新《试卷》2011年考研英语二真题18.pdf

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1、绝密启用前英语（二）英语（二）（科目代码：204）考生注意事项1.答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号，并涂写考生编号信息点。2.考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷条形码粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由考生自负。3.选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。4.填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂写部分必须使用 2B 铅笔填涂。5.

2、考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。（以下信息考生必须认真填写）考生编号考生姓名2011 年全国硕士研究生招生考试2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题Section I Use of English Directions:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)The Internet affords anonymity to its users,a blessing to pri

3、vacy and freedom of speech.But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has 1 across the Web.Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly 3?Last month,Howard Schmidt,the nations cyber-czar,offered the federal government a 4 to

4、 make the Web a safer place-a voluntary trusted identity system that would be the high-tech 5 of a physical key,a fingerprint and a photo ID card,all rolled 6 one.The system might use a smart identity card,or a digital credential 7 to a specific computer,and would authenticate users at a range of on

5、line services.The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identity systems.Users could 9 which system to join,and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems.The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet drivers license 10 by the g

6、overnment.Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these single signon systems that make it possible for users to 11 just once but use many different services.12,the approach would create a walled garden in cyberspace,with safe neighborhoods and bright streetlights to establish a s

7、ense of a 13 community.Mr.Schmidt described it as a voluntary ecosystem in which individuals and orgamzat10ns can complete onlme transact10ns with 14,trustmg the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure 15 which the transaction runs.Still,th e adm1mstratlons plan has 16 pnva

8、cy rights activists.Some applaud the approach;others are concerned.It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would 17 be a compulsory Internet drivers license mentality.The plan has also been greeted with 18 by some computer security experts,who worry that the voluntary eco

9、system envisioned by Mr.Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet 19.They argue that all Internet users should be 20 to register and identify themselves,in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.-1-1.A sweptB skippedC walkedD ridden2.A forB withinC whileD though3.A

10、careless B lawlessC pointlessD helpless4.A reasonB reminder C compromiseD proposal5.A informationB interferenceC entertammentD equivalent6.A byB intoC fromD over7.A linkedB directedC chainedD compared8.A dismissB discoverC createD improve9.A recallB suggestC selectD realize10.A releasedB issuedC dis

11、tributedD delivered11.A carry onB linger onC set inD log in12.A In vainB In effectC In returnD In contrast13.A trusted B modernizedC thrivingD competing14.A cautionB delightC confidenceD patience15.A onB afterC beyondD across16.A dividedB disappointed C protectedD united17.A frequentlyB incidentally

12、C occasionallyD eventually18.A skepticismB tolerance C indifferenceD enthusiasm19.A manageableB defendableC vulnerableD invisible20.A invitedB appointedC allowedD forcedSection II Reading Comprehension Part A Directions:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions after each text by choosing A

13、,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)-2-Text 1 Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachss board as an outside director in January 2000;a year later she became president of Brown University.For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much criticism.But

14、by the end of 2009 Ms.Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldmans compensation con皿ittee;how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked?By February the next year Ms.Simmons had left the board.The position was just taking up too much time,she said.Outside directors are supp

15、osed to serve as helpful,yet less biased,advisers on a伍ms board.Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere,they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executives proposals.If the sky,and the share price is falling,outside directors should be able to give advice

16、based on having weathered their own crises.The researchers from Ohio University used a database that covered more than 10,000 firms and more than 64,000 different directors between 1989 and 2004.Then they simply checked which directors stayed from one proxy statement to the next.The most likely reas

17、on for departing a board was age,so the researchers concentrated on those surprise disappearances by directors under the age of 70.They found that after a surprise departure,the probability that the company will subsequently have to restate earnings increases by nearly 20%.The likelihood of being na

18、med in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases,and the stock is likely to perform worse.The effect tended to be larger for larger firms.Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive,it does not mean that such directors are always jumping o

19、ff a sinking ship.Often they trade up,leaving riskier,smaller伍ms for larger and more stable firms.But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks,even if a review of history shows they were on

20、the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred.Firms who want to keep their outside directors through tough times may have to create incentives.Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms.Simmons,once again very popular on campus.-3-21.According to Paragraph 1,Ms.Simmons was criticized

21、for.A gaining excessive profitsB failing to fulfill her dutyC refusing to make compromisesD leaving the board in tough times22.We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors are supposed to be.A generous investorsB unbiased executivesC share price forecastersD independent advisers23.According to t

22、he researchers from Ohio University,after an outside directors surprise departure,the firm is likely to.A become more stableB report increased earningsC do less well in the stock marketD perform worse in lawsuits24.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors.A may stay for the

23、attractive offers from the firmB have often had records of wrongdoings in the伍mC are accustomed to stress-free work in the firmD will decline incentives from the firm25.The authors attitude toward the role of outside directors isA perm1ss1veB positiveC scornfulD critical-4-Text2 Whatever happened to

24、 the death of newspapers?A year ago the end seemed near.The recession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not already fled to the internet.News a ers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chroniclin their own doom.Americas Federal Trade Commission launched a round of talks abou

25、t how to save newspapers.Should they become charitable corporations?Should the state subsidize them?It will hold another meeting soon.But the discussions now seem out of date.In much of the world there is little sign of crisis.German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession.Even American

26、 newspapers,which inhabit the most troubled corner of the global industry,have not only survived but often returned to profit.Not the 20%profit margins that were routine a few years ago,but profit all the same.It has not been much fun.Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard.The Am

