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1、分词独立主格结构一.独立主格结构,又叫独立结构(absoluteconstruction)。它在句法上游离于句子主体之外, 跟主句没有任何句法联系;但在意义上却与主句紧密联系在一起,共同构成一个完整的语义 环境。独立主格结构没有主语和谓语,只有逻辑上的主语,因此,它在句法上不是句子,而 是一个独立于句子成分之外的独特结构形式。非谓语动词作状语,其逻辑主语须与主句主语保持一致。假设不一致,非谓语动词形式须另带 主语,从而构成复合结构的形式作状语。这种结构称为“独立结构”。其中,非谓语动词主动 用现在分词,被动用过去分词。二、分词独立主格结构的形式分词独立主格结构可分为两局部,一局部是名词或代词(
2、主格),起着逻辑主语的作用;另 一局部由现在分词或过去分词构成,表示前面名词或代词的状态、状况或动作。1)名词/代词+现在分词Winter coming, it gets colder and colder.冬天来了,天气越来越冷了。The rain having stopped, he went out for a walk.雨停了,他出去散步。2)名词/代词+过去分词More time given, we should have done it much better.如果给我们更多的时间,我们会做得更 好。三、独立主格结构的功能独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中,其作用相当于一个状语从句,
3、常用来表示时间、原因、 条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。1)表示时间Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea.她干完 了活,坐下来喝茶。The meeting being over, all of us went home.开完会后我们都回家了。2)表示条件The condition being favorable, he may succeed.假设条件有禾!,他或许能成功。Weather permitting(=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow
4、. 如果天 气允许的话,他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。3)表不原因There being no taxis, we had to walk.没有出租车,我们只好步行。4)表示伴随情况Almost all metals are good conductors, silver being the best of all.几乎所有的金属都是良导体,而银那么是最好的导体。四、形式选择中应该注意的问题1.现在分词还是过去分词?1) .在独立主格结构中,主格词与分词形成逻辑主谓关系时、用现在分词。如:Winter coming, it gets colder and colder.冬天来了,天气越来越冷了
5、。(句中“冬天,和“到来,是逻辑主谓关系,故用现在分词)It is so wet there that the trees are extremely tall, some measuring over 90 metres.那儿的湿度很大,所以树都长得特别高,一些高达90多米。(句中some与measure为逻辑上主谓关系,应用现在分词).主格词与分词形成逻辑动宾关系时,用过去分词。如:More money given, we should have sent more employees to the mother company to get trained.(句中“money”和“giv
6、e”是动宾关系,因此用过去分词).在独立主格结构中,如果强调分词的时间发生在主句动词时间之前,常用现在分词完成 时态表不。如:The snow having stopped, she went out to sweep the snow in the yard.2) .现在分词与过去分词的性质完全不同,但在独立结构中,有时却有共同之处:现在分词 的被动式有时可以简化为过去分词。例如:As her skirt was caught on a nail, she could not move.Her skirt being caught on a nail, she could not move.
7、Her skirt caught on a nail, she could not move.After his work had been finished, he went home.一His work having been finished, he went home.一His work finished, he went home.2.分词结构还是独立结构?上面的例子告诉我们,独立结构常常可以看作是由主从复合句中的从句变来的。但是,如果 从句和主句的主语相同,那么不可改为独立结构。例如:Since he was very tired with his walk, he soon fell asleep and forgot his troubles.不可改为独立结构:He being very tired with his walk, he soon fell asleep and forgot his troubles.但可改为分词结构:Being very tired with his walk, he soon fell asleep and forgot his troubles.
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