人教版高中英语必修第二册Unit1-Unit5单元语法讲义.docx

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1、人教版高中英语必修第二册Unitl-Unit5单元语法讲义Unit 1 CULTURAL HERITAGE定语从句一、限制性定语从句【观察】This is the computer that/w 省略/he bought for his son yesdT 曲他昨天为儿子买的电脑。The woman who/that survived the earthquake is Amys English 在地中 r 幸存的那个女人是埃米 的英语老师。Hes a man whose opinion I res他是我尊重其意见的人。This is the same pen as I bought ye通支

2、轴和我昨天买的笔一样。同样的但不是同一个)That was a time when the two countries were 那是两国交战的时期。This is the reason why he was late ye这就是他昨天迟到的原因。This is the farm where we worked when we were y这就是我们年轻时在此干活的农场。【归纳】限制性定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定适用于修饰和限定先行词。如果去掉，主句的 意思就丕完整。这种从句和主句的关系十分密切，两者之间不用逗号分开。关系代词在从句中作 宾语时可以省略。引导限制性定语从句的关系代词有w

3、ho、whom、whose、that which as关系副词 有 where when whyo二、限制性定语从句需要注意的问题1在限制性定语从句中，关系代词指物时只能用that而不用which的情况：【观察】Have you taken down everything that Mr. L 李老师讲的所有东西你都记下来了吗？ All that can be done has been所有能做的都做了。【归纳】(1 先行词为 all everything littlefew, none nothing anything much 等不定代词时。【观察】When people talk abo

4、ut Hangzhou, the first that comes to mind is t 当人 W 们谈 Lake.及杭州Tom is always being praised by the teacher.汤姆总是被这位老师表扬。He may be being interviewed by reporters at the moment.他止匕亥I可能正在被记者们米访。【归纳】.表示说话时正在进行的被动动作,句中常用now、at the moment等时间状语；1 .表示现阶段正在进行的被动动作(说话时不一定在进行)；.表示一种习惯的被动行为,常与alwaysconstantlyfore

5、ver等词连用，表示赞赏、羡慕、厌恶等 感情色彩；2 .与某些情态动词连用，表示对正在发生的动作的测。四、使用现在进行时的被动语态应注意的问题【观察】Look!The children are being taken care of by their aunt.瞧!孩子们正由他们的姨妈照看着。The telephone is in use(二is being used)now.这部电话正在使用中。The book belongs to him.这本书属于他。【归纳】动词短语用于现在进行时的被动语态时，其中的介词不可省略；1. “be(am/is/are)+under/in+n.”结构有时可相当

6、于现在进行时的被动语态;一些表示状态、心理活动、拥有等的动词(短语)如stay、love、have、want belong to等不用于现 在进行时的被动语态。单句语法填空My washing machine is being repaired(repair)this week,so I have to wash my clothes by hand.解析考查现在进行时的被动语态。句意:本周我的洗衣机正在维修中，因此我不得不用手洗我的衣 服根据时间状语this week和后半句可知，洗衣机正在维修中，本空应用现在进行时;且主语My washing machine和动词repair之间为被动关系

7、，故本空应用现在进行时的被动语态。1. Now similar concerns are being raised(raise)by the giants(巨头)解析考查现在进行时的被动语态。句意:现在，巨头们正提出类似的担忧根据时间状语Now可知，本空应用现在进行时，且主语concerns和动词raise之间为被动关系,故本空应用现在进行时的被动语态。2. They are living with their parents for the moment because their own house is being rebuilt （rebuild）.解析考查现在进行时的被动语态。句意:

8、他们此刻正和他们的父母住在一起，因为他们自己的房子正 在重建中。根据for the moment可知，本空应用现在进行时，且动词rebuild与其逻辑主语their own house 之间为被动关系，故本空应用现在进行时的被动语态。3. It is reported that many a new house is being built （build） at present in the disaster area.解析考查现在进行时的被动语态。句意:据报道，目前灾区正在建造许多新房子。根据at present可 知，本空应用现在进行时，且动词build与其逻辑主语many a new h

9、ouse之间为被动关系，故本空应用 现在进行时的被动语态。注意:本空主语为“many a+可数名词单数”形式，故谓语动词应用单数形式。 完成句子在亚洲的其他地方，正在采取更令人震惊的行动。Elsewhere in Asia even more astonishing actions are being taken.4. 据报纸报道,武汉正在建设几条新的地铁线路。It is reported in the newspaper that several new subway lines are being built in Wuhan.句型转换Many village communities fe

