新《试卷》2008年考研英语真题18.pdf

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1、绝密启用前英语英语（科目代码：201）考生注意事项1.答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号，并涂写考生编号信息点。2.考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷条形码粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由考生自负。3.选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。4.填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂写部分必须使用 2B 铅笔填涂。5.考试结束，将

2、答题卡和试题册按规定交回。（以下信息考生必须认真填写）考生编号考生姓名2008 年全国硕士研究生招生考试Directions:2008年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of English Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than other

3、s is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name.But Gregory Cochran is 1 to say it anyway.He is that 2 bird,a scientist who works independently 3 any institution.He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not 4 thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections,which aroused

4、much controversy when it was first suggested.5 he,however,might tremble at the 6 of what he is about to do.Together with another two scientists,he is publishing a paper which not only 7 that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others,but explains the process that has brought this abou

5、t.The group in 8 are a particular people originated from central Europe.The process is naturalselection.This group generally do well in IQ test,9 12-15 points above the 10 value of 100,and have contributed 11 to the intellectual and cultural life of the West,as the 12 of their elites,including sever

6、al world-renowned scientists,13.They also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases,such as breast cancer.These facts,14,have previously been thought unrelated.The former has been 15 to social effects,such as a strong tradition of 16 education.The latter was seen as

7、a(an)17 of genetic isolation.Dr.Cochran suggests that the intelligence and diseases are intimately 18.His argument is that the unusual history of these people has 19 them to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this 20 state of affairs.-1-1.A selected B preparedC obligedD pleased2.A u

8、nique B particularC specialD rare3.A of B withC inD against4.A subsequently B presentlyC previouslyD lately5.A Only B SoC EvenD Hence6.A thought B sightC costD risk7.A advises B suggests C protestsD objects8.A progress B factC needD question9.A attainingB scoring C reachingD calculating10.A normal B

9、 commonC meanD total11.A unconsciously B disproportionatelyC indefinitelyD unaccountably12.A missions B fortunesC interestsD careers13.A affi而B witnessC observeD approve14.A moreover B thereforeC howeverD meanwhile15.A given up B got overC carried onD put down16.A assessing B supervisingCadministeri

10、ngD valuing17.A developmentB origin C consequenceD instrument18.A linked B integratedC wovenD combined19.A limited B subjectedC convertedD directed20.A paradoxical B incompatibleC inevitableD continuousSection II Reading Comprehension Part A Directions:Read the following four texts.Answer the questi

11、ons below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40points)-2-Text 1 While still catching up to men in some spheres of modem life,women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category.Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety di

12、sorders in response to stress compared to men,according to Dr.Yehuda,chief psychiatrist at New Yorks Veterans Administration Hospital.Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response,causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemica

13、ls than do males under the same conditions.In several of the studies,when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries(the female reproductive organs)removed,their chemical responses became equal to those of the males.Adding to a womans increased dose of stress chemicals,are her increased opportunitie

14、s for stress.Its not necessarily that women dont cope as well.Its just that they have so much more to cope with,says Dr.Y ehuda.Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than mens,she observes,its just that theyre dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more

15、 visibly and sooner.Dr.Y ehuda notes another difference between the sexes.I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature.Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress.Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence.The kinds of

16、 interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations,by,unfortunately,parents or other family members,and they tend not to be one-shot deals.The wear-and-tear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating.Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave bir

17、th to a son,but was determined to finish college.I struggled a lot to get the college degree.I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape,to go to school,and get ahead and do better.Later,her marriage ended and she became a single mother.Its the hardest thing to take care of a teenage

18、r,have a job,pay the rent,pay the car payment,and pay the debt.I lived from paycheck to paycheck.Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes.But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations,with few breaks,and feeling the strain.Alvarezs experience demons

19、trates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function.-3-21.Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs?A Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress.B Women are still suffering much stress caused by men.C W

20、omen are more experienced than men in coping with stress.D Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress.22.Dr.Yehudas research suggests that women A need extra doses of chemicals to handle stress.B have limited capacity for tolerating stress.C are more capable of avoiding stress.

21、D are exposed to more stress.23.According to Paragraph 4,the stress women confront tends to be A domestic and temporary.B irregular and violent.C durable and frequent.D trivial and random.24.The sentence I lived from paycheck to paycheck.(Line 6,Para.5)shows that A Alvarez cared about nothing but ma

22、king money.B Alvarezs salary barely covered her household expenses.C Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs.D Alvarez paid practically everything by check.25.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A Strain of Stress:No Way Out?B Responses to Stress:Gender Difference C Stress

23、Analysis:What Chemicals Say D Gender Inequality:Women Under Stress -4-Text2 It used to be so straightforward.A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal.A journal editor would then remove the authors names and affiliations from the

24、 paper and send it to their peers for review.Depending on the comments received,the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it.Copyright rested with the journal publisher,and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.No longer.The Internet a

25、nd pressure from funding agencies,who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to itis making free access to scientific results a reality.The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD)has just issued a report d

