备考2023年高考二轮英语复习讲练专题 15阅读理解：词义猜测题.docx

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1、专题15例读理解：同意精测题备考2023年高考英语二轮复习讲练测-讲练命题解读词义猜测题考查的是考生根据上下文推断猜测猜测词语或句子的能力，也是高考阅读理解中 必考的题型。它不但需要准确无误地理解上下文，而且要有较大的泛读量，掌握或认识较多 的课外词汇。同时，考生应掌握一些猜词技巧，通过定义、同位、对比、因果、常识、同义、 反义、构词、常识及上下文线索等确定词义。词句猜测题每套试卷一般为1题，但有一定难度，也是学生容易失分的题型。考点分类词语猜测题词句猜测题/ 短语猜测题句子猜测题词义猜测解体技巧意思猜测题语境法 据所在句及其 上下句或句组推断 代入法将各选项代入句中看是否通顺 语法法据定义、

2、同位语、冒号、破折号之后的解释或说明推研五种解法构词法据转化法、合成法和派生法（前缀、后缀）推断因果 so, because等逻辑法车与步but, yet, hcwevei等IE步 though, Hlthou?h等对比 oi otherwise, while, instead, rather than, on the contrary, on the other hand等C. delaysD. confirms1 .【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了旨在减少孤独，改善老年人的健康状况的项 目。【答案】C【解析】根据Wendy Wilson, extra care manager at

3、 60 Penfold Street, one of the first to embark on the project, said: Residents really welcome the idea of the project and the creative sessions. We are looking forward to the benefits and fun the project can bring to people here.”可知，WendyWilson是着手这项工程的人之一，也是做这个项目的创始人 之一,因此可知,画线处embarkon意为“开始着手做某事”,与

4、C项“Begin （开始）”含义 相近。故选C项。2 .【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章主要介绍了 71岁的GinniBazlimon从小就对旅行有着深深 的热爱，渴望探险，不再跳舞和孩子们成家立业之后，她开始周游世界，并在2008年开始 了前往南极洲的旅程。【答案】A【解析】根据After taking a degree at Chichester University in Related Arts, Ginni began to travel the world, eventually getting work teaching English in Japan and Chile.”可知，

5、止匕处是 指做有挑战性的事情，所以take the plunge意为“尝试有挑战性的事情”。B选项表示获 得一个学位；容易受到 After taking a degree at Chichester University in Related Arts 这句 话的干扰。C.选项表示找回失去的记忆；D选项表示坚守承诺。C和D选项是无中生有。 故选Ao3 .【导语】本文一篇说明文。为解决司机在开车时使用手机造成“分神”，引发交通事故 的问题，纽约的一名立法者提出使用Textalyzer （短信监控器）的技术来监控司机在开 车的时候是否使用了手机。【答案】A【解析】根据句中的We need some

6、thing on the books that can change peoples behavior. 可知，something是能够改变人们的行为的事情。根据下文的“If the Textalyzer bill becomes law, he said, “people are going to be more afraid to put their hands on the cell phone.”可知，人们的行为会改变的条件是当Textalyzer法案成为法律。受到法律的约 束和惩罚，司机们才不会在开车的时候使用手机。故something指代的是法律。故选Do4 .【导语】本文是一篇议

7、论文。主要论述了“量子计算真的会像它的宣传那样成功吗？ ”，计算 机科学家克里斯约翰逊和物理学家菲利普泰勒分别阐明了自己的观点。【答案】A解析词义猜测题。根据第三自然段“But something about quantum computing makes it especially prone to hype, Johnson suggests, perhaps because “quantum stands for something cool you shouldnt be able to understand.（但约翰逊表明，量子计算的某些方面使得它特别prone 被炒作，可能是因为“

8、量子”代表了一些你不应该理解的酷东西。）可知，本句中含有一个 原因状语从句，因为“量子代表了一些你不应该理解的酷东西“，所以它特别容易被炒作。 故prone意为“易于的。A. Open.开放的；易受损害的；B. Cool.酷的；C. Useful.有用的；D. Resistant.有抵抗力的。故选A。5 .【答案】B【解析】词句猜测题。根据划线单词下文“while his colleagues who chat over a relaxed conference-room meal get dirty looks from the corner office4而他那些在会议室吃饭时闲聊的同 事

9、们则在角落办公室里得到不屑的目光。）可知，while前后是对比关系，那些在会议室吃饭 时闲聊的同事会得到别人不屑的目光，即被认为不努力工作，相反，那些在办公桌前吃午饭 的年轻银行家可能被视为是一个努力工作以求成功的人，由此可知，划线单词go-getter,指 的是那些努力工作以求成功的人，故选B。6 .【答案】C【解析】词义猜测题。根据题干信息first paragraph定位到第一段：Unfortunately, it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades to decimate a large