10、el their countryside is being ruined by the power-producing machines of wind farms.（改为主动语态）Many village communities feel the power-producing machines of wind farms are ruining their countryside.5. The water supply has been cut off temporarily because the workers are repairing one of the main pipes.（

11、改为被动语态）一The water supply has been cut off temporarily because one of the main pipes is being repaired by thn workers.6. The old temple whose roof was damaged in a storm is now under repair.（改为同义句）一The old temple whose roof was damaged in a storm is now being repaired.根据要求进行句式变化The education programm

12、e is under discussion.将画线部分改为现在进行时的被动语态11The education programme is being discussed.将句改为一般疑问句-Is the education programme being discussed? 对句中的The education programme进行提问-What is being discussed?UNIT 3 THE INTERNET现在完成时的被动语态一、现在完成时的被动语态的结构【观察】He has been selected to take part in the sports meeting.Mo

13、re than 100 famous films have been shown in the city since July.【归纳】现在完成时的被动语态的结构为:have/has been+过去分词二、现在完成时的被动语态的用法【观察】The house has been cleaned up by my elder brother.(1) The machine has been repaired for two hours.(2) I will go to play football as soon as the homework has been finished.(3) You w

14、ill take over his job if he has been sent abroad.【归纳】.例句(1)表示被动的动作在说话之前已经完成，强调过去的动作对现在造成的影响。1 .例句(2)表示一个被动的动作开始于过去，持续到现在，并且有可能继续持续下去,常与带for或 since的时间状语连用,或用于How long.?句型中。2 .例句(3)(4)表示在时间或条件等状语从句中,表示将来某时已完成的动作，即用现在完成时的被动 语态代替将来完成时的被动语态。三、主动语态变成被动语态【观察】12(1) We have built many houses in the past ten

15、years.一Many houses have been built by us in the past ten years.(2) We have given him the book.一He has been given the book by us.一The book has been given to him by us.(3) I have made her work hard.一She has been made to work hard by me.(4) He has thought of a way of doing it.一A way of doing it has bee

16、n thought of by him.【归纳】.由(1)可知，只带有一个宾语的动词变为被动语态时，将原来的宾语变为被动句的主语。1 .由(2)可知，可跟双宾语的动词，如give,send,bring,take,teach,show,sing,write,read,sell,buy,tell,pay,lend,pass,promise 等，变为被动语态时，可 将其中一个宾语变为主语.另一个保留。把直接宾语变为被动句的主语时，间接宾语前通常需加介 词。2 .由(3)可知，带有复合宾语的动词变为被动语态时，要将原来的宾语变为被动句的一造，原来的宾 语补足语改为主语补足语。原来省略to的不定式作宾语

17、补足语的.在被动语态中要还原式。3 .由(4)可知，动词短语是一个不可分割的整体，在被动语态中要保持其完整性，不可省略动词短语 中的介词或副词。四、现在完成时的被动语态需要注意的问题【观察】误:How long has this book been bought?正:How long ago was this book bought?No books have been bought since last week.【归纳】由 finish,buy,start,begin,post,return,borrow,join,marry,open 等非延续性动词构成的现在完成时的被动语态不能与表示舄

18、一段时间的状语连用,如for four days、how long 等 o但这类动词在否定句中也能与(ghin箜或for引出的表示一段时间的状语连用。单句语法填空Wildlife has been threatened(threatee)greatly in the modern age.There are species(物种)that are disappearing every day.解析考查动词的时态和语态。句意:在现代，野生生物受到了极大的威胁。每天都有物种在消失。根 据句意可知野生生物在现代已经受到了极大的威胁，导致物种正在消失，所以此处用现在完成时表示 过去的动作对现在造成的影

19、响，且Wildlife和threaten之间是被动关系，故填has been threatenedoIt is difficult to figure out a global population of polar bears as much of the range has been poorly studied(study).解析考查动词的语态。句意:很难计算出全球北极熊的数目，因为大部分的北极熊的分布范围没有 被充分地研究。从句的主语much of the range和study之间是被动关系，故用被动语态。1. Six years after its launch,Cuddle Bu

