第四章学习策略概述.docx

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1、第四章学习策略概述本章学习目标了解学习策略的含义及应用学习策略的意义1. 掌握学习策略的分类了解成功的语言学习者学习策略的使用本章概述学习策略理论出现之前,大多数人认为学习就应该是老师教、学生学的过程,并认为在这 一过程中学生被动地接受是天经地义的事。随着心理学的发展和对教育本质认识的深化，人 们逐渐认识到学习应该是每个人终生面临的任务，教育的目标也不仅仅是让学生掌握在校期 间所学的知识，而是使学生成为独立、自主和有效的学习者，即学生在结束学校教育后仍具 备独立地继续学习和掌握知识的能力。这就要教会学生如何学习，培养学生有意识地掌握和 使用学习策略。正所谓“授之以鱼，不如授之以渔工学习策略能解

2、决“渔”的问题，因为它 与自主学习能力的培养有着最直接的关系。本章作为对学习策略的概述，主要介绍有关学习 策略的基本知识，如学习策略的含义、分类以及成功的语言学习者使用的学习策略等，使学 习者对学习策略有一个初步了解，也为后儿章分项技能的学习策略指导打下理论基础。本章 我们讨论的是英语学习策略。英语学习情况调查问卷同学们，为了了解你们的英语学习情况，请你参与本次调查。你的回答只反映你的基本 看法和做法，没有好坏对错之分。谢谢合作！请根据你的实际情况选择一个数字填在每个描述末尾的括号中。记住在填写时，要根据 你自己的实际做法而不是其他人的做法。I=表述完全不适合我2=表述通常不适合我3=表述有时

3、适合我4=表述通常适合我5 =表述完全适合我例如：我通过好习英语课文来记单词。（3 ）.除了老师布置的作业外，我有自己的英语学习计划。（）1 .我在每学新课之前都作充分的准备和预习。（）.我对改进自己的英语学习有明确的要求。（）2 .我评价自己学习英语的进步状况，从而找出薄弱环节和改进的措施。（）.我根据学习任务的特点，选择不同的学习策略。（）3 .我研究自己的个性特点，做到扬长避短。（）.我留心听别人讲英文。（）4 .考试成绩不理想时，我暗暗鼓励自己。（）.为了提高自己的听力理解能力，我听各种录音。（）5 .我浏览和阅读英文报纸、杂志和小说。（）.我注意了解英语民族的文化。（）6 .我使用卡

4、片记单词。（）Benefits:在三类学习策略中，元认知策略与英语水平相关性最大，因为它主要解决的是学习者“学 会学”的问题，使学习者最终成为具有自主学习能力的人。学习者在学习一门外语的时候， 完全被暴露在一种全新的环境中：陌生的单词，不同的文字系统，眼花缭乱的规则等常常让 学习者下子失去了中心和方向，这时就需要元认知策略来指导。但是能不能充分运用元认 知策略，用得好还是坏与性格和学习习惯有关。对成年人来说，改变他们习惯性的学习方式 不是短期内可以实现的，需要一个潜移默化的过程。因此，对于元认知策略必须具备长期应 用的意识，以最终养成使用这些策略的习惯，从而促进外语学习。2 .认知策略(Cog

5、nitive Strategies)认知策略是掌握一门语言需要应用的最基本的策略，也是在语言学习者中使用得最广泛 的类策略。认知策略与元认知策略虽然仅有字之差，但是二者有着本质性的差别。认知 策略是属于信息处理和加工过程中直接和具体的行为。这种策略通过帮助学习者对进入大脑 的信息进行处理和加工，从而促进学习者的学习。简单说来，认知策略就是学习者在完成学 习活动的过程中用到的具体解决办法。例如，在阅读中，很多人习惯通过上下文的线索来猜 测生词的意思，这是一种典型的认知策略。再比如，在听力练习中通过锁定关键词来获得重 要信息也是一种认知策略。其实，外语学习者在学习过程中一直都在不间断地使用各种各样

6、 的认知策略。Task 5Discuss with your partner the cognitive strategies youve used or are using for each skill area and jot down your ideas.Listening: What do you do to help yourself listen in English?Strategy DescriptionWhere do you learn this strategy?When is this strategy useful?ExampleWhile listening, I

7、 try to ignore new words.I learned it from my friend.When (here are not many new words in the listening material.Speaking: What do you do to help yourself speak in English?Strategy DescriptionWhere do you learn this strategy?When is this strategy useful?Reading: What do you do to help yourself read

8、in English?Strategy DescriptionWhere do you learn this strategy?When is this strategy useful?Writing: What do you do to help yourself write in English?Strategy DescriptionWhere do you learn this strategy?When is this strategy useful?Vocabulary: What do you do to help yourself remember English words?

