高考英语专题复习《阅读理解专题-猜测词义》PPT课件.ppt

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1、墙角数枝墙角数枝槑槑（梅），凌寒独自开，（梅），凌寒独自开，遥赞它是雪，遥赞它是雪，只能说你只能说你呆呆。If If you come across new you come across new words when reading,words when reading,What will you do What will you do?Ignore them and continue readingLook them up in the dictionaryGuess the meaning 猜测词义猜测词义 读懂文章读懂文章-高三英语阅读指导高三英语阅读指导猜测词义：猜测词义：单词的猜测

2、能力是阅读理单词的猜测能力是阅读理解能力的主要组成部分，历年高考都解能力的主要组成部分，历年高考都把这一项作为考生应该掌握的一项阅把这一项作为考生应该掌握的一项阅读技能列入试题，考查对文中关键词读技能列入试题，考查对文中关键词语（实词、短语、指代关系等）的理语（实词、短语、指代关系等）的理解。而且，所考查的词或短语的意义解。而且，所考查的词或短语的意义往往不停留在字面上。但事实上，往往不停留在字面上。但事实上，阅阅读材料中的每个词与它前后的词语或读材料中的每个词与它前后的词语或句子甚至段落有着互相制约的关系。句子甚至段落有着互相制约的关系。我们可以利用语境（各种已知信息）我们可以利用语境（各种

3、已知信息）推测、判断某些生词的词义推测、判断某些生词的词义。对考纲外生词的猜测对考纲外生词的猜测Many United Nations employees are Many United Nations employees are polyglotspolyglots:Mr.Jim,for example,speaks five languages Mr.Jim,for example,speaks five languages fluently.fluently.“polyglot”most probably“polyglot”most probably means means“_.”“_.

4、”对考纲内熟词新义的猜测对考纲内熟词新义的猜测I had first known she was wrong,that her I had first known she was wrong,that her anxiety had anxiety had cloudedclouded her judgment.(04 her judgment.(04全国卷全国卷)“cloud”“cloud”means“_ means“_.”通晓数种语言的人通晓数种语言的人使模糊，混淆，搅浑使模糊，混淆，搅浑The biggest finding in brain research in the last t

5、en years is that the brain at any age is highly plastic.If you ask your brain to learn,it will learn.(07四川卷)By saying“the brain at any age is highly plastic”,the writer means the brain can be _.A.used B.mastered C.developed D.researched对句义的猜测对句义的猜测词义猜测题常用的提问方式有词义猜测题常用的提问方式有：1.Theword“”refersto/proba

6、blymeans/couldbestbereplacedby_.2.Theword“”ismostlikelytomean_.3.Whatdoyouthinktheexpression“”standsfor?4.Theunderlinedword“”means_.5.Theword“”isclosestinmeaningto语境法语境法Contextclues 构词法构词法Word formation猜测词意WordFormation构词法构词法：英语单词大多是由词根、词头（前缀）英语单词大多是由词根、词头（前缀）和词尾（后缀）所组成。词根是单词最基本和词尾（后缀）所组成。词根是单词最基本的部

7、分，表达单词的基本含义。在词根前或的部分，表达单词的基本含义。在词根前或后加上前缀或后缀，可以用来引申或转变原后加上前缀或后缀，可以用来引申或转变原词的意义。词的意义。只要我们掌握了各种词根、词头只要我们掌握了各种词根、词头和词尾的基本含义，那么就可以很容易猜测和词尾的基本含义，那么就可以很容易猜测出由其构成的新词的含义了出由其构成的新词的含义了。中学英语中常见的前缀和后缀有：中学英语中常见的前缀和后缀有：super-(超超)mini-(极小的极小的,微小的微小的)micro-（极微小的）（极微小的）re-（再，反复）（再，反复）mis-（误，恶）（误，恶）im-（不）（不）un-（不，非）（

8、不，非）in-（不，非）（不，非）non-（不，非）（不，非）-able（能（能的的）-less（不，无）（不，无）-wards(向向)supermanmicrowave(超人超人)nonnaturalmispronounce(非自然的非自然的)homelessnonsmoker(无家可归的无家可归的)rebuildeastwards(重建重建)Can you guess the right meanings?(微波微波)(非烟民非烟民)(发错音发错音)(向东向东)1.(10(10福建卷福建卷)In 2005,after the fall of the Taliban（塔利班）,which h

9、ad outlawed TV,1 in 5 Afghans had one.2.When men and women lived by hunting 50,000 years ago,how could they even begin to picture modern life?3.When he reached the place with his army,he found an impassable river in front of him.Word-formation（合成词）（合成词）（合成词）（合成词）（词性变化）（词性变化）（合成法，转化法，派生法）（合成法，转化法，派生法

