备考2023年高考二轮英语复习讲练专题 14阅读理解：主旨大意题.docx

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1、专题14阅读理解：主旨大意题备考2023年高考英语二轮复习讲练测一一讲练命题解读主旨大意题考查的是考生对文章内容的深层次理解，它要求考生在充分理解全文的前提下，对整篇文章的主旨大意有一个较为清晰的印象。主旨大意题是阅读理解中考生失分最多的题目,因为该类试题不仅考查考生略读文章、领会大意的能力，也对考生的归纳、概括能力提出了较高的要求。 文章中没有明显的解题依据，需要考生从文章中提炼、抽取一些关键词、主干句进行加工概括，才能归纳 出文章的主旨。考点分类文章大意题主旨大意题段落大意题标题归纳题主旨大意题易错点特征1 .主旨大意题干扰选项特征无中生有可能局度具有总结性，但与文章内容互不相干或相悖。偷

2、梁换柱与原文的内容极其相似，只是在某个细节处有些变动。若不留神，极易选错答案。过于笼统虽覆盖文章意思，但过于笼统。以偏概全选项只阐述了文章的一部分内容，或以文章中的细节信息或个别词作为选项的设 置内容，或文章的一个细枝末节。2 .止确项特征涵盖性强覆盖全文或全段。What can we learn from Jennifers story?A. Time is money.B Love breaks down barriers.C Hard work pays off.D. Education is the key to success.【导语】这是一篇记叙文。主要讲述了詹妮弗通过自己的不懈努

3、力最终获得学士学位的故事。【答案】C【详解】主旨大意题。根据第一段“That willpower bore fruit when Jennifer graduated from University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire and became the first in her large family to earn a bachelors degree.（当珍妮佛毕业于威斯 康星大学的欧克莱尔分校，并成为她的大家庭中第一个获得学士学位的人时，她的意志力产生了结果。）” 可知，詹妮弗通过自己的不懈努力最终获得学士学位，从她的故事中我们可以学到辛勤工作是有回报的。 故选

4、C项。6. （2021年北京卷）Early fifth-century philosopher St. Augustine famously wrote that he knew what time was unless someone asked him. Albert Einstein added another wrinkle when he theorized that time varies depending on where you measure it. Todays state-of-the-art atomic （原子的） clocks have proven Einste

5、in right. Even advanced physics cant decisively tell us what time is, because the answer depends on the question youre asking.31 What is the main idea of Paragraph 1 ?A. Timekeeping is increasingly related to nature.B. Everyone can define time on their own terms.C. The qualities of time vary with ho

6、w you measure it.D. Time is a major concern of philosophers and scientists.【导语】本文是议论文。文章通过讨论时间的定义，讲述了人们应该和大自然和谐相处，保护环境。【答案】31. B【解析】主旨大意题。根据第一段最后一句Even advanced physics cant decisively tell us what time is, because the answer depends on the question youre asking.（即使是先进的物理学也不能决定性地告诉我们时间是什么, 因为答案取决于你要

7、问的问题广以及上文列举的哲学家St. Augustine和爱因斯坦对于时间的定义可推断， 第一段主要讲述每个人都可以用自己的话来定义时间。故选B项。范围恰当涵盖文章内容既不太大，也不太小。精确性强不会改变语言表意的程度及色彩。一 文章大意题读文章标题读首尾段落/ 遍卖包田段落首尾句留意表句段关系的关联词之后的内容墨新闻报道、议论文和说明文：主题句在首段2 1文体法H元叙文、议论文:主题句一般在至右曝词语法|在文中出现频率较高的主题词 卜概括法无主题句的文章,需读者自己概括大意常见设问方式。 Whats the main idea/point of the passage? The passag

8、e is mainly about. The passage is mainly concerned about. Which of the following best states the main idea of the passage? Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea/theme of the passage? In this passage the author discusses primarily. The subject discussed in this text is. The g

9、eneral/main idea of the passage is about.解题技能解答主旨大意题，找准文章的主题句是关键。下面介绍三种快速找出主题句的方法。 根据不同文体的写作方法来定位主题句1 .记叙文一般没有明显的主题句，需要根据文中叙述的内容来概括文章大意，如果文章末段出现说理性的 句子，则这个句子为主题句。2 .新闻报道和说明文则是报道一则新闻或说明一个事物的用途或制作过程，主题句一般在首段。3 .议论文主要是论述作者的某个观点，往往采用“总一分”或“总一分一总”的模式，所以主题句常在第一段 或最后一段。二根据文章关键词定位主题句1 .在文中尤其是在首段出现表示转折的词，如bu