20、ddies continues to expand.Now over 25,000 stuffed animals have been donated(donate)to agencies worldwide.解析考查动词的时态和语态。句意:Cuddle Buddies发起后六年，这个项目不断扩大。现在超过25,000 毛绒玩具已经被捐赠给世界各地的代理机构。stuffed animals和donate之间是被动关系，且表示过去 发生的动作对现在造成的影响，故用现在完成时的被动语态。2. The problems of excessive(过度的)energy consumption,clim

21、ate change and population growth have been described(describe)in a book by the American writer Thomas L.Friedman.He fears the worst,but hopes for the best.解析考查动词的时态和语态。句意:过度的能源消耗、气候变化、人口增长带来的问题在美国作家 托马斯弗里德曼所写的书中都有阐述。他担心最坏的情况，但抱最好的希望。句子的主语problems 和describe之间是被动关系，且根据句意可知,此处表示过去发生的动作对现在的影响，故填have bee

22、n describedoWhile much of the debate so far has been focused(focus)on the safety of driverless cars(and rightfully so),policymakers also should be talking about how self-driving vehicles can help reduce traffic jams,cut emissions(排放)and offer more convenient,affordable mobility options.解析考查动词的时态和语态。

23、根据前文时间状语so far可知，本空应该使用现在完成时，又因为主14语much of the debate与focus之间是被动关系，故用被动语态。故填has been focusedoUse a fire extinguisher only if you have been taieed(train)to do so.解析考查动词的时态和语态。句意:你只有已经接受过培训才能使用灭火器。在条件状语从句中用 现在完成时表示将来完成时，且you和train之间是被动关系，故用现在完成时的被动语态，即have been trained.3. Moran says one of the proble

24、ms with jazz today is that the entertainment aspect of the music has been lost(lose).解析考查动词的时态和语态。本句强调爵士乐变化对现在的影响，故用现在完成时，又因为从句的 主语与lose之间是被动关系，故用被动语态。故填has been lostoSarah has been told/was told(tell)that she could be Britains new supermodel,earning a million dollars in the next year.解析考查动词的时态和语态。根

25、据语境可知Sarah与tell之间为被动关系，故用被动语态。此处既 可以用一般过去时表示过去发生的动作，也可以用现在完成时，表示过去发生的动作对现在的影响。 故填 has been told/was toldoAlready this year, 115 measles cases have been reported(report)in the USA,compared with 189 for all of last year.解析考查动词的时态和语态。句意:今年，美国已经报道了 115例麻疹，相比去年整年的189例。 根据Already可知，应用现在完成时，且115 measles ca

26、ses和report之间是被动关系，故应用现在完成 时的被动语态。4. The dictionary is out of date:many words have been added(add)to the language since it was published.解析考查动词的时态和语态。句意:这本词典已经过时了咱它出版以来，许多词汇已经被添加进了 这门语言中。根据since引导的时间状语从句，可知此处应用现在完成时，且words和add之间是被动 关系，故应用现在完成时的被动语态。5. According to some developmental psychologists, th

27、e nature of babiesplay has been thoroughly investigated(investigate).解析考查动词的语态。句意:根据一些发展心理学家，婴儿游戏的本质已被彻底调查。nature和investigate之间是被动关系，故应用过去分词。6. Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears,none of which have/has been15proved(prove).解析考查动词的时态和语态及主谓一致。句意:就人类为什么哭，科学家提出了许多理论，但

28、没有 一项理论得到过证实。根据句意可知这些理论到现在还没有被证实,故用现在完成时的被动语态none 作主语时，谓语动词既可以用单数也可以用复数。7. Despite the previous rounds of talks,no agreement has been reached任each）so far by the two sides.解析考查动词的时态和语态。句意:尽管之前进行了多轮谈判，但到目前为止双方没有达成一致意 见。根据题干中的时间状语so far可知此处应该用现在完成时，而agreement与reach之间为被动关系, 所以要用现在完成时的被动语态。UNIT 4 HISTORY

29、 AND TRADITIONS过去分词作定语和宾语补足语一、过去分词作定语（一）过去分词作定语时的位置【观察】The injured passengers were sent to hospital quickly.The evidence found by this policeman proved Tom innocent.There are few tigers left.lt is time for the departments concerned to take measures to protect them from dying out.【归纳】. 一般情况下，单个过去分词作前

30、置定语，即放在被修饰词之前。1 .过去分词短语作定语时往往作后置定语，即放在被修饰词之后它的作用相当于一个定语从句。2 .注意:有些过去分词表示特定含义时，单独作定语放在被修饰的名词之后，如left（剩余16的concerned （有关的）等。（二）过去分词作定语时的意义【观察】The plan put forward at the meeting will be carried out soon.（表示被动和一完成）Our retired soccer coach went to watch us play a game last week.（表示完成）【归纳】.及物动词的过去分词作定语往往

