英语 东吴语法.docx

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1、专转本基础班语法看到他就令我生气。他住哪里仍不确定。他不读书令我生气。向他求救是没有用的。She turned beautiful.He seems knowing it.Things have got good.I feel like to take a walk today.It sounds a good idea.He look careful into the case.He is worried about if he can pass the exam.My money was robbed.He demanded me little.He introduced me the g

2、irl.He is washing the car.His job is washing cars.第一章句子的形成1.任何一个句子一定由主语(subject/S )及动词(verb/V)形成。1. John works hard.S VHe plays the piano well.2. Mary seems to be fond of learning English.2.有时主语可以省略，形成祈使句。这种句句首为原形动词，之前省略了 You should.a. Work hard.=(You should) work hard.b. Be quiet.=(You should) be q

3、uiet.第一节可做主语的词类一般见到的结构中，通常是以名词做主语，但除了名词之外，还可用代词，动名词或不定 式短语，名词性从句，名词短语，表距离的地方副词短语等做主语。1 .名词做主语。The child is apt to tell lies.Gold is of much value.2 .代词做主语He always keeps his pOrmise.It is a lot of fun to climb mountains.I dont know how he came to be so popular.The document proved to be a forgery.完全及

4、物动词Peter loves music.They want to go dancing.He thinks that the book is good.完全及物动词用法：完全及物动词的宾语，有名词，代词，不定式，动名词，名词性从句及名词短语等。He didnt buy that car.I dont like John. In fact, I hat him.I want to see him now./I hope to study abroad someday.He considered studying abroad.I once imagined going on a date wi

5、th him.I just cant fancy getting along with them.He risked doing it.I avoided seeing him again.He escaped being killed in the accident.They suggested putting off the game.He recommended traveling abroad.I enjoy dancing.I resent having to do so much work.I practiced playing the piano.He stopped/quit

6、smoking.Would you mind opening the window for me?I refused to do it.I couldnt resist having some more ice creamI expect to travel around the world with him.=I anticipate traveling around the world with him.He stopped writing after he got married.He stopped to talk to me when he saw me.He decided to

7、quit smoking.They ceased to work/working at exactly 5:00 p.m.Continue, start, begin,like, love,hate名词性从句当及物动词的宾语名词性从句一共有三种：Ithat从句2whether 从句3疑问词所引导的从句I believe that he is a man of his word.I wonder whether he can do it.I dont know where he lives.They feel that it is impossible to win the game.I don

8、t know whether the typhoon will come.Whether he can go is not yet known.If he can go is not yet known.It is not yet known whether he can go.It is not yet known if he can go.He is worried about whether he can pass the exam.He is worried about if he can pass the exam.The problem is whether he has enou

9、gh money for the trip.The problem is if he has enough money for the trip.名词短语当及物动词的宾语I know how to handle the problem.I dont know whom to talk to.不完全及物动词仍属一种及物动词，但此类动词加了宾语之后，意思并不完全，需要加补语(complement), 以补充意思之缺乏。MakeHe make a kite.He made Mary.He made Mary happy.o.c. objective complements.c. subjective

10、 complementHe make Mary clean the window.不完全及物动词分类及用法a.使役动词1 .叫。O OI made him wash the car.I had John report to me.I got him to wash the car.I got him wash the car.He was made to wash the car.He was had/got to wash the car.2 iJt o o oLetI let him wash the carI let Peter try itHe let me in.Dont let h

11、im out.He is in/out/there/here/home.He let me in.He let me there/here/home.3 .强迫、要求，怂恿，催促。I forced him to recite the lesson.I asked him to wirte the letter.I encouraged him to work harder.He compelled(forced) me to dot it against my will.He told me to finish the work by ten.Push one to .Seduce one t

12、o.Entice one to.Expect one to.Want one to.4 .使。成为MakeHis teacher made him a good student.His teacher made him become a good student.The trip made him happy.The trip made him be happy.b.知觉动词看：see, observe, watch, look at, notice听：hear, listen to感觉：feel1 .完全及物动词Did you see him?He was listening to musi

13、c?2 .亦作不完全及物动词I saw him dance.a. I saw him dancing when I walked in.b. I saw him killed.C .任命动词多“选举”，“指派”之意，宾语之后接表职位的名词作补语，通常该名词前要省略冠词。Elect, assign, appointWe elected him chairman of the committee.The colonel assigned him platoon leader.d.认定动词We regard/look upon/think of7see/view him as a genius.1.

