外文翻译--机器人.doc

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1、 外文原文The robot1.The role of robotsThe role of robots Is a high-level integration of control theory, robotics, machinery and electronics, computers, materials and bionic product. In industry, medicine, agriculture, construction and even the military have important applications in such areas. Now, the

2、 international concept of robots has been gradually approaching the same. In general, people can accept the claim that the robot is controlled by its own power and ability to achieve the various functions of a machine. The United Nations Organization for Standardization adopted by the American Feder

3、ation of Robotics to the robot under the definition: a programmable and versatile, used to move materials, parts, tools, operating machines; or to perform different tasks have to change and Programmable action specialized systems.2.Composition of the robotThe composition of the robot Robots in gener

4、al by the executing agency, drives, detection devices and control system, etc. Implementing agency, the robot body, the buttocks generally use the space for open-chain linkages, the movement of which the Deputy (rotate or move the Deputy Vice-) often referred to as joints, and joints shall be the nu

5、mber of robots are usually a few degrees of freedom. According to joint configuration types and the different forms of movement coordinates, the robot implementing agencies can be divided into rectangular type, cylindrical coordinate type, polar coordinate type and other types of joint coordinate ty

6、pe. For anthropomorphic considerations, often the relevant parts of the robot body are known as the base, waist, arm, wrist, hand (gripper or end effector) and the Ministry of walking (for mobile robot), etc. . Drive device is driven by movement of the body implementing agencies, in accordance with

7、the directives issued by the signal control system, by means of dynamic components, the robot action is needed. It is the input signal, the output is the line, the amount of angular displacement. Drive robot is mainly used in electric drives, such as stepper motors, servo motors, etc. In addition, t

8、here is also hydraulic, pneumatic, etc. drives.Detecting device is the role of real-time detection robots movement and work of the required feedback to the control system, compared with the configuration information, the right to adjust the implementing agencies to ensure the robots movements to mee

9、t the intended requirements. As a sensor detecting device can be divided into two categories: one is internal information sensors for detecting the internal situation in various parts of robots, such as the joint position, velocity, acceleration, etc., and the measured information as a feedback the

10、signal sent to the controller, to form a closed-loop control. The other is external information sensors, used to obtain information about the operation of robots and other objects and external environment of information, so that the robot moves to adapt to changing circumstances, so that to achieve

11、a higher level of automation, even the machine person has a certain feel to the intelligent development, such as visual, sound and other external sensors sense given object of work, information about the working environment, the use of such information constitutes a major feedback loop, which will g

12、reatly enhance the work of the robot accuracy. Control system in two ways. One is the centralized control, that is, the robots control by a microcomputer to complete. The other is decentralized (level)-type control, which uses multiple computers to share the control of robots, such as when using the

13、 upper and lower two computers together to complete the robot control, the host often used for system management, communication, kinematics and dynamics calculations, to send commands to the lower-level computer information; as a junior from the machine, the joints corresponding to a CPU, for interp

14、olation and servo control processing operations to achieve a given movement, to the host feedback. According to the different operational mission requirements, the robot control mode can be divided into point to point control, continuous path control and force (torque) control.3.History of RobotsRob

15、ot History 1920 Czechoslovakia writer Karel Capek in his sci-fi novel Rossums Universal Robots company, according to Robota (Czech, intended to labor, slave labor) and Robotnik (Polish, the original intent as workers), to create a robot is the word. World Expo 1939 in New York on display at the West

16、inghouse Electric Company manufactured home robot Elektro. It is controlled by a cable, you can walk, say 77 words, or even smoke, but still far from the real chores. But it give people a vision of domestic robots to become more specific. Asimov sci-fi masters 1942, the United States put forward the

17、 Three Laws of Robotics. Although this is only the creation of science fiction, but later became the principle of academic research and development by default. In 1948 Norbert Weiner published in control theory to explain the machine in the communication and control function and the nervous, sensory

18、 function of the common law, first proposed as the core of computer-automated factory. 1954, American George Dwyer created the worlds first programmable robot and registered patents. This mechanical hand in accordance with different programs in different jobs, so has the versatility and flexibility.