31、表示被动和完成。1 .丕及物动词的过去分词作定语不表示被动，只表示完成。（三）现在分词与过去分词作定语的区别【观察】The cellphone belonging to me was stolen last week.The bridge built in 2020 was designed by a local company.【归纳】现在分词作定语表示主动或正在进行;而过去分词作定语时表示被动或完成。（四）三种非谓语形式作定语的区别【观察】The meeting held yesterday is very important.All the members of the team hav

32、e attended the meeting being held.It is said that there is a meeting to be held in the hall tomorrow.【归纳】二、过去分词作宾语补足语done被动的动作已经完成being done被动的动作正在发生to be done被动的动作将要发生（一）特征及含义【观察】People are glad to see the problems solved within seven days.They found all the guests gone when they woke up.【归纳】.及物动词的

33、过去分词作宾语补足语，与宾语之间有逻辑上的被动关系,表示被 动意义或已完成的意义，有时两者兼有。1 .不及物动词的过去分词作宾语补足语时，与宾语之间没有逻辑上的被动关系，只表示宾语的性质 或状态。（二）过去分词作宾语补足语的几种情况1.在感官动词（词组）后，seewatehobserveflndlook at,hear,listen tofeel,notice 0【观察】I often hear the idioms spoken in conversations.（被动，无时间）He found his house broken into when he got back home.【归纳】

34、感官动词+宾语+宾语补足语,如果宾语和宾语补足语之间是逻辑上的：被动关系，用过去分词作宾语 补足语。【拓展】.感官动词后也可用现在分词和动词原形作宾语补足语。I heard her singing an English song when I passed by her room yesterday.（主动, 正在进彳亍）I heard her sing an English song just now.（主动，完成）1 .在使役动词后，如 havemakegetykeepjeave 等。【观察】My elder sister had her wallet stolen on a bus la

35、st month.I made myself known to my new colleagues.【归纳】使役动词+宾语+宾语补足语，如果宾语和宾语补足语之间是逻辑上的I被动关系，用过去分词作宾语补足语，意为“让/使被做。【拓展】18The teacher made me keep my eyes open for these mistakes.（主动）Mother had me go to the shop and buy some salt.(主动)He had us laughing all through the meal.(主动，持续)make后可用动词原形作宾语补足语;have和

36、get后可用动词原形或现在分词作宾语补足语。2 .在表示“希望、要求”等意义的动词后，如Iike,want,wish,order等,省略了过去分词前的to be。The teacher doesnt wish such questions(to be)discussed in class.3 .用在“with+宾语+宾语补足语”结构中。该结构通常在句中作时间、方式、条件、原因等状语。【观察】With his work finished,John went out for a walk.【归纳】在“with+宾语+宾语补足语”结构中，如果宾语和宾语补足语之间是逻辑上的I被动关系，应用过去分 词作

37、宾语补足语。【拓展】在with的复合结构中，也可以用现在分词和不定式作宾语补足语。单句语法填空Data collected(collect)from the device could be used to recognize different participants based on how they typed,with very low error rates.解析考查非谓语动词。句意:从设备上收集的数据能够用于基于他们的打字方式识别不同的参与者，错误率很低。Data与collect之间为被动关系,故用过去分词作后置定语。1. It took a few youthful and da

38、ring businessmen to get the ball roHing(roll).解析考查非谓语动词。句意:需要几位年轻而勇敢的商人使这球滚动起来oball与roll之间为主动关 系，故用现在分词作宾语补足语。2. Most colleges now offer first-year students a course specially designed(design)to help them succeed academically and personally.解析考查非谓语动词。句意:大多数大学现在给大学一年级的学生提供一门课程，这门课程是专门 为了帮助他们在学业方面和个人方

39、面取得成功而设计的。course与design之间为被动关系，故用过去分19 时，第一个想到的就是西湖。【归纳】(2冼行词是序数词或被序数词修饰时。【观察】This is the most delicious food that I have这e是我吃注过的最美味的食物。 【归纳】(3冼行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时。【观察】The only thing that she could do was go to the police,七 06 唯一能 rh 的事就是去警察局求 助。This is the very book that Mother has been lo 这就是妈妈一直

