous drawing.D.Italy has difficulty renting it for the moment.What does the author think of Leonardo Da Vi

27、nci?8.A.The Life of LeonardoB.Leonardos ArtworksC.Leonardo and LouvreD.Celebrations for LeonardoWhat is the best title for the text?【答案】5. B6. D7. B8. D【解析】本文是说明文。文章介绍了达芬奇的存世画作和世界各地为纪念达芬奇去世500周年而开展的各 种庆祝活动。4 .细节理解题。根据第一段“He was a universal genius who always enjoyed exploring ideas in many fields, in

28、cluding sculpting, drawing and pamting.（他是一个普世的天才，总是喜欢在许多领域探索思想，包括雕刻、 绘画和纵容）”可知，作者认为达芬奇是个充满好奇心的人。故选B项。5 .推理判断题。根据第二段“Organizers anticipate so much demand that a reservation will be required to attend, （组织者预计需求量会很大，所以必须提前预订）“可知，阿布扎比的展览需要提前预定，由此推知，阿布扎 比的展览可能会很受欢迎。故选D项。6 .细节理解题。根据第三段“as the items fragi

29、lity means its seldom exhibited（因为这件物品非常脆弱，意味 着它很少被展出）“可知，Vitruvian Man很少被展出，是因为它很脆弱，展出时容易损毁。故选B项。7 .主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章主要介绍了在达芬奇去世500年之际，世界各地为纪念达芬奇而开展 的各种庆祝活动，D项“Celebrations for Leonardo（纪念达芬奇的庆祝活动）”是最佳标题。故选D项。完形填空（2021 湖南长沙一中高三月考）（每小题1分，共15分）Clara Barton is widely known as one of the most honored wom

30、en in American history. She began teaching school when most teachers were men at that time. Later, she became one of the first women ever to be by the government.Her career in helping the sick began when her brother David became her first 2 He fell down from the roof of a house when Clara was just 1

31、1 years old. She stayed by his side and 3 him for three years.When the Civil War began, she immediately recognized that the 4 soldiers needed help. 5 waiting for others to step in, Clara collected necessary things on her own. She also asked the public for donations and learned how to store and 6 the

32、m to soldiers. She also read to the soldiers and wrote letters for them.After the Battle of Cedar Mountain in northern Virginia, Clara arrived at a field hospital at 7 with a vehicle full of supplies. A doctor named Paul Smith at that hospital later said 8, “I thought heaven had sentout an angel tha

33、t night. Her 9 appeared exactly at the right time.”She successfully 10 the American Red Cross and led the organization for the next 23 years.Her last field 11 as president of the American Red Cross was to help the 12 of the 1900 Galveston hurricane. She did not 13 from the American Red Cross until s

34、he was 83. True to her 14, Claraalways went to where the need was the greatest.Today, with the help of volunteers, the American Red Cross provides relief to people of disasters, as well ashelps people15,prepare for and respond to all sorts of emergencies.1. A. firedB , employedC - arrestedD. scolded

35、2. A. patientB , studentC. friendD. colleague3. A. cared aboutB. depended onC , tended toD. quarreled with4. A. well-organizedB. highly-praisedC. badly-shockedD. poorly-equipped5. A. Instead ofB , Regardless ofC Apart fromD. In case of6. A. introduceB , distributeC , returnD. lend7. A. noonB, duskC.

36、 midnightD. dawn8. A. sadlyB. peacefullyC. disappointedlyD. gratefully9. A. assistanceB. guidanceC , performanceD. disturbance10. A. inventedB. foundedC. ruinedD. left11. A. missionB. hobbyC , interestD. dream12. A. doctorsB. victimsC. soldiersD. citizens13. A. recover13. A. recover13. A. recoverB.

37、sufferC. learnD. retireA. ideaB. opinionC. natureD. conceptA. preventB. ignoreC. forgiveD. forget【答案】1. B2. A3. C4. D5. A6. B7. C8. D9. A10. Bll. A12. B13. D14. C15. A【解析】本文是一篇记叙文，主要介绍了一位伟大的女性Clara Barton从一名老师到美国红十字会创建人的 经历，她对梦想的追求、对弱势群体的怜爱都展露了她人性的光辉。1 .考查动词词义辨析。句意：后来，她成为政府雇佣的第一批女性之一。A. fired开除；B. e

38、mployed雇佣； C. arrested逮捕；D.scolded责骂。由“by the government”可知，她是被政府雇佣。故选B。2 .考查名词词义辨析。句意：她帮助病人的事业始于她的哥哥大卫成为她的第一个病人。A. patient病人;B. student 学生；C. friend 朋友；D. colleague 同事。由后面的He fell down from the roof of a house”可知，她 的哥哥从屋顶上摔了下来，成为了病人。故选A。3 .考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：她在他身边照顾了他三年。A. cared about关心；B.depended on取决于

