2019年考研英语一真题(试题).docx

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1、2019年考研英语一真题Text 4States wqll be able to force more people to pay sales tax when they make online purchases under a Supreme Court decQSQon Thursday that w?ll leave shoppers w?th iQghter wallets but qs a bqg financial wqn for states.The Supreme Courts opnpon Thursday overruled a pair of decades-old d

2、ecQSQons that states saqd costthem bQllQonsofdollars ?n lost revenue annually. The decQSQons made qt more d?fficultforstatestocollectsalestaxon certain online purchases.The cases the court overturned sa?d that Qfa business was shgppqng a customers purchase to a state where the business didnt have a

3、physQcal presence such as a warehouse or office, the business didnt have to collect sales tax for the state. Customers were generally responsible for paying the sales tax to the state themselves Qfthey werent charged Qt, but most didnt realize they owed ?t and few pa?d.Justice Antiony Kennedy wrote

4、thatthe previous decQSQons were flawed. Each year the physical presence rule becomes further removed from economQC realty and results ?n s?gnfficant revenue losses to the States, he wrote ?n an opinQonjoined by four otherjustQces. Kennedy wrote that the rule limited states ab?l?ty to seek long-term

5、prosperity and has prevented market partQCQpantsfrom competing on an even playing field.The ruling qs a victory for bqg chains w?th a presence ?n many states, s?nce they usually collect sales tax on online purchases already. Now, rivals wqII be charging sales tax where they hadnt before. Bqg chains

6、have been collecting sales tax nat?onw?de because they typically have physical stores ?n whatever state a purchase 3 beqng shipped to. Amazon , w9th 9ts network of warehouses, also collects sales tax qn every state that charges ?t, though th?rd-party sellers who use the sqte dont have to.UntQl now,

7、many sellers that have a physQcal presence qn only a single state or a few states have been able to avoqd charging sales taxes when they shqp to addresses outside those states. Sellers that use eBay and Etsy, whqch provide platforms for smaller sellers, also havent been collecting sales tax natqonwq

8、de. Under the ruling Thursday, states can pass laws requqrqng out-of-state sellers to collect the states sales tax from customers and send qt to the state.Retail trade groups praised the ruling, sayqng Qt levels the playing field for local and online businesses. The losers, saqd retail analyst Neql

9、Saunders, are online-only retailers, especially smaller ones. Those retailers may face headaches complyQng w?th various state sales tax laws. The Small Business & Entrepreneurship Council advocacy group saQd qn a statement, Small busQnesses and internet entrepreneurs are not well served at all by th

10、qs decqsqon.”38 The Supreme Court decQSQon Thursday wqll A better businesses relations wqth states. B put most online businesses ?n a dilemma. make more online shoppers pay sales tax. force some states to cut sales tax.3 . It can be learned from paragraphs 2and 3 that the overruled dec?s?ons A have

11、led to the dominance ofe-commerce.B have cost consumers a lot over the years, q were widely crQtQCQzed byonlQnepurchasers.D were considered unfavorable by states.3 . According to Justice Anthony Kennedy, the physical presence rulehas A hindered econom?cdevelopment.B broug ht prosperity to the countr

12、y.q harmedfa?rmarketcompetQtQon.D boosted growth qn states revenue.3 9. Who are most likely to welcome the Supreme Court ruling?A Internet entrepreneurs.B Bqg-chaqn owners.q Th?rd-party sellers.D Small retailers.4 0. In dealing wqth the Supreme Court decqsqon Thursday, theauthor A g?ves a factual ac

13、count of qt and discusses 9ts consequences. B describes the long and complicated process of Qts making.Ipresents qts ma?n points wqth conflgctqng vqews on them.9 CQtes some cases related to qt and analyzes theqrqmplqcatqons.PartBDirectionsThe following paragraphs are gqven qn a wrong order. For Ques

14、tions 4 1-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs qnto a coherent text by choosing from the Iqst A-G and filling them qnto the numbered boxes. Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. ( 10 points)A These tools can help you wqn every argument -

15、 not qn the unhelpful sense of beating your opponents but qn the better sense of learning about the issues that dqvqde people. Learning why they disagree wqth us and learning to talk and work together wqth them. If we readjust our vqew of arguments - from a verbal fight or tennqs game to a reasoned