10、 part of these resources.根据Unforlunalely （不幸地是）可知，此处与前文laken care of0形成对比，故此 处应表示“损害、毁坏”。原文译为：不幸地是，这些探险者和定居者只花了几十年的时间就 毁掉了这些资源的很大一部分。故选C。7 .【答案】A【解析】词义猜测题。根据题干信息concede,定位到第三段Still, 55 percent of Australians have a landline phone at home. Of those Australians who still have a landline, a third conce

11、de that its not really necessary.0分析可知，虽然55%的人的家中都还有座机，但他们中的三分之一的 人认为座机其实并不十分必要。由此我们可以推测，这些人在说its not necessary的时候是在 承认这件事。故选A。8 .【导语】这是一篇说明文。文中主要说明了电影制片人David Bond通过制作纪录片的形式 来让孩子们走进大自然的做法。【答案】A【详解】词义猜测题。根据第二段划线词前面的句子“He documented his journey as he set about treating nature a brand to be marketed t

12、o young people（他记录了自己的旅程，他开始将自然作为 一个品牌向年轻人推销）”可知，其中的“documented”意为“记录”。因此，结合划线词后面的“the birth of the Wild Network”可知，他的纪录片记录了一个组织的诞生，由此可知，“charts”意为 “记录”，故选A。一词语猜测题常见设问方式 The underlined word refers to/ (probably) means . In paragraph., can be replaced by as used in the passage can best be defined as.

13、 By saying that .”in the first paragraph, the author means that What does the underlined word refer to in the last paragraph? Which of the following words can take the place of the word The underlined word /sentence in the . paragraph could best be replaced by. Which of the following has the closest

14、 meaning to the word解题技能1 .根据定义或上下文解释进行猜测有时短文中出现一个需要猜测其意义的词或短语，下面接着出现其定义或解释。这都是 判断该词或短语意义的主要依据。有时候利用上下文提供的语境和线索进行合乎逻辑的综 合分析，从而推断词义，这是近几年考试重点，这种题型更能检查学生英语综合能力。典例剖析(2022年全国乙卷)That includes huge savings in mainlenance costs and better protection of railway personnel safety. It is calculated that Europe

15、an railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. That can be dangerous work that could be avoided with drones assisting the crews efforts.What does “ maintenance M underli

16、ned in paragraph 3 refer to?A. personnel safety.B. assistance from drones.C. inspection and repair.D. construction of infrastructure.【答案】C【解析】根据第二句 sending maintenance staff to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure.可知 maintenance 是“维护,保养”的意思，C 项 Inspection and repair 与 句中的inspect and repair对应。因

17、此答案为C。2 .根据同位关系或列举进行猜测被裁撤的词后面有时紧跟一个同位语，对前面的词进行解释，因此可利用同位关系对前面的 词义或句意进行猜测。同位标志词:or, similarly, that is to say, in other words, namely 等 列举标志词：for example, for instance, such as, like, including典例剖析（2021年 新高考I卷）I am Peter Hodcs, a volunteer stem cell courier. Since March 2012, Ive done 89 trips - of t

18、hose, 51 have been abroad. I have 42 hours to carry stem cells （干细胞）in my little box because Ive got two ice packs and thats how long they last. In all, from the time the stem cells are harvested from a donor （捐献者）to the time they can be implanted in the patient, weve got 72 hours at most. So I am a

19、lways conscious of time.Which of the following can replace the underlined word u courier n in Paragraph 1?A. provider B. delivery manC. collector D. medical doctor【答案】B【解析】aa volunteer stem cell courierw 是 u Peter Hodes w 的同位语;根据文中 u I have 42 hours to carry stem cells （干细胞）in my little box” 可知，Pete

20、r Hodes 的任务就是将捐 献者捐献的干细胞运送给需要的病人，即作者是干细胞递送员。故选择B项。3 .根据构词法（前缀、后缀、派生等）进行猜测在英语中，有很多词可以通过增加前缀和后缀的方式，构成新词。乍看起来，这个词可能是 新词，但在掌握了一定的构词知识之后，就可以根据词性变化来帮助解题。通常的词形变 化有名词动化，动词名化以及形容词动化。此外，派生词也是帮助猜测词义的有效方法 之一。我们常用的反义前缀有：un-,im-,dis-,il-等，反义后缀有：Jess,改变词性 后缀的有：-ful, ly,ment, ness等。典例剖析1.Baker concludes that people

21、 do not have the ability to sense when they re being stared at. If people doubt the outcome of his two experiments, said Baker, “I suggest they repeat the experiments and see for themselves. n The underlined word u outcome * in the last paragraph most probably means .A. valueB. resultC. performance