10、）（词的派生）（词的派生）1.1.(10(10福建卷福建卷福建卷福建卷)In 2005,after the fall of the In 2005,after the fall of the TalibanTaliban（塔利班）（塔利班）,which had,which had outlawedoutlawed TV,1 TV,1 in 5 Afghans had one.in 5 Afghans had one.A.allowed B.banned C.offered D.refusedA.allowed B.banned C.offered D.refused2.When men and

11、 women lived by hunting 2.When men and women lived by hunting 50,000 years ago,how could they even 50,000 years ago,how could they even begin to begin to picturepicture modern life?modern life?3.When he reached the place with his army,3.When he reached the place with his army,he found an he found an

12、 impassableimpassable river in front of him.river in front of him.Word-formationto imagine or to describe adj.无法通行的无法通行的,无法通过的无法通过的passpassableimpassable1.定义描述定义描述3.因果关系因果关系2.同义反义同义反义4.举例归纳举例归纳5.生活常识生活常识6.上下文推测上下文推测语语境境猜猜测测词词义义 His uncle is a zoologist,an expert who does research on animals.The herd

13、sman,who looks after sheep,earns about 650 yuan a year.Semantics,the study of the meaning of words,is necessary if you are to speak and read intelligently.动物学家动物学家 牧羊人牧羊人语义学语义学1、定义描述、定义描述 定义或释义关系常由定语从句或定义或释义关系常由定语从句或becalled，beknownas,bedefinedas等词汇或破折号来表示等词汇或破折号来表示；或由或由is,thatis(tosay),inotherwords

14、，to put it another way引出引出 一些具体的解释性的短语放在生词后一些具体的解释性的短语放在生词后做它的同位语，用逗号隔开，构成同做它的同位语，用逗号隔开，构成同位关系。位关系。小小 结结2.同义词同义词 Mother was tall,fat and middle-aged.My aunt was an old woman,almost as plump as mother,and much shorter.In some countries where there is very little rain,the farmers have to irrigate,or w

15、ater,their fields.All the other members are of the same opinion.They are unanimous.圆胖的圆胖的灌溉灌溉一致同意的一致同意的反义词反义词 Though Toms face has been washed quite clean,his neck still remains grubby.Some human actions are learned,but quite a few other actions are innate.In the past the world seemed to run in an o

16、rderly way.Now,however,everything seems to be in a state of turmoil.污秽的污秽的 天生的天生的混乱混乱 由由and或或or，like,as as,the same as等连接的两个词构成同义等连接的两个词构成同义关系；关系；表转折关系的词常有表转折关系的词常有如如but,while,however,instead of,rather than,unlike,yet,otherwise,though，in contrast,on the contrary等。等。小小 结结3、因果关系、因果关系 One who is destit

17、ute has a great need for food and clothing.The river is so turbid that it is impossible to see the bottom even when it is shallow.Tom is considered an autocratic administrator because he makes decisions without seeking the opinions of others.Hes such a shrewd businessman that he loses no money in an

18、y trade.贫穷的贫穷的混浊的混浊的独断专行的独断专行的 精明的精明的 常用关联词常用关联词(如如becausebecause，asas，sincesince，forfor，soso，thusthus，as a resultas a result，so,so so,so that,such that,such that that thereforetherefore等等)表示前因后果。表示前因后果。小小 结结4、举例归纳法、举例归纳法 Cars must have certain safety devices such as seat belt,headlights,and good br

19、akes.On the farm they mainly raise poultry,such as chickens,ducks and geese,for their eggs and meat.家禽家禽装置装置民俗民俗 Although the hazards of the trip were many-for example,the unbearable heat,the lack of water,the possibility of getting lost,the presence of wild animals and poisonous snakes-Collins neve

20、rtheless decided that she must go.A)pleasures B)conveniences C)dangers D)equipment 常用常用such as,like，for example,for instance等引出例等引出例子，可根据例子隶属的类别归纳子，可根据例子隶属的类别归纳出总称词即词义出总称词即词义。小小 结结When you throw a stone into still water of a lake,you will watch a ripple spread in rings on the surface of water.In the

21、 strong wind,the beggar shivered with the terrible cold.One of symptoms caused by the peculiar illness is a high fever.波纹波纹,涟漪涟漪 颤抖颤抖症状症状 5、生活经验、生活经验,生活常识生活常识,逻辑推理逻辑推理 小小 结结根据自身的直接或间接的经验，或运用自根据自身的直接或间接的经验，或运用自己已有的常识将生词推测出来。己已有的常识将生词推测出来。因此平时因此平时多了解英美国家的风俗习惯，宗教信仰，多了解英美国家的风俗习惯，宗教信仰，社会生活等，可以帮助加深对文章的理解，