14、 We consider/deem/think him (to be )a genius/nice.I am sick of his rude attitude.I am sick of associating with him.I regard his behavior as inappropriate.I think to climb mountains fun.I think it fun to climb mountains.I find that he sings so well wonderful.I find it wonderful that he sings so well.

15、E转变动词The experience turned(change) him into a good student.其他重要的不完全及物动词：They set him free.I painted the door green.The sight struck him dumb.The baby cried itself to sleep.His assistance will render(make) success certain.The misfortune nearly drove him mad.They named the baby Tom.They call him a lia

16、nDont leave the door open.You must keep your teeth clean.I want the job done no later than five.Help me find my watch.16授与动词为及物动词一种,须接两个宾语，第一个宾语叫间接宾语(indirect objcct/i.o), 表授与对象；第二个宾语叫直接宾语(direct object/d.o),表授与的东西。I will give you this watch.Please lend me your book.I bought him a car.I asked him a

17、question.17间接宾语与直接宾语倒置原那么需另加to,for,ofI give the book to him.I sent the letter to him.I teach English to them.I bought the book for him.I made a chair for him.I asked a question of him.I didnt expect much of him.He required nothing of me.He demanded little of me.I didnt expect him much.He required me

18、 nothing.He demanded me little.He robbed my money.He robbed me of my money.My money was robbed.I was robbed of my money.The court deprived all his civil right.The court deprived him of all his civil rights.All his civil rights were deprived.He was deprived of all his civil rights.The captain relieve

19、d the platoon leader of his command.19表示提供的授与动词除offer外，其余要与介词with连用He offered me all I needed.=He provided/supplied/furnished me with all I needed.After he heard of my situation, he offered to help me.He presented me with a watch.=He presented a watch to me.20补充I gave him a book.=I give a book to hi

20、m.I wrote him a letter.=I wrote a letter to him.He explained me the reason.He explained the reason to me.He introduced me the girl.He introduced the girl to me.He recommended me the method.He recommended the method to me.He proposed the committee a motion.He proposed a motion to the committee.I took

21、 a picture of him.I took a picture for him.结论.五大句型动词五种：1 .完全不及物动词.不完全不及物动词2 .完全及物动词.不完全及物动词3 .授与动词英文五大句型主谓He sainted.He slept.主系表He is good.He looks happy.主谓宾He ate it.He wants to do it.He knows that he is wrong.主谓宾宾补He made me happy.We elected him chairman.主谓双宾I gave him a book.I told him a lie.祈使句

22、，感叹句，问句。I gave him a book, I told him a lie。祈使句：把主语You及助动词should或must省略的句子。此类句型一开头即为原形动词。否认型的祈使句一共有两种：一位Dont起首，另一为Never(绝不)起首。使用never时, 不必加Do,即无Do never的用法。Never try it.Do never try it.Dont ever try it.Never try itWhat+n+主语+动词oooo!What a great man he is!What he has a beautiful car.What a beautiful c

23、ar he has!What he is a great man.What you have made him a good boy.What a good boy you have made him!How+adj.或 adv. + 主语+动词oooo!How he is great.How great he is!How he studied hard.How hard he studied!How之后亦可置带有形容词修饰的单数可数名词，绝不可置复数名词或不可数名词。How+adj.+a(n)+单数名词+主语+动词oooo!How a great man he is!How great a

24、 man he is!What a great man he is!How之后仅可与单数名词连用；而What那么可与单数，复数或不可数名词连用。How great men they are!What great men they are!How good music it is!What good music it is!问句：一般疑问句；特殊疑问句 建议：大量阅读文章，练习结构分析!第二章两句的连接方法连接两句的六种方式：第一1种：破折号（一）He is versatile-一he speaks five different languages and plays the piano ver