10、t, however, in fact, actually, instead等时，其后的内 容往往是作者真正想要表达的观点。2 .在文中出现表示总结的词，如therefore, thus, in short, conclude等，其后的内容往往是文章的主题。3 .若首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答可能是文章的主题。三高频词复现全文中无明显主题句时: 可以利用文章中的高频词来提炼主题句。任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的, 因此，有的文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词。抓住了它, 便容易抓住文章的中心。典例剖析（2022年全国甲卷）As Ginni Bazli

11、nton reached Antarctica, she found herself greeted by a group of little Gentoo penguins （企鹅） longing to say hello. These gentle, lovely gatekeepers welcomed her and kick-started what was to be a trip Ginni would never forget.Ever since her childhood, Ginni, now 71, has had a deep love fbr travelThe

12、realization that this is a precious land, to be respected by humans, was one of the biggest things that hit home to Ginni.31. What is the text mainly about?A. A childhood dream.B. An unforgettable experience.C. Sailing around the world.D. Meeting animals in Antarctica.【导语】文章主要介绍了 71岁的Ginni Balinton从

13、小就对旅行有着深深的热爱，渴望探险，不再跳舞和 孩子们成家立业之后，她开始周游世界，并在2008年开始了前往南极洲的旅程。【答案】B【解析】主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章主要讲述了 Ginni Balinton去南极旅行的经历，再根据第一段 “These gentle lovely gatekeepers welcomed her and kick-started what was to be a trip Ginni would never forget. （这些温柔可爱的接待员们迎接了 Ginni并开启了她终身难忘的一次旅行。厂和倒数第二段Ginni Balinton 对南极之旅的评价可知

14、，文章主要介绍了 Ginni Balinton去南极洲之旅让她非常难忘。由此可知，An unforgettable experience.（一次难忘的经历）能够概括文章主旨。故选B。-段落大意题段首段尾段首：主题句多为段首一两句（观点或对象）-段尾：主题句也常为段尾句（结论或总结）首尾兼顾法寻找主题句）主题句有时在段中（前面的话是为 段中I引出主题）无主题句有时没有主题句，需根据段落内容自己 概括常见设问方式 What does the author tell us in Paragraph .? The main idea of the second paragraph probably i

15、s. The first paragraph is mainly about. Which of the following can best summarize Para. 1 ? What is the first paragraph mainly about?解题技能解答段落大意题跟文章大意题一样，要先找出主题句，对于没有明确主题句的段落，要结合全段的意思归 纳大意。以下两种方法有助于确定段落大意。一段落组织结构找主题句1.总一分主题句在段首2.分一总主题句在段尾3.分一总一分主题句在段中4 .总分一总首句和末句，内容几乎完全一致5.平铺型无明确主题句二根据文章关键词定位主题句1 .段落

16、中出现表示转折的词语(如however, but, in fact, actually等)时，该句引出的很可能是主题句。2 .首段出现疑问句时，对该问句的回答很可能就是文章主旨。3 .作者有意识地重复的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。4 .表示总结或结论的句子常包含therefore, thus, in short, conclude, conclusion等词，通常是主旨。典例剖析Terrafugia Inc. said Monday that its new flying car has completed its first flight, bringing

17、 the company closer to its goal of selling the flying car within the next year. The vehicle named the Transition - has two seats, four wheels and wings that fold up so it can be driven like a car. The Transition, which flew at 1,400 feet for eight minutes last month, can reach around 70 miles per ho

18、ur on the road and 115 in the air. It flies using a 23-gallon tank of gas and bums 5 gallons per hour in the air. On the ground, it gets 35 miles per gallon.28 . What is the first paragraph mainly about?A. The basic data of the Transition.B. The advantages of flying cars.C. The potential market fbr

19、flying cars.D. The designers of the Transition.【导语】文章主要介绍了 71岁的GinniBalinton从小就对旅行有着深深的热爱，渴望探险，不再跳舞和 孩子们成家立业之后，她开始周游世界，并在2008年开始了前往南极洲的旅程。【答案】B【解析】段落大意题。该段没有主题句，但是从以下几个方面说明了飞车the Transition的相关情况：制造 商：Terrafiigia Inc.；首飞成功：completed its first flight；上市时间：within the next year；飞车名字：the Transition ; 飞车构

20、成：two seats, four wheels and wings； 飞行时速：around 70 miles per hour on the road and 115 in the air；耗油:5 gallons per hour in the air; On the ground, 35 miles per gallon 等以上信息可以看出这一段主要描 述了一些基本数据。三标题归纳题针对性内涵相符，范围一致四大特性概括性概括全文，体现主旨新颖性新颖奇特，吸引眼球简短性一名词短语，动名词短语或祈使句析章取义仅为文中一细十文章标题以儡概全 、离题太远主题词法根据主题句，提炼主题词方法一写作