19、 1956 Dartmouth meeting Marvin Minsky has made his views on intelligent machines: Smart Machine to create an abstract model of the surrounding environment, if you encounter problems, from abstract model to find a solution . This definition affects the subsequent 30 years of intelligent robot researc

20、h direction. Dwyer and the United States in 1959, inventor Joseph Ingeborg joined hands to create the first industrial robot. Subsequently, the establishment of the worlds first a robot manufacturing plant - Unimation company. As Ingeborg R & D for industrial robots and publicity, he was known as th

21、e father of industrial robots. AMF Inc. in 1962, the United States produced VERSTRAN (meaning universal handling), and Unimation produced Unimate as a truly commercial industrial robots, and exported to countries around the world, setting off a worldwide study of robots and robot the globe. 1962 -1,

22、963 years the application of sensors to improve the operability of the robot. People try all kinds of sensors installed on the robot, including the 1961 Ernst used in tactile sensors, Tomovic and Boni 1962, the worlds first smart hand on the use of pressure sensors, while the McCarthy in 1963, has b

23、egun to add visual sensor in robot system, and in 1965, helped MIT launched the worlds first with a vision sensor that can identify and locate building blocks of the robotic system. 1965 Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory developed Beast robot. Beast has been through sonar systems,

24、photoelectric tubes and other devices, the environmental correction own position. 60 mid-20th century, the U.S. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, University of Edinburgh, been set up in the robot lab. The United States with the rise of the second-generation sensors research

25、, there feel of the robot, artificial intelligence and to work towards it. The worlds first intelligent robot Shakey Stanford Research Institute in 1968, the United States announced that they successfully developed a robot Shakey. It is with a vision sensor, according to the instructions of people t

26、o discover and crawl the building blocks of a computer to control it, but there is a room so much. Shakey can be regarded as the worlds first intelligent robot, beginning the prelude to the third generation of robot research and development. 1969, Ichiro Kato, Waseda University Laboratory developed

27、the first robot to walk, walk. Ichiro Kato, the long-term commitment to research humanoid robot, known as the father of humanoid robot. Japanese experts has been to develop humanoid robots and robot technology, known for entertainment, then go one step further hastened the development of Hondas ASIM

28、O and Sonys QRIO. In 1973 the worlds first robot and small computers to work together, they gave birth to the U.S. company Cincinnati Milacron robot T3. Unimation introduced in 1978, the U.S. general industrial robot PUMA, which marks the industrial robot technology has reached full maturity. PUMA i

29、s still work in the factory in the forefront. 1984 Ingeborg pushed robot Helpmate, the robot can deliver meals to patients in the hospital and get drugs, to send e-mail. In the same year, he predicted: I want robots to clean the floor, cooking, washing out to help me to check security. In 1998 Denma

30、rk introduced Lego Robot (Mind-storms) package, so get with the building-block robot manufacturing the same, relatively simple and can arbitrarily assembled, the robot started to enter the private world. In 1999 Sony introduced Aibo robot dog (AIBO), immediately sold out, and from entertainment robo

31、ts become the robot forward one of the ways ordinary family. In 2002 the U.S. introduced the iRobot robotic vacuum cleaner Roomba, it can avoid obstacles, automatic design of the road route, but also in the power is insufficient, automatically towards charging seat. Roomba is the worlds largest-sell

32、ing and most commercial household robots. an authorized agent iRobot Corporation Beijing: Beijing Science and Technology Co., Ltd. Micro-Mesh, Tomohiro http / / www micronet net cn. In June 2006, Microsoft launched the Microsoft Robotics Studio, robotics modular, unified platform, it became increasi

33、ngly evident, Bill Gates predicted that household robots will soon be sweeping the world4.Robot category articlesBeing born in science fiction, like, people are full of fantasy robot. Perhaps it is because the definition of fuzzy robots, which gave the people full of imagination and creative space.