26、escribing the far-reaching consequences of this.The report,by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD,makes heavy reading for publishers who have,so far,made handsome profits.But it goes further than that.It signals a change in what has,until now,been a key e

27、lement of scientific endeavour.The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends,in part,upon wide distribution and ready access.It is big business.In America,the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between$7 billion and$11 billion.The International Ass

28、ociation of Scientific,Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects.They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000 journals.This is now changing.According to the OECD report,some 75%of scholarly journal

29、s are now online.Entirely new business models are emerging;three main ones were identified by the reports authors.There is the so-called big deal,where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements.There is open-access publishing,

30、typically supported by asking the author(or his employer)to pay for the paper to be published.Finally,there are open-access archives,where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories.Other models exist that are hybrids of these three,such as de

31、layed open-access,where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months,before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it.All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process,at least for the publication of papers.-5-26.In the first paragrap

32、h,the author discusses A the background information of j oumal editing.B the publication routine of laboratory reports.C the relations of authors with journal publishers.D the traditional process of journal publication.27.Which of the following is true of the OECD report?A It criticizes government-f

33、unded research.B It introduces an effective means of publication.C It upsets profit-making journal publishers.D It benefits scientific research considerably.28.According to the text,online publication is significant in that A it provides an easier access to scientific results.B it brings huge profit

34、s to scientific researchers.C it emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge.D it facilitates public investment in scientific research.29.With the open-access publishing model,the author of a paper is required to A cover the cost of its publication.B subscribe to the journal publishing it.C

35、allow other online journals to use it freely.D complete the peer-review before submission.30.Which of the following best summarizes the text?A The Internet is posing a threat to publishers.B A new mode of publication is emerging.C Authors welcome the new channel for publication.D Publication is rend

36、ered easier by online service.-6-Text3 In the early 1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of the only three players in the National Basketball Association(NBA)listed at over seven feet.If he had played last season,however,he would have been one of 42.The bodies playing major professional sports have change

37、d dramatically over the years,and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger,longer frames.The trend in sports,though,may be obscuring an unrecognized reality:Americans have generally stopped growing.Though typically about two inches taller now

38、than 140 years ago,todays peopleespecially those born to families who have lived in the U.S.for many generationsapparently reached their limit in the early 1960s.And they arent likely to get any taller.In the general population today,at this genetic,envirornnental level,weve pretty much gone as far

39、as we can go,says anthropologist William Cameron Chumlea of Wright State University.In the case of NBA players,their increase in height appears to result from the increasingly common practice of recruiting players from all over the world.Growth,which rarely continues beyond the age of 20,demands cal

40、ories and nutrientsnotably,proteinto feed expanding tissues.At the start of the 20th century,under-nutrition and childhood infections got in the way.But as diet and health improved,children and adolescents have,on average,increased in height by about an inch and a half every 20 years,a pattern known

41、 as the secular trend in height.Yet according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,average height59 for men,54 for womenhasnt really changed since 1960.Genetically speaking,there are advantages to avoiding substantial height.During childbirth,larger babies have more difficulty passing t

42、hrough the birth canal.Moreover,even though humans have been upright for millions of years,our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs.There are some real constraints that are set by the genetic architecture of the

43、 individual organism,says anthropologist William Leonard ofNorthwestem University.Genetic maximums can change,but dont expect this to happen soon.Claire C.Gordon,senior anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick,Mass.,ensures that 90 percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits wi

44、thout alteration.She says that,unlike those for basketball,the length of military uniforms has not changed for some time.And if you need to predict human height in the near future to design a piece of equipment,Gordon says that by and large,you could use todays data and feel fairly confident.-7-31.W

45、ilt Chamberlain is cited as an example to A illustrate the change of height of NBA players.B show the popularity of NBA players in the U.S.C compare different generations of NBA players.D assess the achievements of famous NBA players.32.Which of the following plays a key role in body growth accordin

46、g to the text?A Genetic modification.B Natural environment.C Living standards.D Daily exercise.33.On which of the following statements would the author most probably agree?A Non-Americans add to the average height of the nation.B Human height is conditioned by the upright posture.C Americans are the

47、 tallest on average in the world.D Larger babies tend to become taller in adulthood.34.We learn from the last paragraph that in the near future A the garment industry will reconsider the uniform size.B the design of military uniforms will remain unchanged.C genetic testing will be employed in select

48、ing sportsmen.D the existing data of human height will still be applicable.35.The text intends to tell us that A the change of human height follows a cyclic pattern.B human height is becoming even more predictable.C Americans have reached their genetic growth limit.D the genetic pattern of Americans

49、 has altered.-8-Text4 In 1784,five years before he became president of the United States,George Washington,52,was nearly toothless.So he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth into his jawhaving extracted them from the mouths of his slaves.Thats a far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping

50、George most people remember from their history books.But recently,many historians have begun to focus on the role slavery played in the lives of the founding generation.They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998,which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered a