高中英语语法专题12非谓语动词教案（含解析）新人教版必修1.docx

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1、十二、非谓语动词动词不定式 1不定式的构成及变形动词不定式是由不定式符号to+动词原形构成，在某些情况下to也可省略。1 .不定式的一般式不定式的一般式表示的动作通常与谓语的动作同时或几乎同时发生，或是在它之后发生。如：He appears to be very happy.（同时发生）To catch the train, we* d better hurry to the station by taxi. （to catch the train 发生在 hurry to the station 之后）2 .不定式的进行式不定式的进行式表示正在进行的或与谓语动词同时发生的动作。如：It ha

2、ppened to be raining when I got there.3 .不定式的完成式不定式的完成式表示的动作在谓语表示的动作之前发生。如：I* m sorry to have lost your key.4 .不定式的完成进行式不定式的完成进行式表示的动作在谓语之前发生并且一直进行着。如：He was said to have been living in London for twenty years.不定式的时态意义：如：He is said to be studying abroad.（不定式的进行式表示动作正在进行）He is said to have studied ab

3、road.（不定式的完成式表示动作J经结束）5 .不定式的被动形式当不定式逻辑上的主语是这个不定式表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般要用被动形式。不定式的被动形 式根据其与谓语动作发生的先后关系，有一般式和完成时两种。一般式to be done如：These are the books to be given out to the students.完成式 to have boon done如：The novel is said to have been translated into many languages.6 .不定式的否定形式不定式的否定形式由not或never加不定式构成。to,

4、pay attention to, be worth, busy 等。如：He insisted on doing it in his own w坚持要按自己的方法去做。I have never dreamed of visiting that place我从未梦想过要参观那个地方。3 .有些动词或词组后跟动词-ing形式或不定式都可以，但意思不同。Stop to do st停下来去做某事/Stop doing sth停止做某事Remember doing sth记得做了某事/Remember to do sth记住要去做某事Forgot doing sth忘记做了某事/Forget to d

5、o sth忘记要去做某事Regret doing sth后悔做了某事/Regret to do st遗憾要去做某事Mean to do sth想要做某事/Mean doing sth意味着做某事Try to do si努力（企图）做某事/Try doing slh试着做某事4 .下列动词可接动词-ing形式的主动形式表示被动意义，相当于不定式的被动形式。need/want/require/deserve doing=need/want/require/deserve to be done动词-ing形式的否定形式动词-ing形式的否定形式通常是在其前加not,带有逻辑主语时not应放在动词in

6、g形式之前。如：Excuse me for my not coming on time.r m sorry for not having kept my promise.动词-ing形式的复合结构动词ing形式的复合结构由物主代词或人称代词宾格，名词所有格或普通格加动名词，即 “sb./sb.s+doing”构成。动名词的复合结构实际上是给动名词加了一个逻辑主语。动词-ing形式的复合结构有四种形式：a.形容词性物主代词+动名词b.名词飞动名词c.代词宾格+动名词d.名词+动名词【注意】动名词的复合结构可在句中作主语或宾语。作主语时，不能用cd两种形式。如：Toms winning the f

7、irst prize last year impressed me a lot.汤姆去年得了一等奖使我印象深 刻。4动词-ing形式作表语1 .动名词作表语表示抽象的、一般的行为，现在分词作表语表示主语的特征、性质和状态。我们最大的幸福是为人民服务。Our greatest happiness is serving the people.（动名词）我们的任务是建设社会主义。Our task is building socialism.（动名词）2 .表示主语的具体内容时候，主语和表语可以相互替换.如：His job is painting. =Painting is his job.我们昨晚看

8、的电影十分动人。The film we saw last night is quite moving.（现在分词）他的话很鼓舞人。His words are encouraging.（现在分词）3 .常 用 来 作 表 语 的 现 在 分 词 有astonishing, amusing, confusing, disappointing, boring, encouraging, inspiring, moving, tiring, inte resting, surprising等;常译为“令人如何的”动名词作表语和主语是等值关系，两者有时可以互换，句子意思不变；动名词后面可以接宾语、状语。

9、 现在分词作表语和主语不是对等关系，现在分词后面不能接宾语，但它前面可以有修饰性的副词，如 very, rather 等。5动词-ing形式作定语1 .动名词作定语用来说明该名词的用途，不表示名词本身的动作；现在分词作定语与所修饰的名词具有 逻辑上的主谓关系，即现在分词相当于所修饰名词的谓语。如：我们必须改进工作方法。We must improve ourworking method.（动名词）他们将手术台架设在一座小庙里。They set up anperating table in a sma 11 temple.（动名词）中国是发展中国家。China is adeveloping cou

10、ntry.（现在分词）正在做实验的那个学生是我们的班长。The studentmaking the experiment is our monitor.（现在分词）2 .动名词短语不能作定语，单个的动名词可以用作定语，但仅作前置定语。如：working method=method for working 工作方法.单个分词和分词短语都可作定语，单个分词一般作前置定语，分词短语则作后置定语，相当于一个定 语从句。如：the man visiting Japan=the man who is visiting Jad 的那个人。6动词ing形式作宾补1 .动名词不能作宾语补足语。现在分词作宾补表示

11、的是正在发生的动作。如：我看见他正在上楼。I saw himgoing upstairs.我们看着她在过大街。We watched herrossing the street.我们听见她在房间里唱歌。We heard hesinging in her room.表示感觉的词（感观动词）和表示状态动词:see look at/notice/watch/observe/calch /feel/find /smel1/ hear/ listen eo. +doing如：Can you smell emything burning?2 .表指使的词（使役动词）：have, set keep, catc

12、h, leave如：I m sorry to have kept you waiting long.3 . 接现在分析作宾语补足语的动词有 feel, hear, listen to, sec, look at, watch, observe, notice, find, smell, set, have, keep, start,leave,get,catch 等7动词-ing形式作状语可以修饰谓语动词或整个句子，表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式、伴随或补充。1 .表示时间：动词-ing形式作时间状语，相当于一个时间状语从句。常置于句首或句末。如：Turning around,she

13、saw a car driving up.=When she turned around, she saw a car driving up.她转过身，看见一辆车朝她开来。2 .表示原因：表示原因的动词-ing形式一般置于句首，相当于一个原因状语从句。常置于句首句中或句末。如：Being ill, he could not walk any further.=As he was ill, he could not walk any further.因为疲倦，他不能再往前走了。3 .表示结果:动词-ing形式作状语表示一种必然的结果，可扩展为一个含有并列谓语的简单句。常置于句末。如：The fi

14、re lasted nearly a month,leaving nothing valuable.=The fire lasted nearly a month, and left nothing valuable.大火持续了近一个月，几乎没剩下什么值钱的东西。4 .表示条件：动词-ing形式作条件状语，相当于一个条件状语从句。常置于句首。如：Being more careful, you can make fewer mistakes.=If you are more careful, you can make fewer mistakes.更细心点，你就会少犯错误。动词-ing形式作让步

15、状语，相当于一个让步状语从句。常置于句首。如：Knowing all this,they made me pay for the damage.=A1though they knew all this,they made me pay for the damage.尽管知道了一切情况，他们还是要我赔偿损失。6.表示方式、伴随或补充说明动词-ing形式表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明，可以扩展成为一个并列成分。常置于句末。如：I stood by the door, not daring to say a word.=1 stood by the door, and did not dare t

16、o say a word.我站在门旁，不敢说一句话。He was walking along the street,looking this way and that.=He was walking along the street, and looked this way and that.他在街上走着，左顾右盼。8特别提醒1 .从属连词+动词-ing形式作状语为了使动词-ing形式作状语所表达的时间、条件、让步等意思更加明确，可在动词-ing形式前加上适当 的连词（when, while, if, though, unless, even if 等）。如：Dont talk while h

17、aving dinner.吃饭时不要说话。Once losing this chance, you cant easi ly find i t一旦失去这次机会你就很难找回。2 .要避免无依着（无逻辑主语）动词-ing形式动词-ing形式作状语时，其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语一致，如果状语与主语不一致，可给从句加上主语，变成主从更合句。如：【错误】While reading the book, the telephone rang.【正确】While she was reading the book, the telephone rang.她看书的时候，电话铃响了。（reading 的动作不是th

18、e telephone发出）【错误】l-ooki ng out through the wi ndow the garden was beaut i ful.【正确】Looking out through the window we found a beautiful garden.从窗户里，我们看见一个漂 亮的花园。（looking的动作不是garden发出）.独立动词-ing形式作状语英语中有些动词-ing 形式,如：generally （frankly, honestly） , speaking, supposingjudgingfrom （从判断），talking of （谈到），sp

19、eaking of （谈到）等，它们作状语时的逻辑主语可以和句 子的主语不一致。这种形式已经成为固定的用法。如：Generally speaking, girls are more careful than boys.Supposing you lose,what wi11 you do?Judging fromhis accent, he must be from the north.Talking oftravel, have you ever been to Beijing?Supposing he is ill, who will do the work?假如他病了,谁来做这工作呢?G