22、D. connection【答案】B【解析】运用“构词法”进行猜测。动词词组come out的意义为“露出、出现、显露 出”。再根据句子的语境，可猜测出其意义是：（实验的）结果，因此答案为B。典例剖析2. “Our parties arc aimed fbr children 2 to 10, Anaclcrio said, “and theyre very interactive and creative in that they built a sense of drama based on a subject.”【解析】文中interactive是由前缀inter-（相互的）和activ

23、e（活动的,活跃的）构成的,同时根据 上下文的意思可以判断，该词的含义应是“互动的”。4 .根据因果关系进行猜测在阅读文章猜测词义时，根据原因可以预测结果，根据结果也可以找出原因。表原因：because, because of, for, since, as a result of表结果：so, therefore, so that, so/such that ,lead to, result in, contribute to典例剖析If you have a juicer, you can simply feed in frozen bananas and some berries or

24、sliced fruit. Out comes a “soft serve, creamy dessert, to be eaten right away. This makes a fun activity fbr a childrens party; they love feeding the fruit and frozen bananas into the top of the machine and watching the ice cream come out below.26. What is “a juicer in the last paragraph?A. A desser

25、t.B. A drink.C. A container.D. A machine.【答案】D【解析】第一句含有一个if引导的条件状语从句，若满足该条件，则产生的结果是第一句的 后半句和第二句， “you can simply feed in frozen bananas and some berries or sliced fruit. Out comes a 4soft-serve? creamy dessert, to be eaten right away.“即“将冰冻香蕉和其他莓类、水果片 放进去，出来的是奶油状甜品”。由此因果关系可推知juicer指的是榨汁机。故选择D项。5 .根据

26、上下文的指代关系进行猜测文章中的代词it, that, he, him, they或them可以指代上文提到的人或物，其中it和that还可 以指代一件事。有时代词指代的对象相隔较远，要认真查找；有时也需要对前面提到的内容 进行总结，才能得出代词所指代的事物。1 .明确代词所指代内容的位置2 .代词永远出现在原词之后，故代词所指代的内容在这一句话的前面一句中，或者前几 个句子中。3 .用所找的指代内容替换画线代词，核实句意是否合理，前后内容是否一致。典例剖析Despite the celebrations, though, in the U. S.the jazz audience conti

27、nues to shrink and grow older, and the music has failed to connect wilh younger generations.Its Jason Morans job to help change that.As the Kennedy Centers artistic adviser for jazz, Moran hopes to widen the audience for jazz, make the music more accessible, and preserve its history and culture.29.

28、What does the underlined word that” in paragraph 3 refer to?A. Jazz becoming more accessible.B. The production of jazz growing faster.C. Jazz being less popular with the young.D. The jazz audience becoming larger.【答案】C【解析】根据语境可知，画线词that指代第二段“Despite the celebrations, though, in the U. S. the jazz au

29、dience continues to shrink and grow older, and the music has failed to connect with younger generations.”的内容，即爵士乐听众的数量减少并且趋于老龄化，不受年轻人喜欢的现状。故 选C。6.根据逻辑关系进行猜测常见的逻辑关系有转折对比关系，比较并列关系，因果关系，下面逐一分析。1 .转折对比关系：根据画线词的反义词猜测词义转折词：but, however, otherwise, though对比词：unlike, in contrast, while, on the other hand, r

30、ather than, instead of典例剖析Gray wolves once were seen here and there in the Yellowstone area and much of the continental United States, but they were gradually displaced by human development. By the 1920s, wolves had practically disappeared from the Yellowstone area. They went farther north into the

31、deep forests of Canada, where there were fewer humans around.What does the underlined word displaced in paragraph 2 mean?A. testedB. separated.C. forced out. D. tracked down.【答案】C【解析】画线词的前一分句说“曾经灰狼在黄石地区和大部分美洲大陆上随处可见”， 由but话锋一转，“但是由于人类的发展，它们渐渐地”。渐渐地怎么了？由后句可知“到20世纪20年代灰狼在黄石地区几乎消失了，它们去了人口稀少的加拿大森 林了”，可见

32、灰狼是因人类的发展而“被迫离开(forced out)”美国大陆去了更远的北方 加拿大，故选C项。典例剖析When the explorers first set foot upon the continent of North America, the skies and lands were alive with an astonishing variety of wildlife. Native Americans had taken care of these precious natural resources wisely.Unfortunately, it took the ex

33、plorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades to decimate a large part of these resources. Millions of waterfowl (水禽)were killed at the hands of market hunters and a handful of overly ambitious sportsmen. Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed and house the ever-increasing popul