27、erican Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007.Readers are paying more for slimmer products.Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs.Yet these desperate measures have proved the right ones and,sadly for many journalists,they can be p

28、ushed further.Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses,with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers.American papers have long been highly unusual in their reliance on ads.Fully 87%of their revenues came from advertising in 2008,according to the Organization for Economic Coop

29、eration&Development(OECD).In Japan the proportion is 35%.Not surprisingly,Japanese newspapers are much more stable.The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody,but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspapers are least distinctive.Car and film reviewers have gone

30、.So have science and general business reporters.Foreign bureaus have been savagely cut off.Newspapers are less complete as a result.But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business.-5-26.By saying Newspapers liketheir own doom(Lines3-4,Para.1),the authorindicates that newspapersA neg

31、lected the sign of crisisB failed to get state subsidiesC were not charitable corporationsD were in a desperate situation27.Some newspapers refused delivery to distant suburbs probably because.A readers threatened to pay lessB newspapers wanted to reduce costsC journalists reported little about thes

32、e areasD subscribers complained about slimmer products28.Compared with their American counterparts,Japanese newspapers are muchmore stable because they.A have more sources of revenueB have more balanced newsroomsC are less dependent on advertisingD are less affected by readership29.What can be infer

33、red from the last paragraph about the current newspaperbusiness?A Distinctiveness is an essential feature of newspapers.B Completeness is to blame for the failure of newspaper.C Foreign bureaus play a crucial role in the newspaper business.D Readers have lost their interest in car and film reviews.3

34、0.The most appropriate title for this text would be.AAmerican Newspapers:Struggling for SurvivalBAmerican Newspapers:Gone with the WindCAmerican Newspapers:A ThrivingBusinessDAmerican Newspapers:A Hopeless Story-6-Text3 We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War II as a time of

35、prosperity and growth,with soldiers returning home by the millions,going off to college on the G.I.Bill and lining up at the marriage bureaus.But when it came to their houses,it was a time of common sense and a belief that less could truly be more.During the Depression and the war,Americans had lear

36、ned to live with less,and that restraint,in combination with the postwar confidence in the future,made small,efficient housing positively stylish.Economic condition was only a stimulus for the trend toward efficient living.The phrase less is more was actually first popularized by a German,the archit

37、ect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe,who like other people associated with the Bauhaus,a school of design,emigrated to the United States before World War II and took up posts at American architecture schools.These designers came to exert enormous influence on the course of American architecture,but none mor

38、e so than Mies.Miess signature phrase means that less decoration,properly organized,has more impact than a lot.Elegance,he believed,did not derive from abundance.Like other modern architects,he employed metal,glass and laminated wood materials that we take for granted today but that in the 1940s sym

39、bolized the future.Miess sophisticated presentation masked the fact that the spaces he designed were small and efficient,rather than big and often empty.The apartments in the elegant towers Mies built on Chicagos Lake Shore Drive,for example,were smallertwo-bedroom units under 1,000 square feet than

40、 those in their older neighbors along the citys Gold Coast.But they were popular because of their airy glass walls,the views they afforded and the elegance of the buildings details and proportions,the architectural equivalent of the abstract art so popular at the time.The trend toward less was not e

41、ntirely foreign.In the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wright started building more modest and efficient housesusually around 1,200 square feetthan the spreading two-story ones he had designed in the 1890s and the early 20th century.The Case Study Houses commissioned from talented modern architects by California

42、Arts&Architecture magazine between 1945 and 1962 were yet another homegrown influence on the less is more trend.Aesthetic effect came from the landscape,new materials and forthright detailing.In his Case Study House,Ralph Rapson may have mispredicted just how the mechanical revolution would impact e

43、veryday lifefew American families acquired helicopters,though most eventually got clothes dryersbut his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable was widely shared.-7-31.The postwar American housing style largely reflected the Americans.A prosperity and growth B efficiency and p

44、racticality C restraint and confidence D pride and faithfulness 32.Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3 about the Bauhaus?A It was founded by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.B Its designing concept was affected by World War II.C Most American architects used to be associated with it.D It

45、 had a great influence upon American architecture.33.Mies held that elegance of architectural design.A was related to large space B was identified with emptiness C was not reliant on abundant decorat10n D was not associated with efficiency 34.What is true about the apartments Mies built on Chicagos

46、Lake Shore Drive?A They ignored details and proportions.B They were built with materials popular at that time.C They were more spacious than neighboring buildings.D They shared some characteristics of abstract art.35.What can we learn about the design of the Case Study Houses?A Mechanical devices we

47、re widely used.B Natural scenes were taken into consideration.C Details were sacrificed for the overall effect.D Eco-friendly materials were employed.-8-Text4 Will the European Union make it?The question would have sounded strange not long ago.Now even the projects greatest cheerleaders talk of a co

48、ntinent facing a Bermuda triangle of debt,population decline and lower growth.As well as those chronic problems,the EU faces an acute crisis in its economic core,the 16 countries that use the single currency.Markets have lost faith that the euro zones economies,weaker or stronger,will one day conver

49、ge thanks to the discipline of sharing a single currency,which denies uncompetitive members the quick fix of devaluation.Yet the debate about how to save Europes single currency from disintegration is stuck.It is stuck because the euro zones dominant powers,France and Germany,agree on the need for g

50、reater harmonisation within the euro zone,but disagree about what to harmonise.Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rules on borrowing,spending and competitiveness,backed by quasi-automatic sanctions for governments that do not obey.These might include threats to freeze EU funds for poo