新《试卷》2000年考研英语真题18.pdf

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1、绝密启用前英语英语（科目代码：201）考生注意事项1.答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号，并涂写考生编号信息点。2.考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷条形码粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由考生自负。3.选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。4.填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂写部分必须使用 2B 铅笔填涂。5.考试结束，将

2、答题卡和试题册按规定交回。（以下信息考生必须认真填写）考生编号考生姓名2000 年全国硕士研究生招生考试Section I Use of English Directions:For each numbered blank in the following passage,there are four choices marked A,B,C,and D.Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a

3、pencil.(10 points)If a farmer wishes to succeed,he must try to keep a wide gap between his consumption and his production.He must store a large quantity of grain 1 consuming all his grain immediately.He can continue to support himself and his family 2 he produces a surplus.He must use this surplus i

4、n three ways:as seed for sowing,as an insurance_3_the unpredictable effects of bad weather and as a commodity which he must sell in order to 4 old agricultural implements and obtain chemical fertilizers to_5_the soil.He may also need money to construct irrigation-2 _and improve his farm in other way

5、s.If no surplus is available,a farmer cannot be 7.He must either sell some of his property or 8 extra funds in the form of loans.Naturally he will try to borrow money at a low_9 of interest,but loans of this kind are not 10 obtainable.1.AJ other thanBJ as well as CJ instead of DJ more than 2.AJ only

6、 ifBJ much as CJ long before DJ ever smce 3.AJ forBJ against CJ of DJ towards 4.AJ replaceBJ purchase CJ supplement DJ dispose 5.AJ enhanceBJ mlX CJ feed DJ raise 6.AJ vesselsBJ routes CJ paths DJ channels 7.AJ self-confidentBJ self-sufficient CJ self-satisfied DJ self-restrained 8.AJ searchBJ save

7、CJ offer DJ seek 9.AJ proportionBJ percentage CJ rate DJ ratio 10.AJ genuinelyBJ obviously CJ presumably DJ frequently Section II Reading Comprehension PartA Directions:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions.For each question there are four answers marked A,B,C and D.Read the passa

8、ges carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions.Then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets.(40 points)Text 1 A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap,but,if properly handled,it may become a driving f

9、orce.When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War,it had a market eight times larger than any competitor,giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale.Its scientists were the worlds best;its workers the most skilled.America and Americans wer

10、e prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer.Just as inevitably,the retreat from predominance proved painful.By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at

11、a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness.Some huge American industries,such as consumer electronics,had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition.By 1987 there was only one American television maker left,Zenith.(Now there is none:Zenith was bought by South Koreas LG Electronic

12、s in July.)Foreign-made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market.Americas machine-tool industry was on the ropes.For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors,which America had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age,was going to be the next casualt

13、y.All of this caused a crisis of confidence.Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted.They began to believe that their way of doing business was failing,and that their incomes would therefore shortly begin to fall as well.The mid-1980s brought one inquiry after another into the causes of Ameri

14、ca s industrial decline.Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas.How things have changed!In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling.Few Americans attribute this solely to such

15、 obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle.Self-doubt has yielded to blind pride.American industry has changed its structure,has gone on a diet,has learnt to be more quick-witted,according to Richard Cavanaugh,executive dean of Harvard s Kennedy School of Government.It

16、 makes me proud to be an American just to see how our businesses are improving their productivity,says Stephen Moore of the Cato Institute,a think-tank in Washington,DC.And William Sahlman of the Harvard Business School believes that people will look back on this period as a golden age of business m

17、anagement in the United States.-2-11.The U.S.achieved its predominance after World War II because _ _A it had made painstaking efforts towards this goal.B its domestic market was eight times larger than before.C the war had destroyed the economies of most potential competitors.D the unparalleled siz

18、e of its workforce had given an impetus to its economy.12.The loss of U.S.predominance in the world economy in the 1980s is manifested in the fact that theAmerican-A TV industry had withdrawn to its domestic market.B semiconductor industry had been taken over by foreign enterprises.C machine-tool in

19、dustry had collapsed after suicidal actions.D auto industry had lost part of its domestic market.13.What can be inferred from the passage?A It is human nature to shift between self-doubt and blind pride.B Intense competition may contribute to economic progress.C The revival of the economy depends on

20、 international cooperation.D A long history of success may pave the way for further development.14.The author seems to believe the revival of the U.S.economy in the 1990s can be attributed tothe _ _ A turning of the business cycle B restructuring of industry C improved business management D success

21、in education-3-Text2 Being a man has always been dangerous.There are about 105 males born for every 100 females,but this ratio drops to near balance at the age of maturity,and among 70-year-olds there are twice as many women as men.But the great universal of male mortality is being changed.Now,boy b

22、abies survive almost as well as girls do.This means that,for the first time,there will be an excess of boys in those crucial years when they are searching for a mate.More important,another chance for natural selection has been removed.Fifty years ago,the chance of a baby(particularly a boy baby)surv

23、iving depended on its weight.A kilogram too light or too heavy meant almost certain death.Today it makes almost no difference.Since much of the variation is due to genes,one more agent of evolution has gone.There is another way to commit evolutionary suicide:stay alive,but have fewer children.Few pe

24、ople are as fertile as in the past.Except in some religious communities,very few women have 15 children.Nowadays the number of births,like the age of death,has become average.Most of us have roughly the same number of offspring.Again,differences between people and the opportunity for natural selecti

25、on to take advantage of it have diminished.India shows what is happening.The country offers wealth for a few in the great cities and poverty for the remaining tribal peoples.The grand mediocrity of today-everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring-means that natural selection has los