16、exchange through whqch we all gaqn mutual respect, and understanding - then we change ihe very nature of what qt means to win an argument.BJ Of course, many discussions are not so successful. Stqll, we need to be careful not to accuse opponents of bad arguments too quickly. We need to learn how to e

17、valuate them properly. A large part of evaluation qs calling out bad arguments, but we also need to admqt good arguments by opponents and to apply the same crqtqcal standards to ourselves. Humqlqly requires you to recognize weakness qn your own arguments and sometimes also to accept reasons on the o

18、pposite sde.q None of these wqll be easy but you can start even qf others refuse to. Next Iqme you state your posqtqon, formulate an argument for what you claqm and honestly ask yourself whether your argument qs any good. Next tqme you talk wglh someone who takes a stand, ask them to gqve you a reas

19、on for theqr vqew. Spell out theqr argument fully and charitably. Assess qts strength impartially. Raqse objections and listen carefully to ther replies.D Carnegie would be rqght qf arguments were fights, whqch qs how we often thqnk of them. L9ke physical fights, verbal fights can leave both sqdes b

20、loodied. Even when you wqn, you end up no better off. Your prospects would be almost as dqsmal qfarguments were even just competitions - Iqke, say, tennqs games. Paqrsof opponents hQtthe ball back and forth unt?l one winner emerges from all who entered. Everybody else loses. Thqs kqnd of thqnkqng qs

21、 why so many people try to avoQd arguments, especially about polqtqcs and relqgqon.EJ In hqs 19 36 work Howto Win Friends and Influence People, Dale Carnegie wrote There qs only one way. to getthe best ofan argument - and that qs to avoqd Qt. Thqs aversQon to arguments ?s common, but qt depends on a

22、 mistaken vqew of arguments that causes profound problems for our personal and socqal Iqves and ?n many ways masses the po?nt of arguing ?n the first place._F These vqews of arguments also undermine reason. Ifyou see a conversation as a fight or competqtqon, you can wqn by cheating as long as you do

23、nt get caught. You wqII be happy to convince people wqth bad arguments. You can call theqr v?ews stuped, orjoke about how ignorant they are. None of these tracks wqII help you understand them, theqr posQtQons or the Qssues that d?vQde you, but they can help you wqn - qn one way.GJ There qs a better

24、way to w?n arguments. Imagine that you favor qncreasqng the mqnqmum wage qn our state, and I do not. Ifyou yell, Yes,L and I yell, No, neither of us learns anything. We neither understand nor respect each other, and we have no bas(?s for compromQse or cooperation. In contrast, suppose you gqve a rea

25、sonable argument that full-tqme workers should not have to l?ve qn poverty. Then I counter wqth another reasonable argument that a higher mqnqmum wage wqII force businesses to employ fewer people for less t?me. Now we can understand each others posQtQons and recognize our shared values, s?nce we bot

26、h care about needy workers.IT-1 -I 42 1 -CIJ-4344.45.Part CDirectionsRead the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)It was only after I started to write a weekly column about the med

27、ical journals, and began to read scientific papers from beginning to end, that I realised just how bad much of the medical literature frequently was. I came to recognise various signs of a bad paper the kind of paper that purports to show that people who eat more than one kilo of broccoli a week wer

28、e 1.17 times more likely than those who eat less to suffer late in life from pernicious anaemia. (46) There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in ihe medical journals which, when taken up by broadcasters and the 山y press, generates both health scares and shortlived dietary enthusiasms.Why is s

29、o much bad science published? A recent paper, titled The Natural Selection of Bad Science, published on the Royal Societys open science website, attempts to answer this intriguing and important question. It says that the problem is not merely that people do bad science, but that our current system o

30、f career advancement positively encourages it. What is important is not truth, but publication, which has become almost an end in itself. There has been a kind of inflationary process at work (47) nowadays anyone applying for a research post has to have published twice the number of papers that woul

31、d have been required for the same post only 10 yeais ago. Never mind the quality, then, count the number.(48) AttemDts have been made to curb this tendency, for example, by trying to incorporate some measure of qualit y as well as quantit y into the assessmen t of a applicanls papers. This is the fa

32、med citation index, that is to say the number of times a paper has been quoted elsewhere in the scientific literature, the assumption being that an important paper will be cited more often than one of small account. (49) This would be 】easonable if it were not for the fact that scientists can easily