34、Domestic robots: to help people take care of life, to do simple household chores. Manipulator-type robot: Can automatic, repeatable programming, multi-functional, there are several degrees of freedom can be fixed or movement, for associated automation systems. Programmable Robot: According to the or

35、der and conditions of a pre-requirement in turn control the robots mechanical movements. Teaching-playback robot: Adoption of the guidance or other means, the first robot moves the church, enter the work process, the robot will automatically repeat operations. NC robots: do not have to move the robo

36、t through the values, language, etc. for teaching the robot, the robot according to the information after teaching job. Feel-controlled robot: the use of sensors to obtain information on control of robot action. Adaptive control robot: able to adapt to changes in the environment, control their own a

37、ctions. Learning control for robots: can understand the work experience, with a certain degree of learning function, and the learning experience for the work. Intelligent Robots: The artificial intelligence robot to determine its actions. Chinas environment, starting from the application of robotics

38、 experts, robots are divided into two categories, namely industrial robots and special robot. The so-called industrial robots for industrial areas of multi-joint or multi-DOF robot manipulators. In addition to the special robot is outside of industrial robots used for non-manufacturing and the servi

39、ce of mankind advanced robots, including: service robots, underwater robots, entertainment robots, military robots, agricultural robots, robot-based machinery. In the special robots, some branches have developed rapidly, there is a separate system for trends, such as service robots, underwater robot

40、s, military robots, micro-operation of robots. At present, the international robot scholars, starting from the application environment, the robot is also divided into two categories: manufacturing environment of industrial robots and the non-manufacturing environment, the service and humanoid robots

41、, This classification is consistent with our The. Also known as unmanned aerial robot machines, in recent years, the family in the military robotics, unmanned aerial vehicles are the most active research activities, technological progress, the largest research and procurement of funds into the large

42、st and most experienced in the field of combat. 80 years, the world is basically the development of unmanned aerial vehicles based on the main line of the United States to move forward, regardless of the technical level, the types and number of UAVs, the U.S. ranking first in the world.5.Human and r

43、obotHuman and robot As society continues to develop, more and more detail the division of labor all walks of life, especially in the modern big industry, some people have twisted a number of products per day are only targeted at the same site on a nut, and some people the whole days to take an end o

44、f a thread, just like the movie Modern Times, as demonstrated, people feel that they have been alienated in the various occupational diseases has the effect, so there is a strong wish to use a machine instead of their own work, so people have developed a robot , to replace the people to accomplish t

45、hese monotonous, boring, or dangerous jobs. Since the advent of robots, so that part of the workers lost their jobs, so some people had a hostile robot. Robots posts, people will be laid off. Not only in our country, even in some developed countries like the United States, it was also held this view

46、point. In fact, this worry is unnecessary, and any advanced machinery and equipment, will increase labor productivity and product quality, create more social wealth will inevitably provide more employment opportunities, which has been proved by the history of human production and development. The em

47、ergence of any new things are advantages and disadvantages, but advantages outweigh the disadvantages, and soon people get recognized. The emergence of such vehicles, which not only deprived of part of the rickshaw pullers, porters business, but also often a car accident, a threat to human life and

48、property. Although people have seen the car of these abuses, but it is peoples daily life has become an indispensable means of transport. A well-known British statesman for the issue on industrial robots made such a passage: the number of robots in Japan ranks first in the world, while the unemploye

49、d population at least, the United Kingdom the number of robots in the developed world at least, while the unemployed population high , which is also from another angle, the robot will not get peoples rice bowls. The United States is the birthplace of the robot, the robot has a capacity far less than Japan, where some of the reasons is that some workers did not welcome the U.S. robot, thus inhibiting the development of the robot. Japan robot is able to quickly become a big country for many reasons