9、Strategy DescriptionWhere do you learn this strategy?When is this strategy useful?你上面所列出的策略可能仅仅是众多认知策略中的一部分，下面我们来了解常用的认知 策略。Task 6Work with your partner to match the cognitive strategies in the left column with their explanations in the right column. And then translate them into Chinese with the hel

10、p from your teacher(1) Repetition(2) Resourcing(3) Translation(4) Note-taking(5) Dcduction/Induction(6) Personalization(7) Transfer(8) Inferencing(9) Classifying(10) Predicting(11) Summarizing(12) Imagery(13) Elaborationa. Using the mother tongue as a basis for understanding and/or producing the tar

11、get languageb. Putting things that are similar in groupsc. Using what is already known about language to facilitate a new taskd. Deciding and guessing what is to come in the learning processe. Using available information to guess the meaning or usage of unfamiliar language itemsf. Imitating a langua

12、ge model, including oral practice and silent rehearsalg. Using dictionaries or other reference materialsh. Writing down the main idea, important points or outline of the information presented orally or in writingi. Consciously applying learned or self-developed rules to produce or understand the tar

13、get languagej. Making a spoken or written summary of language and information presented in a taskk. Using visual images (either imaginary or actual) to understand and remember new informationl. Relating new information to known knowledgem. Relating information to personal experienceTask 7Study the f

14、ollowing English learning examples or tasks, and discuss in groups of 3 or 4 to match each example or task with a specific strategy listed in the above diagram. The example of how the strategy Repetition is used has been given.Example (1): When Im listening to native speakers of English on a tape or

15、 a record, Ill imitate aloud the intonation patterns and word order.Why: By imitating a native speaker, I can make myself fully aware of the way the native speaker speaks. At the same time, I can improve my pronunciation and use of structures, vocabulary, idioms, intonation and style.Strategy used:R

16、epetition.Example (2): I am reading a dense text about computers. I know I have to understand the text because I will have a quiz on the information. I make a list, in which I jot down the main idea and supporting details of each paragraph.Why: I can refer back to what I write down at any time. Writ

17、ing down important information can help me remember and understand better because I am establishing additional mental links that organize the information.Strategy used:.Example (3): As I am reading a cooking recipe, Til think about my own kitchen experience to help me understand and figure out ingre

18、dients and the sequence of the steps.Why: Checking language input and output against what I know helps me ensure that it makes sense. Connecting information to my experiences makes it more meaningful to me and thus more memorable.Strategy used:.Example (4): I am reading a dialogue about school, and

19、I repeatedly see the word meaning ”to study”，which is not familiar to me. Based on my knowledge of English, I figure out that this word is probably a verb. Many of the words in close proximity to the unknown word are cognates such as mathematics, literature, biology, and music. Based on this informa

20、tion, I make a guess that word must mean “lo siudy”.Why: Often, the information I need to solve problem is already available if I just look at other parts of (he task and at my own resources. Making sensible guesses can help me quickly solve problems myself without having to go to another person or

21、to reference materials.Strategy used:.Example (5): If I watch a television program in English, I could periodically think about the gist or main points of the program to see if I really understand it. Or I could write the gist or main points down to keep a record of my work.Why: Restating the gist o

22、f the message helps me decide how well I understood. It also reinforces my learning of that message.Strategy used:.Example (6): When Im learning a vocabulary list of an English text, Ill put the words into different groups according to their part of speech, such as adj: easy, kind, soft; adv: quickl

23、y, heatedly, completely, or to their conceptual similarities, such as hot, warm, fire.Why: Grouping vocabulary creates mental links between words. These links help me recall related words and reduce the number of unrelated elements.Strategy used:.Example (7): If I read a story that involves a change

24、 of seasons, my “mental movie could depict changing scenery. When writing in English about my first trip to a city, IH “play back, images of the trip in my mind.Why: Forming pictures is a way (o check if (he information makes sense; I can watch fbr inconsistencies in my “mental movie. Mental links w

25、ith images also help me remember the information.Strategy used:.Example (8): When Im writing a short essay on Private Cars in China, Til first create an outline in Chinese in my mind, and then put the outline into English in written form. Or when Pm listening to a person who talks about friendship i

26、n English. Til mentally put what he or she says into Chinese to help me strengthen my understanding.Why: Using my mother tongue as a basis for understanding enables me to produce English in writing or listening and speaking more accurately and logically.Strategy used:.Example (9): When 1 am reading,

27、 I look at the ends of words to identify which ones arc verbs in order to note the (ense of speech.Why: Using my knowledge of language rules helps me comprehend and produce the language accurately. This increases my self-reliance because I can monitor my performance based on information I have about