40、在找的那本书。【归纳】(4 冼行词被 all every no、the only the very the la 等修饰时。【观察】Can you tell me the people and events that you saw你青官告诉我你在英国见到的人和事吗？【归纳】(5当先行词既有人又有物时。【观察】Which is the car that killed th 哪辘车撞死了那个人？【归纳】(6主句是以which开头的特殊疑问句时常用that。2.当先行词是表示时间的time day等或表示地点的place house等时,一定要注意分析从句的结构【观察】I still rememb

41、er the day that/省 h 略 Ch, 6 spent together in th 我仍然.记得我们在那个城市词作后置定语。3. Chinas image is improving steadily,with more countries recognizing(recognize)its role in international affairs.解析考查非谓语动词。句意:中国的形象正在稳步提升，更多的国家认识到中国在国际事务中的作 用countries和recognize之间是主动关系，所以用现在分词作宾语补足语，构成“with+名词+现在分词, 结构，故填 recogniz

42、ingoChinas image is improving steadily,with more countries recognizing(recognize)its role in international affairs.解析考查非谓语动词。句意:中国的形象正在稳步提升，更多的国家认识到中国在国际事务中的作 用。countries和recognize之间是主动关系，所以用现在分词作宾语补足语，构成“with+名词+现在分词, 结构，故填 recognizingoEach level has a shared(share)area with a TV,a study desk and e

43、asy chairs.解析考查非谓语动词。句意:每一层都有一个配有一台电视、一张学习桌和几把舒适的椅子的共享 区。area和share之间是被动关系，故应用过去分词作定语。4. But at Union Station in Los Angeles last month,a board went up with dollar bills attached(attach)to it with pins.解析考查过去分词。句意:但是上个月在洛杉矶联合车站,立起了一个上面钉着一些钞票的公告牌。此 处是with的复合结构。bills和attach之间是被动关系，故用过去分词作宾语补足语。5. To m

44、y surprise,the tofu beneath the fried(fry)skin was warm,soft,and mouthwatering.解析考查过去分词作定语。句意:令我吃惊的是，被煎过的表皮下的豆腐是热乎乎的、松软的、让 人流口水。skin和fry之间是被动关系，故用过去分词作定语。6. Scientists have built an early-warning system based(base)on mathematical models.解析考查过去分词。句意:科学家基于数学模型建立了一个早期的预警系统obe based on以 为基 础。此处是过去分词作定语。

45、故填basedoA retired(retire)engineer,76-year-old Wilson has been offering free rides to college students for the past eight years.解析考查过去分词作定语。句意：76岁的威尔逊是一位退休的工程师，他在过去的八年里一直在为大 学生提供免费乘车服务。retire是动词，意为“退休”。过去分词retired意为“已退休的207. They reflect a concentrated(concentrate)beam(M)of light onto the towns centr

46、al square,creating an area of sunlight roughly 600 square meters.解析考查过去分词。句意:它们把一束集中的光线反射到城镇的中心广场上，形成了一块大约600平 方米的日光区。concentrate是动词，意为“集中过去分词concentrated意为“集中的此处作定语修饰lighto 12. Chris and Tim work at a zoo,helping endangered(endanger)cranes with their reproduction.解析考查过去分词。句意:克里斯和蒂姆在动物园里工作,帮助濒危的鹤繁殖。

47、endangered是过去分 词转化的形容词，意为“濒危的”，此处作定语修饰cranesoWhen I was 17,1 read a magazine article about a museum called(call)the McNay,once the home of a watercolorist named Marian McNay.解析考查非谓语动词。句意:当我17岁时，我在杂志上读到一篇文章，是关于一座被称为McNay 的博物馆，它曾经是一位名叫Marian McNay的水彩画家的家。museum写call之间为被动关系，故用 过去分词作后置定语。13. More than 7

48、50,000 have graduated from SAC,with many seeking(seek)employment in engineering,aviation,education,medicine and a wide variety of other professions.解析考查非谓语动词。句意：75万多人已经从SAC毕业，其中很多人在工程、航空、教育、医学以及 其他的各种行业中找工作。many与seek之间为主动关系，故用现在分词作宾语补足语。14. The Center offers programs designed(design)to challenge and inspire with hands-on tasks and lots of fun.解析考查非谓语动词。句意:该中心提供的项目旨在用实际操作的任务和许多乐趣来挑战和激励。 programs与design之间为被动关系,故用过去分