20、enerally speaking, boys are more interested in science than girls.一般来说，男孩比女孩对科学 更感兴趣。9动词-ing形式作状语考点聚焦1 .动词Tng形式作状语，当句子的谓语动词和动词-ing形式的动词所表动作在时间上几乎同时发生时， 用doing作状语；若动词-ing形式动作发生.在句子谓语动词所表示的动作之前，用其完成时having done 作状语；动词-ing形式的否定形式为：not doing或者not having done。2 .有一些固定的动词-ing形式作状语，这就是独立成分。3 .当句子主语和动词-ing形

21、式的主语不一致时，则不可省略动词-ing形式的主语。这时可用独立主格结 构，即：带有逻辑主语的动词-ing形式作状语；或者用with复合结构作伴随状语。若分词的动作发生在 谓语动词以前，则分词使用完成式：having done.如：Having finished his homework,he went home.Having been bitten by a snake,she was frightened.复合结构和独立主格结构的区别：动名词复合结构：动名词复合结构是由物主代词或名词所有格加上动名词构成，它们在逻辑上存在主谓关系，在句子中可以 作主语、表语、宾语等等。而在口语或非正式文体中

22、，这种结构如不置7句首作主语，则可用人称代词的 宾格代替物主代词，用名词的普通格代替所有格形式。如:I cant imagine his/him marrying her.我无法想象他与她结婚。There is no question of MasMarry being able to do it well.玛丽能做好此事，这是亳无疑问的。The students kowing English well helped him in learning French.这个学生良好的英语基础有助于他 学习法语。Her being ill made us worried.她生病了使我们很担心。Do y

23、ou mind my/me opening the door?你介意我打开门吗?独立主格结构：独立主格结构是由逻辑主语（名词或代词主格）加上分词（包括现在分词和过去分词）、形容词、副词、不定式、介词短语、名词等构成的语法结构。在句子中一般作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随等。独立主格可置于句首、句尾，用逗号与主句隔开。如:Time permitting, we wi 11 hold a sports meet.时间允许的话,我们将进行运动会。There being no bus, we had to wa 1 k home.没有车，我们只好步行回家。动词的-ed形式动词的-ed形式也

24、是非谓语动词的一种，它具有动词的一些特点，同时也具有形容词、副词的句法功能， 在句中可用作表语、定语、状语和宾语补足语等。1动词的-cd形式的特征1 .动词的-。d形式是由动词的过去分词构成动词的-ed形式只有一种形式，即传统语法中的过去分词。绝大部分的动词的-ed形式由动词原形加-ed构 成，也有一些动词的-ed形式是不规则的。规则动词的-ed形式不规则动词的-ed形式词义动词原形动词-ed形式限制limitlimited假装pretendpretended逃脱escapeescaped提供provideprovided提交referreferred拖dragdragged祈祷praypra

25、yed供应supplysupplied词义动词原形动词-ed形式投掷castcast传播spreadspread原谅forgiveforgiven吐spitspat穿wearworn搏斗fightfought丢失loselost少数动词的-ed形式作定语时，读音与一般过去分词不同learned a learned professor一位知识渊博的教授aged an aged man 老人be loved his beloved computer 他心爱的计算机动词的-ed形式的否定形式动词的-ed形式的否定形式是由not或never加动词的-ed形式构成。如：Not ci 1 lowed to

26、 go in, he had to wait outside.不允许他进去，他只好在外面等着。Never invited to his party, she got angry with him从未被邀请过去他的聚会，她很生气。2 .动词的-ed形式的特征动词的-cd形式有被动的意思，有时也可表示完成的动作。动词的-cd形式表示已完成的动作。除了作形容词用的-ed形式外，动词的-ed形式可带有完成的意义，有的同时也带有被动的意义。如：Born and brought up in the countryside, he was interested in biology.由于在农村出生并长大,

27、他对生物很感兴趣。One of the glasses was found broken.有人发现其中一个杯子破了。The books, written by Lu Xun, are popular with many Chinese people.鲁迅写的这些书，受到了许多 中国人的喜爱。及物动词的-ed形式一般表示被动的意思。如：Given more time, I could have solved that riddle.要是有充足的时间,我就能猜出那个谜语。(句 子的主语I和动词give之间是被动关系。)When you speak English, be sure to make

