初中英语语法专题课件.ppt

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1、中考英语语法中考英语语法专题课件专题课件专题专题1名词名词知识网络知识网络考点一考点一 名词的分类名词的分类考点二考点二 名词的复数形式名词的复数形式1.1.规则变化规则变化构成方法构成方法例例词词在在词词尾加尾加sgirlgirlspenpens以以s，x，ch，sh结结尾的尾的名名词词后加后加esbusbusesboxboxeswatchwatchesdishdishes以以f 或或 fe 结结尾的名尾的名词词，变变f，fe 为为v，再加，再加 eswifewiveshalfhalves shelfshelvesthiefthieves某些以某些以f结结尾的尾的词词，直接，直接加加sroo

2、froofs(屋屋顶顶)beliefbeliefs(信念信念)以以辅辅音字母音字母y结结尾的名尾的名词变词变y为为i再加再加escitycitiescountrycountriesfamilyfamiliespartyparties以元音字母以元音字母y结结尾的名尾的名词词，直接加，直接加sboyboysdaydays续表续表构成方法构成方法例例词词以以o结结尾的四个尾的四个词词(两菜、两人两菜、两人)加加es，其余的都加，其余的都加spotatopotatoestomatotomatoesheroheroesNegroNegroeszoozoosphotophotos2.2.不规则变化不规则

3、变化3.3.复合名词的复数形式有两种复合名词的复数形式有两种(1)(1)将主体词变为复数，如：将主体词变为复数，如：sisterinlawsistersinlaw(sisterinlawsistersinlaw(嫂子嫂子)boy classmateboy classmatesboy classmateboy classmates构成方法构成方法例例词词形式不形式不变变(单单复数同形复数同形)sheepsheepdeerdeerChineseChineseJapaneseJapanese变变内部元音字母内部元音字母footfeettoothteethgoosegeese manmenmousem

4、ice词词尾加尾加en/renchildchildrenoxoxen(2)(2)将复合词中两个词都变为复数，此种复合词中第一个词须是将复合词中两个词都变为复数，此种复合词中第一个词须是manman或或 womanwoman，如：，如：man worker men workersman worker men workerswoman teacher women teacherswoman teacher women teachers4 4特殊情况特殊情况(1)(1)有些名词只有复数形式，如：有些名词只有复数形式，如：Clothes,shortsClothes,shorts，pantspants，

5、scissors(scissors(剪刀剪刀)，goodsgoods，glasses(glasses(眼镜眼镜)(2)(2)有些名词以有些名词以s s结尾，但不是复数形式，如：结尾，但不是复数形式，如：newsnews，mathsmaths，physicsphysics，politicspolitics(3)(3)有些物质名词或抽象名词的单、复数形式表示不同的含义，如：有些物质名词或抽象名词的单、复数形式表示不同的含义，如：room(room(空间空间)a room()a room(房间房间)work(work(工作工作)works()works(著作著作)(4)(4)不可数名词的数量表达不可

6、数名词的数量表达不可数名词本身不可数，但可借助单位量词表示一定的数量，如：不可数名词本身不可数，但可借助单位量词表示一定的数量，如：a piece of bread/news/papera piece of bread/news/paper一片面包一片面包/一则新闻一则新闻/一张纸一张纸还可用还可用muchmuch，littlelittle，a littlea little，a large amount ofa large amount of，somesome，anyany，nono，lots oflots of，plenty ofplenty of等来修饰不可数名词，如：等来修饰不可数名词，

7、如：much moneymuch money，some milk some milk(5)(5)数词名词形容词构成的复合形容词，中间的名词不能用复数数词名词形容词构成的复合形容词，中间的名词不能用复数形式而须用单数形式，如：形式而须用单数形式，如：He is a fouryearold boy.He is a fouryearold boy.他是个他是个4 4岁的男孩。岁的男孩。(fouryearold(fouryearold不能说成不能说成fouryearsold)fouryearsold)a fivefootdeep holea fivefootdeep hole一个五英尺深的洞一个五英尺