26、t 80%of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribes.For us,this means that evolution is over;the biological Utopia has arrived.Strangely,it has involved little physical change.No other species fills so many places in nature.But in the past 100,000 years-even the past 100 years-our l

27、ives have been transformed but our bodies have not.We did not evolve,because machines and society did it for us.Darwin had a phrase to describe those ignorant of evolution:they look at an organic being as a savage looks at a ship,as at something wholly beyond his comprehension.No doubt we will remem

28、ber a 20th century way of life beyond comprehension for its ugliness.But however amazed our descendants may be at how far from Utopia we were,they will look just like us.-4-15.What used to be the danger in being a man according to the first paragraph?A A lack of mates.B A fierce competition.C A lowe

29、r survival rate.D A defective gene.16.What does the example of India illustrate?A Wealthy people tend to have fewer children than poor people.B Natural selection hardly works among the rich and the poor.C The middle class population is 80%smaller than that of the tribes.D India is one of the countri

30、es with a very high birth rate.17.The author argues that our bodies have stopped evolving because _ _A life has been improved by technological advance B the number of female babies has been declining C our species has reached the highest stage of evolution D the difference between wealth and poverty

31、 is disappearing18.Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?A Sex Ratio Changes in Human Evolution.BJ Ways of Continuing Mans Evolution.C The Evolutionary Future of Nature.D Human Evolution Going Nowhere.-5-Text3 When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion,it is advisa

32、ble to find out what its advocates are aiming at,for,however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today,it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal.With regard to Futurist poetry,however,the case is rather difficult,for whatever Futurist poetry may be-even ad

33、mitting that the theory on which it is based may be right-it can hardly be classed as Literature.This,in brief,is what the Futurist says:for a century,past conditions of life have been conditionally speeding up,till now we live in a world of noise and violence and speed.Consequently,our feelings,tho

34、ughts and emotions have undergone a corresponding change.This speeding up of life,says the Futurist,requires a new form of expression.We must speed up our literature too,if we want to interpret modem stress.We must pour out a large stream of essential words,unhampered by stops,or qualifying adjectiv

35、es,or finite verbs.Instead of describing sounds we must make up words that imitate them;we must use many sizes of type and different colored inks on the same page,and shorten or lengthen words at will.Certainly their descriptions of battles are confused.But it is a little upsetting to read in the ex

36、planatory notes that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river-and then to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers:Pluff1 Pluff1 A hundred and eighty-five kilograms.

37、This,though it fulfills the laws and requirements of Futurist poetry,can hardly be classed as Literature.All the same,no thinking man can refuse to accept their first proposition:that a great change in our emotional life calls for a change of expression.The whole question is really this:have we esse

38、ntially changed?-6-19.This passage is mainly _ _A a survey of new approaches to art B a review of Futurist poetry C about merits of the Futurist movement D about laws and requirements of literature20.When a novel literary idea appears,people should try to _ _A determine its purposes B ignore its fla

39、ws C follow the new fashions D accept the principles21.Futurists claim that we must _ _A increase the production of literature B use poetry to relieve modern stress C develop new modes of expressionD avoid using adjectives and verbs22.The author believes that Futurist poetry is _ _A based on reasona

40、ble principles B new and acceptable to ordinary people C indicative of a basic change in human natureD more of a transient phenomenon than literature-7-Text 4 Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe.B

41、ut increasingly the Japanese are seeing a decline of the traditional work-moral values.Ten years ago young people were hardworking and saw their jobs as their primary reason for being,but now Japan has largely fulfilled its economic needs,and young people dont know where they should go next.The comi

42、ng of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teen-agers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japans rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs.In a recent survey,it was found

43、that only 24.5 percent of Japanese students were fully satisfied with school life,compared with 67.2 percent of students in the United States.In addition,far more Japanese workers expressed dissatisfaction with their jobs than did their counterparts in the 10 other countries surveyed.While often pra

44、ised by foreigners for its emphasis on the basics,Japanese education tends to stress test taking and mechanical learning over creativity and self-expression.Those things that do not show up in the test scores-personality,ability,courage or humanity-are completely ignored,says Toshiki Kaifu,chairman

45、of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party s education committee.Frustration against this kind of thing leads kids to drop out and run wild.Last year Japan experienced 2,125 incidents of school violence,including 929 assaults on teachers.Amid the outcry,many conservative leaders are seeking a return to

46、the prewar emphasis on moral education.Last year Mitsuo Setoyama,who was then education minister,raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War II had weakened the Japanese morality of respect for parents.But that may have more t

47、o do with Japanese life-styles.In Japan,says educator Yoko Muro,its never a question of whether you enjoy your job and your life,but only how much you can endure.With economic growth has come centralization;fully 76 percent of Japans 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extend

48、ed family have been abandoned in favor of isolated,two-generation households.Urban Japanese have long endured lengthy commutes(travels to and from work)and crowded living conditions,but as the old group and family values weaken,the discomfort is beginning to tell.In the past decade,the Japanese divo

49、rce rate,while still well below that of the United States,has increased by more than 50 percent,and suicides have increased by nearly one-quarter.-8-23.In the Westerners eyes,the postwar Japan was _ _A under aimless developmentBJ a positive example C a rival to the West D on the decline24.According

50、to the author,what may chiefly be responsible for the moral decline of Japanesesociety?A Womens participation in social activities is limited.B More workers are dissatisfied with their jobs.C Excessive emphasis has been placed on the basics.D The life-style has been influenced by Western values.25.W