28、yourself understood.你说英语的时候，一定要让人懂得你 的意思。(动词make的宾语yourself和宾语补足语understand之间是被动关系。)The experience gained in the army was of great value to our study.在军队获得的经验对我们的学 习很有帮助。不及物动词的-ed形式只表示完成的意思，并不带有被动的含义。如：an escaped prisoner 逃犯(二a prisoner who has escaped)a retired worker 退休工人(=a worker who has retired

29、)a newly arrived guest 新来的客人 (=a guest who has just arrived)We should bring in advanced technology from developed countries from time to time,我们应该不 时地从发达国家引进先进技术。People should pay attention to the changed situation.人们应该注意到变化了的形势。2 动词的-ed形式的用法 动词的-cd形式在句中主要起形容词和副词的作用，可以作定语、表语、状语和补语。1.动词的-。d形式作表语-ed形式

30、在连系动词后作表语，说明主语的状态。如：The students are fully prepared.学生们已做好了充分的准备。hen we got there, the shop was closed.我们到那儿时，商店已经关门了。She felt satisfied with her performance on the high-and-low bars.她对自己在高低杠上的表现感 到很满意。The land remained uncxploited.这片土地尚未开发。Hear ing the news, he looked disappointed.听到这个消息，他看起来非常失望。T

31、he top of the mountain is covered with snow al 1 through the year.山顶上终年积雪覆盖。比较：要把-ed形式作表语和被动语态区别开来。作表语的-ed形式表示状态，被动语态中的-ed 形式表示被动动作。如：All the doors are locked.所有的门都是锁着的。（-ed形式作表语，表示状态）All the doors were locked by the guard.所有的门都被卫兵锁上了。（被动语态，表示动作）Peter the Great is buried here.彼得大帝就埋葬在这里。（-ed形式作表语，表示

32、状态）Peter the Great was buried here in 1725.彼得大帝于1725年被埋葬在这里。（被动语态，表示动作） 同一动词的-ed形式与-ing形式作表语时的区别。动词的-ed形式作表语，主要表示主语的心理感觉或所处的状态，含有被动的意思，而-ing形式作表语多 表示主语具有的特征，含有主动的意思。如：They were frightened to hear the frightening sound.他们听到那可怕的声音很害怕。At the sight of the moving scene, al 1 the people present were moved

33、.看到这么动人的情景，所有 在场的人都感动了。上述动词的-ed形式，有的（如pleased, tired, excited, disappointed等）已经变成形容词,可以被very, too等副词修饰。有的（如amused, puzzled, relaxed等）还不能被very, too修饰，只能被much修饰。 如：These problems are very puzzling.这些问题很令人迷惑。We are much puzzled by his failure to reply.他不给我们回信使我们百思不得其解。His speech was very moving.他的演讲非常感

34、人。Al I the people present were moved to tears.在场的所有人都被感动得流泪了。当作宾语补足语的动词和前面的宾语之间是被动关系时.，一般应用动词的-ed形式作宾语 的补足语。 在感觉动词see, hear, feel, notice, watch, find后作宾语补足语。如:I heard the Ninth Symphony played last night.昨晚我听了第九交响乐的演奏。We found all the rivers seriously polluted.我们发现所有的河流都被严重污染了。Yesterday I noticed a

35、 little girl caught stealing in the shop.昨天我在商店里注意到-*个小女孩 偷东西被抓住了。Ho felt his collar pulled by someone from behind.他感觉到衣领被人从后面拉了一下。在使役动词get, have, make, leave, keep等后作宾语补足语。 动词的-ed形式作get的宾语补足语飞如：Doris got her bad tooth pulled out in the hospital.多丽丝在医院把坏牙拔了。I* 11 just get these dishes washed and the

36、n Ill come.我得先把盘子洗了，然后就来。比较：动词get后也可接动词不定式或动词的-ing形式作宾语补足语，和宾语是主动关系。如：I couldn，t get the car to start this morning.今早我无法把汽车发动起来。He got his sister to help him with his clothes.他让姐姐帮他洗衣服。It is not hard to get him talking;the problem is stopping him!让他说话不难,难的是说开了止不 住他。Can you really get that old clock

37、going again你真的能让那辆旧钟再走起来吗? 动词的-ed形式作make的宾语补足语。He raised his voice in order to make himself heard.他提高了嗓门为了使别人听清他的讲话。You should make your views known to the public.你应该让公众知道你的观点。注意：动词make后的宾语补足语可用不带to的动词不定式或动词的-ed形式，但不可用动词的-ing形式。 如：【误】Can you make the students understanding the text.【正】Can you make t