8、深的洞考点三考点三 名词所有格名词所有格1 1表示有生命的人或物的名词所有格形式，在此名词词尾加表示有生命的人或物的名词所有格形式，在此名词词尾加ss，或，或直接加直接加。(1)(1)单数名词加单数名词加ss，如：，如：Marys bookMarys book(2)(2)以以s s结尾的复数名词只加结尾的复数名词只加，不以，不以s s结尾的复数名词要加结尾的复数名词要加ss，如：，如：the three girls father the three girls father 这三个女孩的父亲这三个女孩的父亲the childrens presents the childrens present

9、s 孩子们的礼物孩子们的礼物(3)(3)表示几个人共有，仅在最后一个人的名字后加表示几个人共有，仅在最后一个人的名字后加ss；表示各自所有；表示各自所有时，需在各个名字后加时，需在各个名字后加ss，如：，如：Mary and Janes car(Mary and Janes car(她俩人共有的车她俩人共有的车)Marys and Janes cars(Marys and Janes cars(她俩各自的车她俩各自的车)(4)(4)表示店铺、住宅、公共建筑等地点时，名词所有格后面的名词习表示店铺、住宅、公共建筑等地点时，名词所有格后面的名词习惯上省略。如：惯上省略。如：the barberst

10、he barbersthe barbers shopthe barbers shop理发店理发店to my auntsto my auntsto my aunts houseto my aunts house到我姑姑家到我姑姑家(5)(5)有些指时间、距离、重量、价值、国家和城镇等无生命的名词，有些指时间、距离、重量、价值、国家和城镇等无生命的名词，也可以加也可以加ss构成所有格。如：构成所有格。如：a weeks time a weeks time 一周的时间一周的时间Chinas populationChinas population中国的人口中国的人口2 2表示无生命的东西的所有格形式：

11、名词表示无生命的东西的所有格形式：名词ofof所有者，如：所有者，如：the name of the zoothe name of the zoo动物园的名字动物园的名字3 3双重所有格：即双重所有格：即ofofss或或ofof名词性物主代词，如：名词性物主代词，如：a book of my daughters a book of my daughters 我女儿的一本书我女儿的一本书The friend of his is very kind.The friend of his is very kind.他的朋友非常友好。他的朋友非常友好。考点四考点四 名词的句法功能名词的句法功能名词在句中

12、可以作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、同位语、表语、状语、名词在句中可以作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、同位语、表语、状语、定语等。定语等。名词作定语，一般用单数形式。如：名词作定语，一般用单数形式。如：girl students(girl students(女学生女学生)paper flowers()paper flowers(纸花纸花)名词作定语时，个别情况用复数形式。如：名词作定语时，个别情况用复数形式。如：sports meeting(sports meeting(运动会运动会)一、单项选择一、单项选择1 1(2013(2013山西山西)Read the _carefully.They will h

13、elp)Read the _carefully.They will help you know how to use the popper.you know how to use the popper.A AInstructions BInstructions Bdecisions Cdecisions Cresultsresults【解析解析】本题考查名词在语境中的运用。本题考查名词在语境中的运用。instruction“instruction“说明说明”；decision“decision“决定决定”；result“result“结果结果”。由后句。由后句“它们会帮你知道如何使它们会帮你知

14、道如何使用这台爆米花机用这台爆米花机”可判断本句为可判断本句为“认真读说明认真读说明”，故，故instructionsinstructions符合符合句意。句意。【答案答案】A A2 2(2013(2013河北河北)Cici enjoys dancing.Its one of her _.)Cici enjoys dancing.Its one of her _.A Aprize Bprize Bprizes Cprizes Chobby Dhobby DHobbiesHobbies【解析解析】本题考查名词。本题考查名词。one ofone of后接名词的复数，表示后接名词的复数，表示“中的一

15、中的一个个”，故排除，故排除A A、C C两项；两项；prize“prize“奖品奖品”，hobby“hobby“爱好爱好”，跳舞是一种爱，跳舞是一种爱好，故选好，故选D D项。项。【答案答案】D D3 3(2013(2013天津天津)For my homework I have to write a(n)For my homework I have to write a(n)_about the wonders of the world._about the wonders of the world.A Amusic Bmusic BpicturepictureC Ccomposition