25、y well.He is versatile, he speaks five different languages and plays the piano very well.第二种：冒号（：）He has finally made his goal known to us: he wants to be a scientist.第三种：分号（；）He is nice; quite often he is seen helping others.第四种：并列连接词He enjoys taking pictures, and he has decided to pursue the art a

26、s his life career.And he has decided to pursue the art as his life career.第五种：副词连接词He deserves our respect because he is honest.第六种：关系词He is a man who never tells lies.第一节连接符号用来连接两句的标点符号只有三个，破折号（一）；冒号（：）；分号（；）。1 .破折号：a.此类符号有别于连字符（-）o前者用于连接句子或同位语，而后者那么用以连接单词，形 成复合词。Water-skiing is my hobby.b.破折号连接句子时

27、，用来强调第一个句子，以补充意思的缺乏。“也就是说”，“换句话 说”。He is trashhe is good for nothing.=He is trash. That is to say, he is good for nothing.2 .冒号:强调前面句中的名词。He has made his goal known: he want to be a scientist.3 .分号：此类符号在文章中较常出现，等于“逗号+连接词（and, so, but）He is a man of principle工we all respect him.=He is a man of princi

28、ple, so we all respect him.He is nice; no one likes him, though.=He is nice, but no one likes him.第二节并列连接词.单一连接词：基本的并列连接词一共只有三个：and, or, but.此种连接词可用于连接对等的单词，短语或 句子，故称为并列连接词。1 .单词：He and I en joy singing.He is kind and handsome.Stealing and robbery.短语I came to see him and （to） tell him the truth.Does

29、 he work in Taipei nr in Shanghai?2 .句子He works hard, and his father is proud of him.He doesnt study, but his teacher likes himDid he fail because he was lazy or because he was careless?I like John, who is easy t。get along with but whose brother is too arrogant to associate with.3 .衍生的其他连接词andboth.

30、and.oreither.or.neither.nor.butnot.but.not only.but also.as well as （以及）与rather than （而非）做并列连词We as well as John like it.He is happy rather than sad.Bothand之后始终接复数动词Both he and I are happy about it.Either.or./neither.nor./not.but./not only.but also连接主语时,动词那么要随最近 的主语做单复数变化。Either he or I am wrong.Nei

31、ther you nor he is to blame.Not he but I am to be responsible for it.Not only they but also John has passed the exam.Not only he is clever, but he is also polite.Not only is he clever, but he is polite.Not only she can sing, but she can also dance.Not only can she sing, but she can dance.Not only ca

32、n she dance, but also she can sing.Not only can she dance, but she can also sing.And he took my advice.He was not sure how to handle the problem, but I told him not to worry about it until his father came. And he took my advice.But he left just the same.Since it was raining hard, I asked him to stay

33、 lest he should catch a cold walking in the rain. But he left just the same.第三节副词连接词1.副词连接词只能连接从句：I like him because he is easy to get along with.When he came, I was writing a letter.常用副词连接词：Because, though, if, unless, as soon as, once副词连接词引导状语从句：He is nice.Because he is nice.I like him. Because he

34、 is nice.I like him because he is nice.Because he is nice, I like him.状语从句的位置：Though he did poorly on the test, his father didnt scold him.3.动名词或不定式短语做主语：See him makes me angry.Seeing him makes me angry.See him is my purpose of coming here.To see him is my purpose of coming here.动词绝不可直接当主语，一定要变成动名词或

35、不定式短语，才可视为名词的对等语，作主 语用。a.动名词作主语集邮是他的爱好之一。听音乐使我快乐。b.不定式作主语出国念书是我最大的愿望。到日本游玩是我今年的计划。注意L Collecting stamps is one of his hobbies.=It is one ofhis hobbies to collect stamps.2. Listening to music makes me happy.=It makes me happy to listen to music.3. To study abroad is my greatest desire.=It is my great