38、he students understand the text.你能让学生理解这篇课文吗？【正】Can you make the text understood by the students你能让学生理解这篇课文吗？ 动词的-ed形式作keep或leave的宾语补足语。如：They all went home, leaving all the work undone.所有的工作都没完成,他们就回家了。The detective and his assistant kept themselves locked in the room all night.侦探和他的助手 把自己整夜反锁在房间里。

39、 动词的-ed形式也可用在with (without)结构中，作介词的宾语补足语。如：With everything well arranged, he left the office. 一 切都安排妥善之后,他离开了办公室。She has come back with her backpack fi 1 led with interesting picture-books.她已经回来了，背包 里塞满了有趣的图书。Wi thout any grain left in the house, the little girl had to go begging.家里没有粮食，小女孩只 好出去讨饭。W

40、ithout any more time given, we couldn* t finish the task in three weeks.如果不再给我们任何时 间的话，我们三星期之内完成不了任务。(5)某些动词后(如want, need, prefer, would like ),作宾语补足语的不定式被动形式省略“to be”, 就成了-od形式作宾语补足语。如：I would like this matter (to be)settled immediately.我希望这事立即得到解决。r d prefer this book translated by my sister.我情愿让我

41、妹妹来翻译这本书。We need the work (to be) finished by Saturday.我们需要这项工作周六之前完成。The peasants dont want good farmland (to be)built on.农民们不想让好好的农田被用来建造房子。3.动词的-ed形式作定语动词的-ed形式作定语修饰名词分为前置和后置两类。前置定语单个的动词的-ed形式作定语一般放在被修饰的名词之前，作前置定语。如：A watched pot never boils.心急锅不开。All the broken doors and windows have been repair

42、ed.所有的坏门窗都修好了。hen we arrived, we each were given a printed question paper.我们到达的时候，每人被发给了 份 印制好的试卷。提示：如要表示强调，单个动词-ed形式也可作后置定语。Money spent is more than money earned.入不敷出。后置定语作后置定语的-ed形式一般都带有修饰语或其他成分，在语法上相当于一个定语从句。We have read many novels written by this author.我们读过这个作家写的许多小说。(=that are written by this

43、 author)Half of the honoured guests invited to the reception were foreign ambassadors.被邀请至lj招待会 上的贵宾有一半都是外国大使。(=who had been invited to the reception)The meeting, attended by one thousand students, was a success.这次会议获得很大的成功，共有一千 名学生出席了。(二which was attended by one thousand students)如：We decided not t

44、o go out because of the bad weather.由于天气不好,我们决定不出去。 注意：谓语动词的否定和不定式的否定不同的意义如：I did not promise to wake him up.我没有答应叫醒他。I promised not to wake him up.我答应 了不叫醒他。 2不定式句法功能不定式可以作句子的主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语、状语等成分。1 .作主语如：To hear from you is nice.To be a good teacher is not easy.不定式作主语时，为了保持句子的平衡，往往以it作形式主语，而不定式置

45、于渭语动词后。 如：It s nice to hear from you.It s not easy to be a good teacher.2 .作宾语通常用于afford, agree, aim, arrange, ask, attempt, choose, continue, dare, decide, demand, desire, determine, expect, fai1, hate, help, hesitate, hope, intend, learn, long, love, manage, mean, need, offer, plan, prefer, prepar

46、e, pretend, promise, prove, refuse, seek, threaten, trouble, wait, want, wish等动词后面。如：I forgot to lock the door.Please remember to write to me.记忆口诀: 三个希望两答应(hope, wish, want, agree, promise)一个要求莫拒绝(demand, refuse)设法学会做决定（manage,decide)不要假装在选择(pretend, choose).作表语 如：My job is to pick up letters.He see

47、med to have heard nothing.3 .作定语在the first, the second, the third, the last等之后通常接不定式作定语。作定语时须放在被修饰 A woman, dressed 1 ike a lawyer, came in and took her seat as judge. 一个律师装扮的女人走了进来， 并作为法官就座。(=who was dressed like a lawyer) 动词的-ed形式作定语和-ing形式作定语的区别动词的-ed形式作定语表示动作已完成或和被动，而-ing形式作定语表示动作正在进行或和主动。the risen sun升起了的太阳the rising sun正在升起的太阳boiled water 开水boiling water正沸腾的水deve loped countries 发达国家deve loping countries 发展中国家fallen leaves 落叶falling leaves正在飘落的叶子changed condition 改变了的情况changing condit ion变化着的情况4.动词的-cd形式作状语动词的-ed形式作状语和-ing形式作状语一样，也可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方 式或伴随情况等。表示时间动词的-ed形式作状语表示时间，相