16、Dcomposition Dexamexam【解析解析】本题考查名词在语境中的运用。本题考查名词在语境中的运用。music“music“音乐音乐”；picture“picture“图画图画”；composition“composition“作文作文”；exam“exam“考试考试”。musicmusic是不可数名词，不是不可数名词，不能用不定冠词能用不定冠词a/ana/an修饰，故排除修饰，故排除A A项；动词项；动词writewrite不能和不能和picturepicture搭配，也应搭配，也应排除；家庭作业不可能是考试，排除；家庭作业不可能是考试，D D项也排除。故选项也排除。故选C C。

17、【答案答案】C C4 4(2013(2013哈尔滨哈尔滨)Boys and girls)Boys and girls，feeling peaceful is the feeling peaceful is the first step to become _ in the exam.So please take a deep first step to become _ in the exam.So please take a deep breath and calm down.breath and calm down.A Arunners runners B Bwinners winners

18、 C Cplayersplayers【解析解析】本题考查名词在语境中的运用。本题考查名词在语境中的运用。runner“runner“跑步者跑步者”；winner“winner“获胜者获胜者”；player“player“运动员运动员”。在考试中应成为获胜者，故。在考试中应成为获胜者，故winnerswinners符合句意。符合句意。【答案答案】B B5 5(2013(2013安徽安徽)I have great _ in learning math and)I have great _ in learning math and Im so worried.Could you help me?Im

19、 so worried.Could you help me?Sure.Id be glad to.Sure.Id be glad to.A Atrouble Btrouble Binterest interest C Cjoy Djoy Dfunfun【解析解析】本题考查名词的用法。本题考查名词的用法。have trouble/difficulty/problems have trouble/difficulty/problems(in)doing sth.“(in)doing sth.“做某事有困难做某事有困难”。interest“interest“兴趣兴趣”；joy“joy“高兴，欣高兴，

20、欣赏赏”；fun“fun“乐趣乐趣”，均不符合题意。，均不符合题意。【答案答案】A A6 6(2013(2013南京南京)Mrs Black,could you give me some advice on)Mrs Black,could you give me some advice on how to write an application letter?how to write an application letter?With pleasure.Remember that the letter should be written With pleasure.Remember tha

21、t the letter should be written in the formal _.in the formal _.A Avalue Bvalue Bstyle Cstyle Ceffect Deffect Dmoodmood【解析解析】本题考查名词词义辨析。本题考查名词词义辨析。value“value“益处，价值益处，价值”；style“style“风风格，文体格，文体”；effect“effect“影响，效果影响，效果”；mood“mood“情绪，心情情绪，心情”。由语境知。由语境知“写申请信应用正式文体写申请信应用正式文体”。【答案答案】B B7 7(2013(2013重庆重庆

22、)Could you please get me some _)Could you please get me some _？Im Im hungry.hungry.A Aapple Bapple Bwater water C Cbread Dbread Deggegg【解析解析】本题考查名词的用法。由第二句本题考查名词的用法。由第二句Im hungry.(Im hungry.(我饿了。我饿了。)知知空格处需填空格处需填“吃的东西吃的东西”，故排除选项，故排除选项B B；选项；选项A A、D D均为可数名词，由题干均为可数名词，由题干中的中的somesome判断需用可数名词复数或不可数名词，故

23、排除判断需用可数名词复数或不可数名词，故排除A A、D D两项。两项。bread“bread“面包面包”，为不可数名词，符合题意。，为不可数名词，符合题意。【答案答案】C C8 8(2013(2013武汉武汉)Im going to the supermarket.Let me get you)Im going to the supermarket.Let me get you some fruit.some fruit.OK.Thanks for your _.OK.Thanks for your _.A Aoffer Boffer BinformationinformationC Cmes