21、法以此作标题，我应怎么写常见设问方式 The best title of the passage is. Which of the following is the best title of the passage? What would be the best title fbr the passage? The most appropriate title of the passage is.解题技能 标题的3大特点1 .概括性一准确而又简短；2 .针对性标题外延正好与文章内容相符；3 .醒目性一激发读者的阅读欲望。二巧用3大方法确定文章标题1 .概括度：所选标题必须能概括全文中心内容，

22、可以是对文章关键词语的概括，也可以是对论点或各段 意的综合概括。2 .新颖度：观察选项是否严谨、新颖。标题是文章的眼睛，既要严谨，也要新颖。典例剖析（2022年北京卷）Quantum （ 量子 ）computers have been on my mind a lot lately. A friend has been sending me articles on how quantum computers might help solve some of the biggest challenges we face as humans. Tve also had exchanges with

23、 two quantum-computing experts. One is computer scientist Chris Johnson who I see as someone who helps keep the field honest. The other is physicist Philip Taylor.For decades, quantum computing has been little more than a laboratory curiosity. Now, big tech companies have invested in quantum computi

24、ng, as have many smaller ones.Could PyQuantum really be leading all the competition “by a wide margin”, as Taylor claims? I dont know. Im certainly not going to advise my friend or anyone else to invest in quantum computers. But I trust Taylor, just as I trust Johnson.14. Which would be the best tit

25、le fbr the passage?A. Is Johnson More Competent Than Taylor?B , Is Quantum Computing Redefining Technology?C. Will Quantum Computers Ever Come into Being?D. Will Quantum Computing Ever Live Up to Its Hype?【导语】本文是一篇议论文。主要论述了“量子计算真的会像它的宣传那样成功吗？ ”，计算机科学家克里 斯约翰逊和物理学家菲利普泰勒分别阐明了自己的观点。【答案】D【解析】主旨大意题。根据第二自然

26、段“Now, big tech companies have invested in quantum computing, as have many smaller ones. According to Business Weekly, quantum machines could help us “cure cancer, and even take steps to turn climate change in the opposite direction. This is the sort of hype （ 炒作 ）that annoys Johnson.（ 现 在，大型科技公司和许多

27、小型公司都在量子计算领域进行了投资。据商业周刊报道，量子机器可以帮 助我们“治愈癌症，甚至采取措施将气候变化转向相反的方向。这种炒作让约翰逊感到恼火。“）”以及最后一段“Could PyQuantum really be leading all the competition “by a wide margin”, as Taylor claims? I dont know. Im certainly not going to advise my friend or anyone else to invest in quantum computers. （PyQuantum 真的能 像泰勒所说

28、的那样“以巨大的优势”领先所有竞争对手吗？我不知道。我当然不会建议我的朋友或其他人投 资量子计算机。但我信任泰勒，就像我信任约翰逊一样。）”可知，本文主要论述了“量子计算真的会像它的 宣传那样成功吗？”，计算机科学家克里斯约翰逊和物理学家菲利普泰勒分别阐明了自己的观点。所以短 文的最佳标题为“量子计算真的会像它的宣传那样成功吗？:故选D。四真题练一练1.（2022年全国乙卷）Can a small group of drones （无人机）guarantee the safety and reliability of railways and, at the same time, help r

29、ailway operators save billions of euros each year? That is the very likely future of applying todays eyes in the sky“ technology to make sure that the millions of kilometres of rail tracks and infrastructure （基础设施） worldwide are safe for trains on a 24/7 basis.Drones are already being used to examin

30、e high-tension electrical lines. They could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correct position of railway tracks and switching points. The more regularly they can be inspected, the more railway safety, reliability and on-t

31、ime performance will be improved. Costs would be cut and operations would be more efficient （高效）across the board.That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel safety. It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a yea

32、r on maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. That can be dangerous work that could be avoided with drones assisting the crews efforts.By using the latest technologies, drones could also start providing higher-value services fbr

33、 railways, detecting faults in the rail or switches, before they can cause any safety problems. To perform these tasks, drones fbr rail dont need to be flying overhead. Engineers are now working on a new concept: the rail drones of the future. They will be moving on the track ahead of the train, and

34、 programmed to run autonomously. Very small drones with advanced sensors and AI and travelling ahead of the train could guide it like a co-pilot. With their ability to see ahead, they could signal any problem, so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time.31. Which is the most suitable t

35、itle fbr the text?A. What Faults Can Be Detected with DronesB How Production of Drones Can Be ExpandedC. What Difficulty Drone Development Will FaceD. How Drones Will Change the Future of Railways【导语】本文是一篇说明文。应用今天的“空中之眼”的技术，无人机能在保证铁路安全可靠的同时又能帮 助铁路运营商每年节省数十亿欧元。【答案】D【解析】主旨大意题。根据第一段“Can a small group o

36、f drones（无人机）guarantee the safety and reliability of railways and, at the same time, help railway operators save billions of euros each year? That is the very likely future of applying todays “eyes in the sky“ technology to make sure that the millions of kilometers of rail tracks and infrastructure（

37、基础设施）worldwide are safe for trains on a24/7 basis.（一小群无人机能否在保证铁路安全可 靠的同时，帮助铁路运营商每年节省数十亿欧元？这很可能是应用今天的“空中之眼”技术的未来，以确保 全球数百万公里的铁路轨道和基础设施全天候安全运行。厂以及后文第二段讲到了使用无人机检查电力线 路使无人机应用于铁路线路成为可能;第三段讲到了使用无人机大幅节省维护成本和更好地保护铁路人员 安全；第四段讲到了通过使用最新的技术，无人机还可以开始为铁路提供更高的价值，可知文章主要讲述 了无人机将如何改变铁路的未来，所以D项“无人机将如何改变铁路的未来。”符合文章中心思想

38、，适合作 为本文的最佳标题。故选D。2. （2021年全国甲卷）Who is a genius? This question has greatly interested humankind fbr centuries.Lets state clearly: Einstein was a genius. His face is almost the international symbol for genius. But we want to go beyond one man and explore the nature of genius itself. Why is it that so

39、me people are so much more intelligent or creative than the rest of us? And who are they?Heres the good news. In a wired world with constant global communication, were all positioned to see flashes of genius wherever they appear. And the more we look, the more we will see that social factors（因素）like

40、 gender, race, and class do not determine the appearance of genius. As a writer says, future geniuses come from those with intelligence, creativity, perseverance（毅力），and simple good fortune, who are able to change the world.15. What is the best title for the text?A. Geniuses Think AlikeB. Genius Tak

41、es Many FormsC. Genius and IntelligenceD. Genius and Luck【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章由问题“谁是天才？”引入，论述了世人对天才的狭隘定义，提出事实上“天 才”有很多种形式，不要让思维限制了我们的“天才”能力。【答案】B【解析】主旨大意题。根据文章的主要内容，结合文章第一段提出问题“Who is a genius?（谁是天才）”和 最后一段的“As a writer says, future geniuses come from those with intelligence, creativity, perseverance, and

42、simple geniuses, who are able to change the world.”（正如一位作家所说，未来的天才来自那些具有“智慧、创 造力、毅力和那些能够改变世界的简单天才。可知，天才不一定是那些有巨大贡献的人，他们也可以是 某一方面比较突出的普通人。由此可知B项“天才有多种形式”可以作为本文最佳标题。故选B。3. （2021年全国乙卷）Youve heard that plastic is polluting the oceans between 4.8 and 12.7 million tonnes enter ocean ecosystems every year.

43、 But does one plastic straw or cup really make a difference? Artist Benjamin Von Wong wants you to know that it does. He builds massive sculptures out of plastic garbage, forcing viewers to re-examine their relationship to single-use plastic products.In a piece from 2018, Von Wong wanted to illustra

44、te （说明）a specific statistic: Every 60 seconds, a truckloads worth of plastic enters the ocean. For this work, titled Truckload of Plastic,Von Wong and a group of volunteers collected more than 10,000 pieces of plastic, which were then tied together to look like theyd been dumped （彳顷侄U） from a truck

45、all at once.Von Wong hopes that his work will also help pressure big companies to reduce their plastic footprint31. Which of the following can be the best title fbr the text? A. Artists, Opinions on Plastic SafetyB Media Interest in Contemporary ArtC. Responsibility Demanded of Big CompaniesD. Ocean

46、 Plastics Transformed into Sculptures【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了艺术家Benjamin Von Wong用塑料垃圾制作了一个巨大的雕塑作 品，让人们通过这个雕塑重新审视自己与一次性塑料制品的关系。此外他在2018的一件作品“Truckloadof Plastic”说明了每60秒，就有一卡车塑料进入海洋。Von Wong通过用塑料垃圾制造巨型雕塑来唤醒和提高 人们的环保意识。【答案】D【解析】标题判断题。通读全文，结合第一段“But does one plastic straw or cup really make a difference? Art

47、ist Benjamin Von Wong wants you to know that it does. He builds massive sculptures out of plastic garbage, forcing viewers to re-examine their relationship to single-use plastic products.（但一根塑料吸管或一个塑料杯真的有什 么区别吗？艺术家本杰明冯王（Benjamin Von Wong）想让你知道，它确实如此。他用塑料垃圾建造巨大的 雕塑，迫使观众重新审视他们与一次性塑料产品的关系。厂和倒数第二段“In a

48、piece form 2018, Von Wong wanted to illustrate（说明）a specific statistic: Every 60 seconds, a truckloads worth of plastic enters the ocean. For this work, titled Truckload of Plastic/ Von Wong and a group of volunteers collected more than 10,000 pieces of plastic, which were then tied together to look like theyd been dumped（倾侄ij） from a truck all at once.（在 2018年的一个作品中，冯王（V