22、社会生活等，可以帮助加深对文章的理解，遇到生词，猜测词义的能力自然就提高了。遇到生词，猜测词义的能力自然就提高了。6.6.根据生词所在的上下文猜测词义根据生词所在的上下文猜测词义例题：例题：Tom cant find his sneakers.C.shoesTom cant find his white sneakersTom cant play tennis now because he cant find his white sneakers.A.money B.bowls What does“in the public eye”mean?A.公众熟悉的公众熟悉的,出名的出名的Tips:i

23、n public在公众场合在公众场合 the public大众大众 eye眼睛眼睛GuessB.在群众的眼里在群众的眼里 C.公开的公开的 D.令人眼热的令人眼热的Mr Zhang often appears Mr Zhang often appears in public.But he is not famoushe is not But he is not famoushe is not in the public eyein the public eye.(2006(2006年安徽卷年安徽卷)精品解析精品解析英语英语Lionsareopportunists.Theyprefertoeat

24、withouthavingtodotoomuchwork.Ifanotheranimalhasmadeakill,theywilldriveitoffandtakethekillforthemselves.Bydescribinglionsas“opportunist”intheparagraph,theauthormeanstosaythatlions_.A.arecruelanimalsB.arecleveranimalsC.liketotakeadvantageofotheranimalsD.liketotakeeverychancetoeatC 小小 结结所谓所谓“词不离句，句不离章词

25、不离句，句不离章“讲的就是讲的就是对对于词语或句子的正确理解依赖于一定的情于词语或句子的正确理解依赖于一定的情景景。所以在猜测生词词义或句意时，。所以在猜测生词词义或句意时，一一定要认真读懂与生词密切相关的前后句子，定要认真读懂与生词密切相关的前后句子，对词或句子进行合情合理的推测，排除肤对词或句子进行合情合理的推测，排除肤浅的表义，选择蕴含在其中的深意。浅的表义，选择蕴含在其中的深意。Inquiry-based Activities(I)探究活动探究活动 (1)(1)1.Heisaresoluteman.Oncehemadeuphismindtodosomething,hewontgivei

26、tuphalfway.A.weakB.firmC.kindD.clever2.Mrs.Smithisloquaciouswhileherhusbandisthesilenttype.A.活泼的活泼的B.好动的好动的C.多嘴多舌的多嘴多舌的D.可爱的可爱的3.Inmanycountriestherearetwofinancialextremes,frompenurytogreatwealth.A.便士便士B.温饱温饱C.非常贫困非常贫困D.虚弱虚弱小试身手4.Theoldwomanhasastrangehabittokeepover100catsinherhouse.Herneighborall

27、callheraneccentriclady.A.爱猫的爱猫的B.古怪的古怪的C.闲不住闲不住D.动物保护主义者动物保护主义者5.Althoughheoftenhadthechance,Mr.Brownwasneverabletostealmoneyfromacustomer.Thiswouldendangeredhispositionatthebank,andhedidnotwanttojeopardizehisfuture.Theword“jeopardize”means_inthistext.A.protectB.endangerC.continueD.stop6.Childrenare

28、alwaysboasting.Theysaythingslike“MyDadscarisbiggerthanyourDads,”“MyMomissmarterthanyours.”and“Myfamilyhasmoremoneythanyours.”Theword“boasting”means_.A.骄傲骄傲B.吹牛吹牛C.顽皮顽皮D.幼稚幼稚 Inquiry-based Activities(II)探究活动探究活动 (2)(2)Passage1 2010 2010高考真题精品解析高考真题精品解析英语（福建卷）英语（福建卷）Twothirdsofcustomerssaythatenvironm

29、entalconsiderationsinformtheirpurchasestothesamedegreeastheydidayearago,whilemorethanaquartersaythattheyarenowevenbetterawareoftheenvironmentaleffectonwhattheybuy.Theunderlinedword“inform”probablymeans“”.AaffectBchangeCdisturbDrejectAPassage22010201020102010年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（江苏卷）年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（江苏卷）年普

30、通高等学校招生全国统一考试（江苏卷）年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（江苏卷）Somefamilynamesweremadebyaddingsomethingtothefathersname.English-speakingpeopleaddedsorson.TheJohnsonsaredescendantsofJohn;theRobertsfamilysancestorwasRobert.IrishandScottishpeopleaddedMacorMcorO.PerhapsalloftheMacDonnellsandtheMcDonnellsandtheODonnellsaredescen