24、sage Dmessage Dorderorder【解析解析】本题考查名词词义辨析。本题考查名词词义辨析。offer“offer“提供，提议提供，提议”；information“information“信息信息”；message“message“口信口信”；order“order“顺序，订货，命令顺序，订货，命令”。句意为句意为“我要去超市。让我为你买些水果吧。我要去超市。让我为你买些水果吧。”“”“好吧，谢谢你的好意。好吧，谢谢你的好意。”故选故选A A。【答案答案】A A9 9(2013(2013上海上海)These natural disasters have warned us tha

25、t)These natural disasters have warned us that everyone should start to protect the _immediately.everyone should start to protect the _immediately.A Aamusement Bamusement BdevelopmentdevelopmentC Cenvironment Denvironment Dgovernmentgovernment【解析解析】本题考查名词词义辨析。本题考查名词词义辨析。amusement“amusement“娱乐娱乐”；deve

26、lopment“development“发展发展”；environment“environment“环境环境”；government“government“政府政府”。句。句意为意为“这些自然灾害已经告诫我们每个人应立刻开始保护环境。这些自然灾害已经告诫我们每个人应立刻开始保护环境。”【答案答案】C C1010(2013(2013黄冈黄冈)Mrs.Wang was sent to teach English in a)Mrs.Wang was sent to teach English in a poor mountain village last year.poor mountain vil

27、lage last year.She said she would never forget some pleasant _ She said she would never forget some pleasant _ while working there.while working there.A Aexperiments Bexperiments Bexpressions expressions C Cexperiences Dexperiences Demotionsemotions【解析解析】本题考查名词词义辨析。本题考查名词词义辨析。experiment“experiment“实

28、验实验”；expression“expression“表达表达”；experience“experience“经历经历”；emotion“emotion“感情感情”。空格所在。空格所在句的句意为句的句意为“她说她永远也不会忘记在那工作时的一些美好的经历。她说她永远也不会忘记在那工作时的一些美好的经历。”故故选选C C。【答案答案】C C1111(2013(2013宁波宁波)Excuse me,where can I exchange _)Excuse me,where can I exchange _？Theres a bank on the second floor.Theres a ban

29、k on the second floor.A Abooks books B Bfood food C CmoneymoneyD Dstampsstamps【解析解析】本题考查名词词义辨析。根据答语本题考查名词词义辨析。根据答语“Theres a bank on Theres a bank on the second floor.(the second floor.(在二楼有一家银行。在二楼有一家银行。)”)”可知，要兑换的是可知，要兑换的是“钱钱”。故。故选选C C。【答案答案】C C1212(2013(2013扬州扬州)Im sorry I went out for a smoke.I w

30、as)Im sorry I went out for a smoke.I was very tired.very tired.Theres no _ for this while you are at work.Theres no _ for this while you are at work.A Acause Bcause Bexcuse excuse C Cmatter Dmatter Dchoicechoice【解析解析】本题考查名词词义辨析。本题考查名词词义辨析。cause“cause“原因原因”；excuse“excuse“理由，理由，借口借口”；matter“matter“事情事

31、情”；choice“choice“选择选择”。由空格所在句的句意。由空格所在句的句意“当你当你工作时这样做是没有理由的工作时这样做是没有理由的”知选知选B B。【答案答案】B B1313(2013(2013陕西陕西)John wants to be a _)John wants to be a _，so he often so he often helps sick people in the hospital.helps sick people in the hospital.A Areporter Breporter Bdoctor doctor C Cscientist Dscienti

32、st Dcookcook【解析解析】本题考查名词词义辨析。本题考查名词词义辨析。reporter“reporter“记者记者”；doctor“doctor“医生医生”；scientist“scientist“科学家科学家”；cook“cook“厨师厨师”。由句意。由句意“因此他经常在医院里因此他经常在医院里帮助病人帮助病人”知约翰想成为一名医生，故选知约翰想成为一名医生，故选B B。【答案答案】B B1414(2013(2013内江内江)I have trouble learning math this term.)I have trouble learning math this term.