28、 the language. Feelings of self-reliance can lead to increased confidence in my learning abilities.Strategy used:.Example (10): If I get confused when reading a novel and I notice an unfamiliar verb structure, I could look in my textbook index to locate information on the structure.Why: Looking up u

29、nfamiliar information in a reference material can help me solve complex problems, especially if no one is available to help me.Strategy used:.Example (11): If i want to buy a concert ticket in an English-speaking community, ril think about what I need to say to the cashier. For example, Til want to

30、know how to ask about dates, times, and prices in English.Why: Anticipating information gives me direction fbr doing the (ask because I will be attuned certain types of information.Strategy used:.Example (12): If I am asked to read a fairy talc in English, Ill think about at first what Ive known abo

31、ut writing techniques, typical characters, settings, and plots used in fairy tales.Why: Thinking about what I already know helps me get ready for the task by familiarizing myself with it. By having in mind what I already know, Ill find it easier to understand and learn new information by relating it

32、 to my background knowledge.Strategy used:.Example (13): I know the pari “tele” in the English word formation means long distance, like in telephone. So, I guess one of the meanings of the word telecommunication must be communication over long distance.Why: Using what I already know about the Englis

33、h language helps me recognize and discover new meanings.Strategy used:.3 .社交/情感策略(Social/AfTective Strategies)语言不是一种个人的行为，而是一种社会行为。它是发生在人与人之间的具体的交流。 因此，在语言学习的过程中，使用社交策略是十分必要和重要的。社交策略主要有三个：(I) 提出问题；(2)与他人合作；(3)从他人的角度出发考虑问题。如下图所示：Social Strategies（社交策略）Asking questions（提问题）ooperating with others- （与他人

34、合作）Empathizing with others （从他人的角度考虑问题）Asking for clarification（提问题进行澄清）Asking for correction（提问题进行更正或确认）Cooperating with peers（与学习伙伴合作）Cooperating with proficient learners （同精通外语的学习者合作）Developing cultural understanding （培养文化理解）Becoming aware of the others thoughts and feelings（意识到他人的想法和感受）提问题是最基本的社

35、交策略之一。通过提问学习者可以弄清楚不确定的知识、证实自己 的想法，同时可以获取更多的信息。一般来说，提问有两个目的，一是对不理解的内容进行 澄清，二是确定信息是否正确。然而，很多外语学习者不愿意问问题，不敢问问题，甚至不 懂装懂，这样就错失了许多巩固知识、更新知识的机会。与他人合作也是一个重要的社交策略，这里所说的合作是指不强调竞争、体现团队精神 的合作，学习者互相交流想法和经验，共同研究策划并完成一个共同目标。通过与其它学习 者或外语水平高的人合作，可以促进相互依赖和相互支持，研究表明，合作学习可以带来如 下积极的作用：增强自尊心、信心和学习动机；带来更大的学习乐趣；促进更快的进步；更 多

36、的尊重他人：深层次使用认知策略；降低偏见；获得更多的练习机会等等。为了达到成功的语言交际，学会从他人的角度出发考虑问题是一个重要的策略.对于外 语学习者来说，由于文化差异，运用这个策略比较困难。这就需要学习者增强文化理解，提 高文化差异的敏感度，善于根据交际对象的文化背景来考虑问题。许多语言交际的失败并不 是由语言的应用错误造成的，而是由文化差异引起的误解造成的。Task8Cooperate with your peers in groups of 4 or 5 to invent a story in English using the words listed below. Your gr

37、oup is supposed to use as many words as possible in your story. Meanwhile, try to make your stoiy logical and interesting.unhappy, apple, play, boy, reply, toy, money, grab, pick, return, excited, cut, branch, delighted, root, trouble, huge, upset, tree, build, bite, dying, push, rest, shadow, enjoy

38、able, lonely, trunkTask 9Think about the cooperation process youve experienced in Task 8 and then answer the following questions:Did you have any difficulties in performing the task? If yes, list them.What do you like and dislike about cooperating? Explain why.What do you think you can do to overcom

39、e the difficulties you encounter in cooperating?情感策略指语言学习者在学习的过程中，通过自己的情绪、态度、动机和价值观等个体 因素来影响语言学习。这些因素对外语学习会产生巨大的影响。下面这些情况你可能亲身经历过或在别人身上看到过：（I）平时非常努力学习外语，而且被认为外语知识掌握得比较牢 固，可是i到了测验或考试就非常不安，导致成绩不理想；（2）上课前对老师布置的口头作 业做了充分的准备，可是到了课堂上一面对老师和同学就紧张，不敢发言；（3）在做课堂小 组活动时，有几次想表达自己的想法，可是看到其他组员讨论的比较激烈，担心自己的想法 被人嘲笑，就

