群体药物动力学优秀PPT.ppt
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1、群体药物动力学群体药物动力学(Population Pharmacokinetics)Contents1、概述Introduction2、原理Fundamentals3、模型化过程Process of modeling4、应用 Application书目书目contents运用概率论和数理统计原理、方法,结合医药卫生工作的实际情况,阐述医学科研设计的基本情况,研究医学资料的收集、整理和分析的方法学总称,它是认识医学现象数量特征的重要工具。基本步骤:研究设计,搜集,整理,分析医学统计学1、阐明药物动力学的基本概念和基本原理;2、建立药物动力学数学模型,找出药物浓度与时间的关系,测出有关药物动力学
2、参数,充分运用现代分析技术与计算机技术,提高药物动力学水平。药物动力学在群体中,只要有其他人在场,一个人的思想行为就与他单独一个人时有所不同,会受到其他人的影响,研究群体这种影响作用的理论,既是群体动力学。群体动力学群体药物动力学概述群体药物动力学概述Summary for Population Pharmacokinetics 群体药物动力学是探讨药物在某一特定群体中的动力学特征,通过统计学处理来全面分析药物与机体的各种相互作用。Population Pharmacokinetics describes the dynamic characteristics of drugs in a ce
3、rtain population,gives general analysis of kinds of interaction between drugs and the body in statistics.观测病人群体的药物动力学和药效动力学的整体特征观测病人群体的药物动力学和药效动力学的整体特征To investigate the populartion pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics视察相关因素对于群体药物动力学和药效动力学的影响视察相关因素对于群体药物动力学和药效动力学的影响TO identify the imp
4、act of covariates in TO identify the impact of covariates in population pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamicspopulation pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics评估随机变异性的影响评估随机变异性的影响To evaluate the impact of random variability研究研究研究研究目的目的目的目的 1 2 3群药物动力学体探讨的目的群药物动力学体探讨的目的群药物动力学体探讨的目的群药物动力学体探讨的目的Objective
5、s of population pharmacokinetic Objectives of population pharmacokinetic Objectives of population pharmacokinetic Objectives of population pharmacokinetic charcteristicscharcteristicscharcteristicscharcteristics群体药物动力学的特点群体药物动力学的特点Characteristics of population pharmacokinetics1 12 23 3对于数据组与稀疏数据组均可以
6、进行分析对于数据组与稀疏数据组均可以进行分析Userful either for rich or spaese data set应用的外推于临床前的群体数据分析以及种属之间应用的外推于临床前的群体数据分析以及种属之间Userful in preclinical population data analysis and extrapolating between different species可对不同期或不同次的试验结果进行同时分析可对不同期或不同次的试验结果进行同时分析Analyzing the results obtained from different Analyzing the r
7、esults obtained from different periods or different lots simultaneouslyperiods or different lots simultaneously4 4群体模型的建立可为临床试验支配的伪真供应础群体模型的建立可为临床试验支配的伪真供应础Clinical trial simulation based on Clinical trial simulation based on population analysispopulation analysis5 56 6有助于临床各期试验中对于药物动力学有助于临床各期试验中对于药
8、物动力学-药效动力学相关药效动力学相关关系的探讨关系的探讨Trials in different clinical phasas benefited Trials in different clinical phasas benefited from population analysisfrom population analysis对于相关因素的分析可以为将来的试验设计、剂量选择对于相关因素的分析可以为将来的试验设计、剂量选择供应指南供应指南Futer study and dosage design benefited from Futer study and dosage design
9、benefited from covariatecovariatefactor analysisfactor analysis群体药物动力学原理群体药物动力学原理 Fundamentals of Population Pharmacokinetics与与一一般般药药物物动动力力学学的的原原理理相相像像,群群体体药药物物动动力力学学也也是是通通过过建建立立动动力力学学模模型型,拟拟合合找找出出一一组组数数据据,以以使使由由模模型型求求出出的的拟拟合合值值与与实实际际得得到到的的观观测测值值之之间间的的偏偏差差最最小小,这这种种偏偏差差通通常常由由目目标标函函数数(objective object
10、ive functionfunction,OFOF)的的公公式式来来定定义义。寻寻求求最最佳佳模模型型的的过过程程事事实实上上就就是是使使目目标函数最小化的过程。标函数最小化的过程。Be Be similar similar to to the the fundamentals fundamentals of of ordinary ordinary pharmacokinetic,pharmacokinetic,population population pharmacokinetics pharmacokinetics is is also also predicting predicti
11、ng a a data data group group through through found found dynamic dynamic models models to to minimum minimum the the deviations deviations between between predictions predictions and and observations.observations.The The deviations deviations are are usually usually defined defined by by objective o
12、bjective function(OF).function(OF).The The process process of of searching searching for for the the perfect perfect models models is is the the process process of of minimum minimum the objective function.the objective function.一般药物动力学中常用拟合方法的原理一般药物动力学中常用拟合方法的原理Fundamentals of methods in ordinary F