33、You should pay more _to your teachers advice.You should pay more _to your teachers advice.A Amoney money B Battention attention C Ctimetime【解析解析】本题考查名词的用法。本题考查名词的用法。pay attention to.“pay attention to.“注意注意”，是固定短语，故选，是固定短语，故选B B。【答案答案】B B1515(2013(2013盐城盐城)The two cities have reached an _to)The two c

34、ities have reached an _to develop science and technology.develop science and technology.A Aeducation education B Bexcitement excitement C Cagreement agreement D Dinventioninvention【解析解析】本题考查名词的用法。本题考查名词的用法。reach an agreement“reach an agreement“达成协议达成协议”，是固定搭配，故选是固定搭配，故选C C。【答案答案】C C1616(2012(2012中考变

35、式题中考变式题)Could you tell me something about the)Could you tell me something about the boy who helped you just now?boy who helped you just now?Sorry,I know nothing about him.We are_.Sorry,I know nothing about him.We are_.A Afriends friends B BneighborsneighborsC Cclassmates classmates D Dstrangersstran

36、gers【解析解析】由答语前面的由答语前面的“对不起，我不认识他对不起，我不认识他”，可知这里是指，可知这里是指“陌陌生人生人”。【答案答案】D D1717(2012(2012中考变式题中考变式题)I dont think looking after children is)I dont think looking after children is just _ work.just _ work.A Awoman woman B Bwomans womans C Cwomen women D Dwomenswomens【解析解析】句意为句意为“我认为照看孩子不仅仅是女人的工作。我认为照看孩子

37、不仅仅是女人的工作。”由句意可由句意可判断此处应用名词所有格，又因为判断此处应用名词所有格，又因为womanwoman的复数形式是的复数形式是womenwomen，故选，故选D D。【答案答案】D D1818(2012(2012中考变式题中考变式题)Why are you still waiting in line?)Why are you still waiting in line?Ive missed my _.Ive missed my _.A Aplace place B Border order C Cturn turn D Dtimetime【解析解析】句意为句意为“你为什么仍然在

38、排队？你为什么仍然在排队？”“”“我错过了我的一次机会我错过了我的一次机会了。了。”place“place“地方地方”；order“order“顺序顺序”；turn“turn“轮到的机会轮到的机会”；time“time“时间时间”。通过句意可知，只有。通过句意可知，只有C C项符合题意，故答案为项符合题意，故答案为C C。【答案答案】C C1919(2012(2012中考变式题中考变式题)I hear you have to run for half an)I hear you have to run for half an hour every day.hour every day.Righ

39、t.It is one of the _ in my school.Right.It is one of the _ in my school.A Achoices Bchoices Bplans Cplans Chobbies Dhobbies Drulesrules【解析解析】句意为句意为“我听说你每天必须跑步半小时。我听说你每天必须跑步半小时。”“”“是的，这是我是的，这是我们学校的规则之一。们学校的规则之一。”choices“choices“选择选择”；plans“plans“计划计划”；hobbies“hobbies“爱好爱好”；rules“rules“规则规则”。所以选择答案。所以

40、选择答案D D。【答案答案】D D2020(2012(2012中考变式题中考变式题)_ mothers cant go to the)_ mothers cant go to the meeting,because they have gone to New York on business.meeting,because they have gone to New York on business.A AAlice and Lilys Alice and Lilys B BAlices and LilysAlices and LilysC CAlices and LilyAlices and

41、 Lily【解析解析】A A选项是指她们共同的母亲；选项是指她们共同的母亲；B B选项表示她们各自的母亲；选项表示她们各自的母亲；C C选项没有这种表达形式，首先排除。由后句的选项没有这种表达形式，首先排除。由后句的theythey可知，这里指的是她们可知，这里指的是她们各自的母亲，因此答案为各自的母亲，因此答案为B B。【答案答案】B B2121(2012(2012中考变式题中考变式题)Something is wrong with my _.I)Something is wrong with my _.I cant see anything around me.cant see anyth

42、ing around me.A Anose nose B Bears ears C Ceyes eyes D Dmouthmouth【解析解析】看不清周围的东西，故应该为眼睛有毛病。看不清周围的东西，故应该为眼睛有毛病。【答案答案】C C2222(2012(2012中考变式题中考变式题)The land in the southwest of China is)The land in the southwest of China is in great need of _.in great need of _.Yes,it hasnt rained for a long time there.