40、放弃了参与；（4）准备好了充分的内容去参加英语角，可是一到那儿看到别人 流利地说外语时，感觉自己不如人家，还是不说了。适当的焦虑会增强外语学习的动机，变 压力为动力，而上面这些情况说明焦虑感过高了。这种过高的焦虑带来的直接后果便是课堂 内外所表现出来的压抑。压抑会在很多场合中出现，如当与外国人交流的时候，你总是保持 沉默；英语课堂上，你从不主动发言；参加英语角活动时，你从不主动与别人交谈等。这些 都会使你在英语的学习中越来越被动，从而阻碍了英语成绩的提高。研究表明，能够运用情 感策略来促进外语学习的学习者不到二十分之一，而对情感策略应用的缺乏恰恰是导致外语 成绩的不理想的主要原因之一。要克服焦

41、虑和压抑，首先要做到不要害怕丢脸，勇敢走出第一步。时刻告诉自己：我的 些错误可能会招致别人的嘲笑，但它只是暂时的，并不会伤害到我的自尊，也不会让我失 去任何东西，而我所收获的将是锻炼和进步。此外，要学会鼓励和奖励自己，学会从自己小 小的进步中收获喜悦，从而促进你的内在学习动机。要知道，学好英语并非一朝一夕之举， 需要长期坚持不懈地努力！因此，要利用情感因素的积极方面促进语言学习。一个优秀的语 言学习者懂得如何控制这叫情感策略来促进英语水平的提高。下图中列出了主要的情感策略:AffectiveStrategies（情感策略Encouraging yourself （自我鼓励）Lowering y

42、our anxiety （降低焦虑感）Taking your emotional temperature（检测情绪状况）Using relaxation techniques, such as deep breathing/ （采用一些放松技巧，如深呼吸）Using music （通过听音乐放松）Using laughter （通过发笑放松,如看喜剧电影）Making positive statements, such as self-talk/（说积极的话语，如自言自语） Taki ng risks wisely （理智地面对风险）Rewarding yourself （奖励自己）Liste

43、ning to your body （注意自己的身体变化）Using a checklist （填一个检测单）Writing a language learning diary （记语言学习日记）Discussing your feelings with someone else（和他人交流自己的感受）降低焦虑感的一个重要策略就是通过采取一些放松的手段，如通过身体上的放松、通过 听音乐、看电影等来放松。这些手段有的时候并不是学习者不了解，只是被忽视了。Task 1（）This task helps you relax so that you are able to deal more effe

44、ctively with language learning. You are expected to do two one-minute English oral reports in front of class. The first report is about your hobbies; the second about one of your favorite teachers. Do the first activity without any relaxation, while do the second after some relaxation. After finishi

45、ng the two reports, compare your feelings about each one to see if relaxation has helped you do the second report better.Follow the instructions for relaxation:First, tighten up your lower arm muscles as much as you can, and hold this position for 20 or 30 seconds. It probably hurts a little. Now le

46、t go and see how much better it feels. Then relax all over by using progressive relaxation. Loosen your clothes a bit around the neck and waist. If you can, lie down; if not, sit in a comfortable position. Tense your feet, and then relax them. Now move up to the ankles, and do the same. Move up to t

47、he thighs, then the hips, then the lower back, and on up all the way to your shoulders, tensing and relaxing each major group of muscles. Do the same to your neck muscles, where a lot of tension is stored. By now you should feel really comfortable and relaxed. To maintain this feeling, for a few min

48、utes imagine a lovely, relaxing scene, like a beach or a forest. Center your thoughts on this beautiful spot, meditating on it gently as you breathe deeply.当取得一定的进步或成绩时，自我鼓励也是一个非常有效的情感策略。比如，可以对自 己说：我现在基本能跟上老师讲的内容了:现在我的阅读速度比一个月前快多了;听力课上我的注意力集中的时间长了: 今天我应用了新学的单词或短语,做得很好; 最近我敢于在课堂上用英语发言了,勇敢了不少,继续加油; 今天口语课我的对话做的不错;今天的作文得到了老师的表扬,继续物力!不要小看这些话语的力量，它们能够帮助学习者转变原来学习外语的消极态度，增强信 心继续取得好的成绩。但是要坚持，每天都要自我鼓励几次，逐渐这些话语就可能会内化为 自身的一部分，使学习者对它们深信不疑。要控制好情感因素，外语学习者需要定期了解自己的情绪状况，以及为什么会有那些状 况。并且最好把那些状况记录下来，以便日后对