31、dantsofthesameDonnell.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“descendants”probablymean?A.latergenerationsB.friendsandrelativesC.colleaguesandpartnersD.latersponsorsAPassage32010201020102010年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（天津卷）年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（天津卷）年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（天津卷）年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（天津卷）WelcometoWindsorCastle,theoldestandlargestocc

32、upiedcastleintheworld.Windsorisoneoftheofficialresidences（住所）（住所）oftheQueen,whosometimesstayshere.AsWindsorCastleisaworkingroyalpalace,visitorsandtheirbelongingsshouldgetthroughairport-stylesecuritychecks.Forsafetyandsecurityreasonsaone-waysystemoperatesalongthevisitorroute.Theunderlinedpart“aworkin

33、groyalpalace”referstoone_.A.stillbeingconstructedB.stillusedbytheroyalfamilyC.wheretheQueenusuallyworksD.whereworksofartareonshowBPassage42010201020102010年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（重庆卷）年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（重庆卷）年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（重庆卷）年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（重庆卷）Onemorningmorethanthirtyyearsago,IenteredtheTrackKitchen,arestaura

34、ntwhereeveryonefromthehumblest(卑微的卑微的)tothemostpowerfulcameforbreakfast.Inoticedanemptychairnexttoanelderly,unshavenman,wholookedsomewhatdisheveled.Hewaswearingaworn-outhatandwasalone.IaskedifImightjoinhim.HeagreedquietlyandIsatdowntohavemybreakfast.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“disheveled”mean?A.Unfrie

35、ndly.B.Untidy.C.Gentle.D.Kind.BPassage52010201020102010年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试IhadalwaystraveledtoMalaysiabyplaneorcar,sothiswasthefirsttimeIwasonatrain.Ididnotparticularlyrelishthelongtrainjourneyandhadbroughtalongadozenmagazinestoreadandreread.Ilookedaboutthetr

36、ain.Therewasnotonefamiliarface.IsighedandsatdowntoreadmyEconomics.Whichofthefollowingwordscanbesttaketheplaceoftheword“relish”inthesecondparagraph?A.chooseB.enjoyC.prepareforD.carryonBPassagePassage6 20106 20106 20106 2010年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（山东卷）年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（山东卷）年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（山东卷）年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（山东

37、卷）Asksomeonewhattheyhavedonetohelptheenvironmentrecentlyandtheywillalmostcertainlymentionrecycling.Recyclinginthehomeisveryimportantofcourse.However,beingforcedtorecycleoftenmeanswealreadyhavemorematerialthanweneed.Wearedealingwiththeresultsofthatover-consumptioninthegreenestwaypossible,butitwouldbe

38、farbetterifwedidnotneedtobringsomuchmaterialhomeinthefirstplace.Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“over-consumptionover-consumption”referto?referto?A.Usingtoomuchpackaging.A.Usingtoomuchpackaging.B.Recyclingtoomanywastes.B.Recyclingtoomanywastes.C.Makingmoreproductsthannecessary

39、.C.Makingmoreproductsthannecessary.D.Havingmorematerialthanisneeded.D.Havingmorematerialthanisneeded.D举例举例归纳归纳生活生活常识常识上下上下推断推断对比对比转折转折因果因果关系关系同义同义反义反义定义定义解释解释猜猜How to guess the meaning of words?2010年高考大纲中关于阅读理解的要求年高考大纲中关于阅读理解的要求 要求考生读懂熟悉的有关日常生活话题的简要求考生读懂熟悉的有关日常生活话题的简短文字材料，例如公告、说明、广告以及书、报、短文字材料，例如公告、

40、说明、广告以及书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文章。考生应能：杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文章。考生应能：、理解主旨要义；、理解主旨要义；、理解文中具体信息；、理解文中具体信息；、根据上下文推断生词的词义；、根据上下文推断生词的词义；、作出简单判断和理解；、作出简单判断和理解；、理解文章的基本结构；、理解文章的基本结构；、理解作者的意图和态度、理解作者的意图和态度。抓主旨抓主旨明细节明细节猜词义猜词义做推断做推断 Reading makes a full man;Unfamiliar words are just like setbacks in our life.You can choose

41、 to ignore it or turn to others for help,but most of time you Will have to overcome it on your own.No matter what difficulty you come across in your life,remember that as long as you dont lose heart,you are sure to find a way out.Homework1.Go over what we learned in this period.2.Finish the given exercises on guessing meanings.Enjoy English,Enjoy life!Bye-bye!