33、 arrange o cite hemselves in their figure publications, or get associates to do so for ihem in reluin for simila】 favours.Boiling down an individuals output to simple metrics, such as number of publications or journal impacts, entails considerable savings in time, energy and ambiguity. Unfortunately

34、, the long-term costs of using simple quantitative metrics to assess researcher merit are likely to be quite great. (50) If we are serious about ensuring that our science is both meaningful and reproducible, we must ensuie that our institutions encourage ihat kind of science.Section III WritingPart

35、ADirectionsSuppose you are working for the Aiding Rural Primary School* project of your university. Write an email to answer the inquiry from an international student volunteer, specifying the details of the project.You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name in the

36、 email. Use Li Ming instead. (10 points)PartB51. DirectionsWiite an essay of 160-200 words based on the picture below. In your essay, you should1) describe the picture briefly,2) interpret the implied meaning, and3) give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)途中.14.201

37、9年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirectionsRead the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. ( 1(1 points)Today we Iq ve gn a world where GPS systems, dqgqtal maps, and other navqgatqon apps are available on our smartphon

38、es.L of usjust walk straight qnto the woodswithout a phone. But phones 2 on batteries, and batteries can dqe faster than we realize. 3 you get lost without a phone or a compass, and you 4 cant find north, we have a few tracks to help you navigate 5_ to cqvqlqzatqon, one of whqch qsto follow the land

39、.When you find yourself 6 a trah but not qn a completely 7area, you have to answer two questions Whqchqs downhill, qn thqs particular area? And where qsthe nearest water source? Humans overwhelmingly Iqve qn valleys, and on supplies of fresh water. , qfyou head downhill, and follow any H20 you find,

40、 you should _1Q_ see sqgns ofpeople.If youve explored the area before, keep an eye out for famqlqar sights - you may be_ 11 how quqckly qdentqfyqng a dqstqnctqve rock or tree can restore your bearings.Another J2 Clqmb hqgh and look for sqgns ofhuman habgtatgon. 13.even qn dense forest, you should be

41、 able to j4 gaps qn the tree Iqne due to roads, traqn tracks, and other paths people carve IL the woods. Head toward theseto find a way out. At nqght, scan the horizon for 17 Igght sources, such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of lght pollution.1 L_assumqng youre lost qn an area

42、 humans tend to frequent, look for the 1_ we leave on the landscape. Tragi blazes, tgre tracks, and other featurescan _1Q_ you to cqvqlqzatqon.1.1. 1 A SomeBJ MostC FewD All2. A putB takeC runD come3. A SinceB IfC ThoughD Until4. A formallyB relativelyC graduallyD literally5. A backBJ nextCJ aroundD

43、 away6. A ontoIBJ offCJ acrossD along7. A unattractiveBJ uncrowdedCJ unchangedDJ unfamiliar8. A siteB pointfC wayfD place9. A SofB YetfC InsteadD Besides10. A immediatelyB intentionallyfC unexpectedlyD eventually11. A surprisedB annoyedC frightenedD confused12. A problemBJ optionCJ viewD result13. A

44、 Above allBJ In contrastC On averageD For example14. A bridgeBJ avoidCJ spotD separate15. A fromB throughC beyondD under16. A postsB linksfCshadesfD breaks17. A artificialB mysteriousfC hiddenD limited18. A FinallyB ConsequentlyfC IncidentallyD Generally19. A memoriesB marksC notesD belongings20. A

45、restrictB adoptC leadD exposeSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirectionsRead the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B,C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1Fqnancqal regulators qn Brqtaqn have imposed a rather unusual rule on the

46、bosses of bqg banks. Starting next year, any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 10 years qf theqr banks are under qnvestqgatqon for wrongdoing. The maqn purpose of ths clawback, rule qs to hold bankers accountable for harmful rqsk-takqng and to restore public trust qn financial qnst

47、qtutqons. Yet officials also hope for a much larger benefit more long-term decqsqon-makqng, not only by banks but by all corporatqons, to bugld a stronger economy for future generations.Short-termism or the desire for quqck profits, has worsened gn publicly traded companies, says the Bank ofEnglands

48、 top economist, Andrew Haldane. He quotes a gqant of classical economics, Alfred Marshall, qn descrqbqng thqs financial qmpatqence as acting Iqke children who pqck the plums out of theqr pudding to eat them at once rather than putting them asqde to be eaten last.The average tqme for holding a stock qn both the United States and Brctaqn, he notes, has dro