13、undamentals of methods in ordinary pharmacokinetic studiespharmacokinetic studies一、最小二乘法一、最小二乘法(ordinary least squares,OLS)OFOLS=i(ObsiPredi)2 目目标标函函数数OFOF是是各各个个观观测测值值与与拟拟合合值值之之差差的的平平方方和和,当当确确定定在在各各个个数数值值段观测值的随机误差均基本相等时应用。段观测值的随机误差均基本相等时应用。Objective function(OF)is the quadratic sum of each predictio
14、ns and observations,it is used when random errors of observations in each data segment are nearly equally.二、加权最小二乘法二、加权最小二乘法(Weighted least squares,WLS)Wi是对第i个观测值Obsi的加权。三、扩展最小二乘法(Extended least squares,ELS)Vari是误差模型参数。固定效应因素固定效应因素Fixed-effect factors影响观测结果的误差因素影响观测结果的误差因素Factors Factors that may in
15、fluence the observationsmay influence the observations随机效应因素随机效应因素Random effects factors固定效应因素固定效应因素(Fixed-effect factors)这这是是一一类类可可测测定定、可可衡衡量量的的因因素素,例例如如个个体体间间差差异异如如年年龄龄、身身高高、体体重重、性性别别、生生理理病病理理状状态态、试试验验时时间间和和场场所所等等,在在模模型型中中与与这这类类因因素素相关的参数成为固定效应参数(相关的参数成为固定效应参数(fixed-effect parameters)。)。These facto
16、rs can be measured and determined,such as individual difference et age,height,weight,gender,physiological and pathological state,experimental time and spots and so on.Parameters referring to those factors are fixed-effect parameters.例:当群体的平均体重为 70kg时,可以用如下公式评估体重(BW)对于第j个药物动力学参数Ppopj的影响。j是对参数典型值Zj的体重
17、校正因子。随机效应因素随机效应因素(Random effects factors)随机效应因素是一类不行观测的因素。例如一些未知的生理病理学状态,无法测定的生物化学或病理学差异,分析测量误差等。Random effects factors cannot be observed.Such as some unknown physiological and pathological states,biological chemistry or pathology difference that cannot be measured,deviation and so on.个体间随机效应个体间随机效
18、应(inter-individual random effects)残留随机效应残留随机效应(residual random effects)加和型(additive)比例型(proportional)指数型(exponential)个体间随机效应个体间随机效应(inter-individual random effects)残留随机效应残留随机效应(residual random effects)TEXTTEXTTEXTTEXTTEXT 残留随机效应是指由一些不行知因素导致的拟合值与观测值之间的差异。包括个体内和试验间的随机效应;用模型参数的个体间随机差异无法说明的部分。Residual r
19、andom effects refer to deviations between predictions and observations caused by some unknown factors.including intra-individuals and inter-experiment s random effects,and these cannot be explanted by inter-individual random differences of model parameters.TEXTTEXTTEXTTEXTTEXT指数型误差指数型误差(exponential
20、errors)残留误差残留误差(residual errors)比例型误差比例型误差(proportional errors)加和型误差加和型误差Additive errors结合型误差结合型误差(combination of add and pro errors)残留误差残留误差(residual errors):如模型本身的错误、测定误差以及不易觉察的环境噪音等。residual errors:Such as Improper models,measurement error,tiny environmental noise and so on.加和型误差加和型误差(Additive ty
21、pe error)(Additive type error):是观测值与拟合:是观测值与拟合值之间的差值之间的差Additive type error:subtraction between Additive type error:subtraction between predictions and observations.predictions and observations.误差的存在独立于观测值的大小,属于确定误差。误差的存在独立于观测值的大小,属于确定误差。Additive errors are absolute error,independent Additive errors
22、 are absolute error,independent on the observations.on the observations.比例型误差比例型误差(proportional errors)(proportional errors):公式:公式误差的大小与拟合值成比例的变更,属于相对误差。误差的大小与拟合值成比例的变更,属于相对误差。proportional proportional errors errors are are relative relative error,error,proportionate to the predictions.proportionate
23、 to the predictions.指数型误差指数型误差(exponential errors):公式:公式比例型误差和指数型误差在性质上有很多相像之处。比例型误差和指数型误差在性质上有很多相像之处。exponential errors are similar to proportional errors.结结合合型型误误差差:实实际际状状况况中中往往往往是是加加和和型型和和比比例例型型两两类类误误差差模模 型型 的的 共共 同同 存存 在在(Combination of additive and proportional errors)由由上上所所述述,可可知知观观测测值值与与拟拟合合值
24、值之之间间的的误误差差来来自自于于固固定定效效应和随机效应的双重影响。应和随机效应的双重影响。例:假设个体内和个体间的随机差异均可以用比较简洁的例:假设个体内和个体间的随机差异均可以用比较简洁的加和模型来表述的话,那么个体加和模型来表述的话,那么个体j j的第的第i i个观测值、相应的个观测值、相应的拟合值与这些差异的关系可以表述如下:拟合值与这些差异的关系可以表述如下:titi是与第是与第i i个观测值对应的时间点,符号个观测值对应的时间点,符号k k是模型中参数的是模型中参数的个数之和,个数之和,PpopPpop是群体药物动力学参数的典型值。是群体药物动力学参数的典型值。群体药物动力学的探
25、讨方法 methods in population pharmacokinetic studies2 23 31 1 简洁平均数据法nave average data.标准两步法standard two stage 一、常规药物动力学探讨方法一、常规药物动力学探讨方法(Methods in ordinary pharmacokinetic studies)简洁合并数据法简洁合并数据法Simple merge data Simple merge data methodmethod1、简洁合并数据法:将全部个体数据合并之后进行处理,仿佛这些数据来源于同一个体,这个虚拟的个体称为参比个体(refer
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