36、est desire to study abroad.例外：It is no use+动名词短语It is no use crying over split milk.It is no use asking him for help.注意It is no use+动名词短语=It is useless+不定式短语=It is of no use+不定式短语=There is no use/sense/point+in+动名词短语例：It is useless to cry over split milk.=It is of no use to cry over split milk.=Ther

37、e is no use in crying名词性从句作主语：He doesnot study makes me angry.名词性从句的种类：宾语从句，主语从句，表语从句，同位语从句名词性从句一共有三种：1. that从句whether 从句His father didnt scold him though he did poorly on the test.防止双重连接：a. Because.so. (*)Though.but.(*)Because she is nice, so I like her very much.she is nice. I like her very much.B

38、ecause she is nice, I like her very much.She is very nice, so I like her very much.Though/Although/Even if/Even though she is nice, but I dont like her.Though/Although/Even if/Even though she is nice, I dont like her.条件从句与主句的时态：If/Once/As soon as/Unless/When+一般现在时(或现在完成时)动词，主语+will+原形动词When I will b

39、e rich, I will buy a car.When I am rich, I will buy a car.If he will have time, hell come here.If he has time, hell come here.It will be another two years before he will graduate.It will be another two years before he graduates.连接性副词：有些副词有连接词的意味，但却不能作连接词用，此类副词就称为连接性副词。此类副词 前面要有分号，用以连接两句。L however, n

40、evertheless 然而He is nice; however, /nevertheless, I dont like him.=He is nice. However, I dont like him.=He is nice, but I dont like him.=Though he is nice, I dont like him.He is nice. But I dont like him.*He is nice, however, I dont like him.*He is nice; I, however, dont like him.2. therefore, thus

41、 因此He is kind; therefore/ thus, we all like him.=He is kind, so we all like him.=He is kind.Therefore,/Thus, we all like him.3. moreover, furthermore, in additionShe dances well; furthermore/moreoveryin addition, she is good at singing.She dances well. FurthermoreJmoreoverJin addition, she is good a

42、t singing.While I was writing a letter, she was doing the dishes.He is nice, while his brother is bad.As I was young, I was quite happy.Rich as he is, he isnt happy.Though he is rich,.As he has apologized to me, Im going to forgive him.Once you hear any good news, let me know.You must work hard, or

43、Ill fire you.You must work hard; otherwise, Fil.She cant sing, nor can she dance.I got up early so that I could get to school on time.He is great in that he speaks five different languages.He is nice except that he is a little shy.Since youve finished the work, you may leave anytime.He has been stud

44、ying quite hard since he went to college.第四节关系词关系词分为：引导定语从句1 .关系代词2 .关系代词所有格3 .关系副词4 .关系指示代词5 .复合关系代词具有副词的功能6 .复合关系副词7 .准关系代词I have more money than it is needed.Such a lazy student as John will get nowhere.一关系代词关系代词引导定语从句：有连接词的功能，用以引导定语从句。He is a man who always means what he saasThats the book which

45、 I like.He works hard, which is a fact that we all know.（这里的 fact that we all know 是什么从句） is a fact that we all know, he works hard.a. which b. as c. that d.whom关系代词的种类及功能：1 .代替人时，主格用who,宾格用whom.代替事物时，用which2 .代替整个句子时,用which关系代词使用三原那么：1 .关系代词之前要有先行词（即表人或事物的名词）；.关系代词在所引导的定语从句中要做主语，宾语或表语；2 .否那么关系代词前一定

46、要有介词。He is a good student who studies hard.He is a boy whom everyone loves.He is a man whom I enjoy working.This is a problem which we should solve right away.He has a car which was made in Germany.The house in which we live is very large.He is a man with whom I enjoy working.=He is a man whom I enjoy working with.=He is a man I enjoy working with.The house in which we live is very large.=The house which we live in is very large.=The house we live in is very large.有些固定短语动词在定语从句中出现时，不宜讲介词置于关系代词之前，以保持该动词的 完整性。Pay attention to.Call on.Take over.Get rid of.The