英语语言学实用教程课件优秀PPT.ppt
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1、Lecture 7 The meaning of English(I)ReviewWhat are common means of cohesion in English?What do we mean by conversational repair?Contents7.1 The notion of semantics7.1 The notion of semantics7.2 Semantic properties7.2 Semantic properties7.3 Semantic relations7.3 Semantic relations7.4 Sense and referen
2、ce7.4 Sense and reference7.1 The notion of semanticsSemantics is the study of the meaning of language(and the communication of meaning through language).The meaning of meanASK:What does mean mean in each of the following sentences?(1)What does tall mean?(1)What does tall mean?(2)A nod means agreemen
3、t.(2)A nod means agreement.(3)I know the place you mean.(3)I know the place you mean.(4)Your presence would mean a lot to me.(4)Your presence would mean a lot to me.(5)I am sorry.I didnt mean to be late.(5)I am sorry.I didnt mean to be late.(6)The boy wasnt meant to be there.(6)The boy wasnt meant t
4、o be there.(1)What does tall mean?(signify)(1)What does tall mean?(signify)(2)A nod means agreement.(indicate)(2)A nod means agreement.(indicate)(3)I know the place you mean.(refer to)(3)I know the place you mean.(refer to)(4)Your presence would mean a lot to me.(matter)(4)Your presence would mean a
5、 lot to me.(matter)(5)I am sorry.I didnt mean to be late.(intend)(5)I am sorry.I didnt mean to be late.(intend)(6)The boy wasnt meant to be there.(supposed to)(6)The boy wasnt meant to be there.(supposed to)More:More:(7)He(7)He was was meant meant to to become become a a journalist journalist rather
6、 rather than than a lawyer.(destined)a lawyer.(destined)(8)He(8)He doesnt doesnt know know the the meaning meaning of of the the word word fear.fear.(sense)(sense)(9)If(9)If thats thats the the case,case,his his sacrifice sacrifice no no longer longer hashasany meaning.(significance)any meaning.(sig
7、nificance)Approaches to the study of meaningtraditional approachtraditional approachstructuralist approachstructuralist approachfunctional approachfunctional approachpragmatic approachpragmatic approachcognitive approach cognitive approach Traditional approach A.Naming/labeling vs.convention“moon”PP
8、.111-112 No.10PP.111-112 No.10Presentation Session The naming of people in EnglishStructuralist approachTreats meaning as semantic structures formed by semantic components/semantic features-componential analysis(语义成分分析).Componential analysisCA is a process that breaks down the meaning of a word into
9、 its minimal distinctive features or properties(semantic components/features)using feature symbols(metalanguage 元语言).woman-+HUMAN MALE+ADULT boy-+HUMAN+MALE ADULT girl-+HUMAN-MALE-ADULTFunctional approachGeoffrey Leech(1983),Semantics.Treats meaning with reference to its function in context,to show
10、how linguistic,situational and social contexts affects the meaning of language.Seven types of meaning-conceptual meaning:logical,cognitive,-conceptual meaning:logical,cognitive,denotative content denotative content -associative meanings:-associative meanings:connotativeconnotative meaning meaning so
11、cial/stylistic meaning social/stylistic meaning affective meaning affective meaning reflected meaning reflected meaning collocative meaningcollocative meaning-thematic meaning-thematic meaninga.Conceptual meaning(概念意义)The conceptual or denotative meaning of a linguistic form is the person,object,abs
12、tract notion,event or state which the word or sentence denotes.e.g.school,hospital b.Connotative meaningDefinition:it is the communicative value/subjective interpretation attached to its purely conceptual meaning.e.g.:The man is a fox.statesman,politician CharacteristicsConnotations are relatively u
13、nstable.They vary considerably according to society,historical period,and the experience of the individual.The connotative meaning can be the same/different in different languages or cultures.e.g.:fox,machine BUT:dragon,dog,elephant(White Elephant)ASK:What does white elephant mean in English?A B CPo
14、sitive connotation Neutral Negative connotation stout fat corpulent investigator detective spy decease die pegged out slim thin skinny strong-minded firm pig-headed public servant government employeebureaucratConnotation:c.Social/stylistic meaningIt refers to what language conveys about the social c
15、ircumstances of its use.It relates to peoples recognition of different dimensions and levels of style with the same language.(社会/文体意义)steed(poetic)residence(formal)steed(poetic)residence(formal)horse(general)abode(poetic)horse(general)abode(poetic)nag(slang)home(general)nag(slang)home(general)gee-ge
16、e(baby language)domicile(gee-gee(baby language)domicile(very formal,very formal,officialofficial)throw(general)tiny(colloquial)throw(general)tiny(colloquial)chuck(casual,slang)diminutive(very formal)chuck(casual,slang)diminutive(very formal)cast(literal,biblical)wee cast(literal,biblical)wee(colloqu
17、ial,dialectal)(colloquial,dialectal)d.Affective meaningIt has to do with the personal feelings of the speaker,including his attitude to the listener,or his attitude to something he is talking about.Its often explicitly conveyed through conceptual or connotative content of the words used.(情感意义)“Youre
18、 a vicious tyrant and villain and I hate Youre a vicious tyrant and villain and I hate you!”you!”I am terribly sorry to interrupt,but I wonder if you I am terribly sorry to interrupt,but I wonder if you would be so kind as to lower your voices a little.would be so kind as to lower your voices a litt
19、le.Shut up!Shut up!Keep your mouth shut!Keep your mouth shut!e.Reflected meaningReflected meaning:the meaning which arises in cases of multiple conceptual meaning,when one sense of a word is so strong that it forms part of our response to another sense.Example:words having a taboo meaning,such as ga
20、y,intercourse(反映意义)f.Collocative meaningIt refers to the associations a word acquires on It refers to the associations a word acquires on account of its mutual expectancy with some account of its mutual expectancy with some other words which tend to occur in its other words which tend to occur in it
21、s environment.environment.Example:Example:prettypretty and and handsomehandsome pretty pretty girl,boy,woman,flower,etc.girl,boy,woman,flower,etc.handsome boy,man,car,vessel,etc.handsome boy,man,car,vessel,etc.cowscows may may wanderwander,but may not,but may not strollstroll.one one trembles trembl
22、es with with fearfear,but,but quiver quiver with with excitementexcitement.(搭配意义)g.Thematic MeaningIt refers to what is communicated by the way in which a speaker or writer organizes the message,in terms of ordering,focus,and emphasis.e.g.:(1)He is familiar to me.(2)Im familiar with him.(主位意义)a.A ma
23、n is waiting in the hall.A man is waiting in the hall.b.Theres a man waiting in the hall.b.Theres a man waiting in the hall.a.My brother owns the largest betting-shop in a.My brother owns the largest betting-shop in London.London.b.The largest betting-shop in London belongs to b.The largest betting-
24、shop in London belongs to my brother.my brother.a.What I need is a ticket.a.What I need is a ticket.b.A ticket is what I need.b.A ticket is what I need.Pragmatic approachTreat meaning as what is communicated through language,taking into account the context,language user,communicative conventions and
25、 principles,etc.Im in a bath.Son:The phone is ringingDad,the phone is ringing!ASK:What does the father mean?Cognitive approachMeaning extensions of words seen as metaphorical or metonymic processes.To be detailed in next lecture7.2 Semantic propertiesWords are seen as composed of universal Words are
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