39、； C. tended to 照顾；D. quarreled with 与某人吵架。由“He fell down from the roof of a house”可知，她的哥哥从 屋顶上摔了下来，因此她照顾她哥哥。故选C。4 .考查形容词词义辨析。句意：当内战开始时，她立即意识到装备简陋的士兵需要帮助。A. well-organized 有序的;B. highly-praised被高度赞扬的；C. badly-shocked大为震惊的；D. poorly-equipped装备简陋的。由 后文的“Clara collected necessary things on her own”可知，她立

40、即意识到装备简陋的士兵需要帮助。故选D。5 .考查固定短语词义辨析。句意：克拉拉没有等待别人的介入，而是自己收集必要的东西。A. Instead of相 反,而不是；B. Regardless of 不管；C. Apart from 除了； D. In case of 万一。Clara collected necessary things on her own”可知，她没有等别人而是自己收集必要的东西，因此空格处是“而不是”。故选A。6 .考查动词词义辨析。句意：她还要求公众捐赠，并学会了如何储存和分发给士兵。A. introduce介绍；B. distribute 分发；C. return

41、归还；D. lend 借。由“asked the public for donations”可知，她要求公众捐赠，并分 发给士兵。故选B。7 .考查名词词义辨析。句意：在弗吉尼亚州北部的雪松山战役结束后，克拉拉在午夜带着一辆装满补给品 的车抵达了野战医院。A. noon中午；B. dusk黄昏；C. midnight半夜；D. dawn黎明。由后文的“that night” 可知，克拉拉在午夜带着一辆装满补给品的车抵达了野战医院。故选C。8 .考查副词词义辨析。句意：后来，医院里一位名叫保罗史密斯(Paul Smith)的医生感激地说。A. sadly悲 哀地；B. peacefully 平静

42、地；C. disappointedly 失望地；D. gratefully 感激地。由Clara arrived at a field hospital at with a vehicle full of supplies”可知，克拉拉在午夜带着一辆装满补给品的车抵达了野战医院，那儿的医生应该是感激她。故选D。9 .考查名词词义辨析。句意：她的帮助来得正是时候。A. assistance帮助;B. guidance指导；C. performance 表现；D. disturbance打扰。由前面的“with a vehicle full of supplies”可知，克拉拉带着补给品来了，也就

43、是她 的帮助来得正是时候。故选A。10 .考查动词词义辨析。句意：她成功地成立了美国红十字会，并在接下来的23年里领导该组织。A. invented 发明;B. founded建立；C. ruined破坏；D. left离开。由“the American Red Cross”可知，她是建立了美国红 十字会。故选B。11 .考查名词词义辨析。句意：她作为美国红十字会主席的最后一次实地任务是帮助19。年加尔维斯顿飓 风的受害者。A. mission 使命；B. hobby 爱好；C. interest 兴趣；D. dream 梦想。由was to help the 12 of the 1900 G

44、alveston hurricane”可知，帮助1900年加尔维斯顿飓风的受害者是她的使命。故选A。12 .考查名词词义辨析。句意：她作为美国红十字会主席的最后一次实地任务是帮助1900年加尔维斯顿飓 风的受害者。A. doctors 医生；B. victims 受害者；C. soldiers 士兵；D. citizens 市民。由“of the 1900 Galveston hurricane”可知，此处是指帮助1900年加尔维斯顿飓风的受害者。故选B。13 .考查动词词义辨析。句意：她直到83岁才从美国红十字会退休。A. recover恢复；B. suffer遭受；C. learn 学习;

45、D. retire退休。由“until she was 83”可知，她是直到83岁才从美国红十字会退休。故选D。14 .考查名词词义辨析。句意：忠实于她的本性，克拉拉总是去最需要帮助的地方。A. idea想法；B. opinion 意见；C. nature 本性;D. concept 概念。由“Clara always went to where the need was the greatest”可知，克拉拉 总是去最需要帮助的地方，这是她的本性。故选C。15 .考查动词词义辨析。句意：今天，在志愿者的帮助下，美国红十字会向人们提供救灾，并帮助人们预 防、准备和应对各种紧急情况。A. pre

46、vent预防；B. ignore忽视；C.forgive原谅；D. forget忘记。由后文的 “all sorts of emergencies”可知，美国红十字会帮助人们预防各种紧急情况。故选A。读后续写（19分）（2021.全国.高三）阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。The eleven-year-old had just arrived in famous Carnegie Hall. He was to appear as a violin performer with the New York Symphony Orchestra. On h

47、is way from the stage entrance to the artists9 room, he saw a large fire ax （斧 子）on a wall. Whats that fbr?” he asked a guard.“To cut the heads off the performers who dont play well J was the reply.“And how many heads have you already cut off?”Oh, quite a fbwj said the guard, with a friendly smile.S

48、ome in the audience that night, especially the music critics, expected the boys head to roll. He was to play a difficult violin piece by Beethoven. Critics felt that this great piece should be attempted only by a mature artist. For a child, the complicated fingering would be impossible, they added.It was November 25, 1927. That night Carnegie Hall was packed. All eyes in the audience watched for Yehudi Menuhin, the eleven-year-old violin performer, to appear on the stage. News of his talent had already excited the