43、Yes,it hasnt rained for a long time there.A Amilk milk B Btea tea C Ccoffee coffee D Dwaterwater【解析解析】根据答语可知西南很需要水，故答案选根据答语可知西南很需要水，故答案选D D。【答案答案】D D2323(2012(2012中考变式题中考变式题)How far is your home from school?)How far is your home from school?Its about two _ walk.Its about two _ walk.A Ahours hours B

44、Bhours hours C Chourshours【解析解析】本题考查名词所有格的用法。两小时的路程表达是本题考查名词所有格的用法。两小时的路程表达是“two two hours walk”hours walk”，hourhour需要变复数后加需要变复数后加“”，故选，故选C C。【答案答案】C C2424(2012(2012中考变式题中考变式题)Im not sure about the meaning of the)Im not sure about the meaning of the word.word.Youd better look it up in a _.Youd bette

45、r look it up in a _.A Aletter Bletter Bdictionary dictionary C Cpostcard Dpostcard Dnoticenotice【解析解析】letter“letter“书信书信”；dictionary“dictionary“字典、词典字典、词典”；postcard“postcard“卡片卡片”；notice“notice“布告布告”，根据题意，根据题意“我不知道这个词语的意思。我不知道这个词语的意思。”“”“你你最好查词典。最好查词典。”知答案选知答案选B B。【答案答案】B B2525(2012(2012中考变式题中考变式题)W

46、hose computer doesnt work?)Whose computer doesnt work?_，I think.I think.A AJohn has BJohn has BJohn does John does C CJohn DJohn DJohnsJohns【解析解析】句意为句意为“谁的计算机出毛病啦？谁的计算机出毛病啦？”“”“约翰的，我想。约翰的，我想。”故故答语应用名词所有格形式，所以答案应选答语应用名词所有格形式，所以答案应选D D。【答案答案】D D2626(2014(2014中考预测题中考预测题)Oh,my God!We have missed the las

47、t)Oh,my God!We have missed the last bus.What shall we do?bus.What shall we do?Im afraid we have no _ but to take a taxi.Im afraid we have no _ but to take a taxi.A Achoice Bchoice Bdecision decision C Creason Dreason Dideaidea【解析解析】“have missed the last bus”“have missed the last bus”和和“but to take a

48、 taxi”but to take a taxi”可知是别无选择。句意是可知是别无选择。句意是“哎，天啊，我们已经错过了最后一班车，我们哎，天啊，我们已经错过了最后一班车，我们应该怎么办呢？应该怎么办呢？”“”“我想我们除了乘出租车别无选择了。我想我们除了乘出租车别无选择了。”【答案答案】A A2727(2014(2014中考预测题中考预测题)Good morning,madam.Can I help you?)Good morning,madam.Can I help you?Sure,Id like _Sure,Id like _，please.please.A Atwo cups of

49、coffees two cups of coffees B Btwo cup of coffeestwo cup of coffeesC Ctwo cups of coffee two cups of coffee D Dtwo cup of coffeetwo cup of coffee【解析解析】coffee coffee 是不可数名词，不能加是不可数名词，不能加s s，排除，排除A A和和B B；两杯应是；两杯应是two two cupscups，排除，排除D D。故选。故选C C。【答案答案】C C2828(2014(2014中考预测题中考预测题)Do you know the you

50、ng lady over there?)Do you know the young lady over there?Yes.Shes _ mother.Yes.Shes _ mother.A ALily and Lucy BLily and Lucy BLilys and LucysLilys and LucysC CLilys and Lucy DLilys and Lucy DLily and LucysLily and Lucys【解析解析】根据空后的根据空后的mothermother可知是两人共有的，两人共有某物时，只可知是两人共有的，两人共有某物时，只需要在后一个词后加需要在后一个词