34、ations, greatly reducing waterfowl habitat.What does the underlined word u decimate mean in the first paragraph?A. acquire.B. export.C. destroy. D. distribute.【答案】C【解析】 根据前一句 u Native Americans had taken care of these precious natural resources wisely.”可知，北美的土著人把这些珍贵的自然资源保护的很合理，本句中的 “Unfortunately”可

35、知，本句与上一句形成了转折，前一句陈述北美土著人做的好的地 方，故可知，本句阐述移民者做的不好的地方，即移民者破坏了这些自然资源，故画线 词意思是破坏。A. acquire 获得；B. export 出口； C. destroy 破坏；D. distribute 分 配。故选C。2 .比较并列关系：根据画线词的近义词猜测词义标志词：similarly, like, or, just as, and also, as well as, the same as, asas, and 等典例剖析“The Yongle Emperor improved the porcelain techniques

36、 and elevated the importance of porcelain from being an ordinary bowl into a true work of art. This small bowl has both practical and artistic value, “ McAtecr said.What does the underlined word “elevated” in Paragraph 6 probably mean?A. foresaw. B. promoted.C. assessed. D. acknowledged.【答案】B【解析】根据第

37、六段第一句中的The Yongle Emperor improved the porcelain techniques M （永乐皇帝改进了制瓷技术）和下文的from being an ordinary bowl into a true work of art.（从普通的碗变成真正的艺术品。）。当然利用关键词“and” ”可知，elevate和 improve意思一致，此处是指提高了瓷器的重要性，所以elevated意为“提高”。故选 Bo二真题练一练1. （2022新高考I卷）There are now 700 elderly people looking after hens in 20

38、care homes in the North East, and the charity has been given financial support to roll it out countrywide.Wendy Wilson, extra care manager at 60 Penfold Street, one of the first to embark on the project, said: Residents really welcome the idea of the project and the creative sessions. We are looking

39、 forward to the benefits and fun the project can bring to people here.”Lynn Lewis, director of Notting Hill Pathways, said: Wc arc happy to be taking part in the project. It will really help connect our residents through a shared interest and creative activities. 30. What do the underlined words “em

40、bark on” mean in paragraph 7?A. Improve. B. Oppose. C. Begin. D. Evaluate.2. （2022年全国甲卷）Ever since her childhood, Ginni, now 71, has had a deep love for travel. Throughout her career （职业）as a professional dancer, she toured in the UK, but always longed to explore further. When she retired from danci

41、ng and her sons eventually flew the nest, she decided it was time to take the plunge.After taking a degree at Chichester University in Related Arts, Ginni began to travel the world, eventually getting work teaching English in Japan and Chile. And it was in Chile she discovered she could get last-min

42、ute cheap deals on ships going to Antarctica from the islands off Tierra del Fuego, the southernmost tip of the South American mainland. I just decided I wanted to go,“ she says. I had no idea about what Id find there and I wasnt nervous, I just wanted to do it. And I wanted to do it alone as I alwa

43、ys prefer it that way.”28. Which of the following best explains “take the plunge, underlined in paragraph 2?A. Try challenging things.B. Take a degree.C. Bring back lost memories. D. Stick to a promise.3. （2022年新高考全国H卷）An idea from lawmakers in New York is to give police officers a new device called

44、 the Textalyzer. It would work like this: An officer arriving at the scene of a crash could ask for the phones of the drivers and use the Textalyzer to check in the operating system for recent activity. The technology could determine whether a driver had just texted, emailed or done anything else th

45、at is not allowed under New Yorks hands-free driving laws.We need something on the books that can change peoples behavior,said Felix W. Ortiz, who pushed for the states 2001 ban on hand-held devices by drivers. If the Textalyzer bill becomes law, he said, people are going to be more afraid to put th

46、eir hands on the cell phone.10. What does the underlined word something in the last paragraph refer to?A. Advice. B. Data. C. Tests. D. Laws.4. （2022年高考真题北京卷）As quantum computing attracts more attention and funding, researchers may mislead investors, journalists, the public and, worst of all, themse

47、lves about their works potential. If researchers cant keep their promises, excitement might give way to doubt, disappointment and anger, Johnson warns. Lots of other technologies have gone through stages of excitement. But something about quantum computing makes it especially prone to hype, Johnson

48、suggests, perhaps because “quantum stands for something cool you shouldnt be able to understand. And that brings me back to Taylor, who suggested that I read his book Q for Quantum.33. What does the underlined word “prone in Paragraph 3 most probably mean? A.Open. B. Cool. C. Useful. D. Resistant.5. （2022年浙江卷6月）How long we stay on the clock and how we spend that time are under careful examination in many workplaces. The