大学英语精读第六册课件.ppt

《大学英语精读第六册课件.ppt》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《大学英语精读第六册课件.ppt（406页珍藏版）》请在淘文阁 - 分享文档赚钱的网站上搜索。

1、精读第六册Lesson One How to get the poor off our conscience Part II(1-2)These are the opening paragraphs.The author,without beating about the bush,comes straight to the theme.In stating“our conscience”,the author seems to indicate that he is included in the search of ways of“getting the poor off our cons

2、cience”,thus making it sound that he is reflecting on a moral sin we are all guilty of,rather than adopting a condescending way of preaching.The author points out that the search has been“an intellectual preoccupation for centuries”and continues to be so“in our own time”,The word“our”implicitly incl

3、udes all people who are not poor.1.I would like to reflect on one of the oldest of human exercise(1)I want to think seriously about one of the oldest practices of human beings.to reflect on/upon:to think on;to bring discredit upon2.we have undertaken to get the poor off our conscience.(1)we have man

4、aged to feel comfortable when we see the existence of the poor around us.conscience:a sense of right and wrong,with an urge to do right 良心，本性3.Plutarch was led to say:“An imbalance between the rich and poor is the oldest and most fatal ailment of republics.”(2)The lap between the rich and the poor h

5、as caused many fatal problems all the time for the society,and no way has found to resolve them.4.And the problems that arise from the continuing coexistence of affluence and poverty-and particularly the process by which good fortune is justified in the presence of the ill fortune of others-have bee

6、n an intellectual preoccupation for centuries.(2)For centuries those with high intellect have been searching for explanations to justify the coexistence of the rich and the poor.intellectual:appealing to the intellect 智力的，需要思考的 intellectual preoccupation:有思想有学问的人孜孜不倦的思考探索的问题 Part II(3-9)This part de

7、als with the five solutions that had been offered in history.These solutions are arranged chronologically.5.the poor suffer in this world but are wonderfully rewarded in the next.(3)The poor suffer the poverty without complaints in this world would live a wonderful life in the next.In the next:after

8、 they die;when they go to the next world6.Their poverty is a temporary misfortune:If they are poor and also meek,they eventually will inherit the earth.(3)Though in this world the poor suffer a poor life,they should keep patient and mild so that they will become rich and the leader of the world in t

9、he next.7.Jeremy Bentham,a near contemporary of Adam Smith,came up with the formula(4)Jeremy Bentham,with Adam Smith was born in the same century,who raised a plan8.Virtue is,indeed must be,self-centered.(4)By right action,we mean it must help promote personal interest.9.influential in no slight deg

10、ree to this day(5)(Its)influence has not diminished so far./(Its)influence continues today to a remarkable degree.10.This is associated with the names of David Richardo,a stockbroker,and Thomas Robert Malthus,a divine.(5)This formula is proposed by two famous people,David Richardo and Thomas Robert

11、Malthus,with such different background yet with such similarity of thing.11.The essentials are familiar:The poverty of the poor was the fault of the poor.And it was so because it was a product of their excessive fecundity.(5)They have the same meaning:the poverty of the poor was caused by their havi

12、ng too many children.12.Their grievously uncontrolled lust caused them to breed up to the full limits of the available subsistence.(5)Because the poor couldnt control their lust of sex,they produced too many children to the world,which made the earth nearly had no ability to bear them.13.Poverty bei

13、ng caused in the bed meant that the rich were not responsible for either its creation or its amelioration.(6)Since poverty was caused by overproduction of children,the rich were not to blame for the existence of poverty so they should not be asked to undertake the task of solving the problem.to be r

14、esponsible for:to be the cause or source of14.However,Malthus was himself not without a certain feeling of responsibility:He urged that the marriage ceremony contain a warning against undue and irresponsible sexual intercourse-a warning,it is fair to say,that has not been accepted as a fully effecti

15、ve method of birth control.(6)Malthus meant that sexual intercourse should not be conducted out of lust,without thinking of consequences.He urged that the marriage ceremony should contain a warning to people not to have excessive sexual intercourse and too many children.Since this idea has been acce

16、pted by the people,it was only a warning.很显然，尽管马尔萨斯的设想很好，但是并不会被人们所接受，所以这里也具有讽刺意义。15.Couples in love should repair to R.H.Macys,not their bedrooms.(6)Couples in new marriage should go to market to spend their first night,seeing how much their income can get,and they would not produce more children to

17、 be too poor.to repair to:to go to(a place,esp.go in large numbers to)16.Malthus,it must be said,was at least as relevant.(6)In some points,what Malthus said was relevant to the theme.17.The elimination of the poor is natures way of improving the race.(7)Nature makes the human race better by weeding

18、 out the poor.18.The weak and unfortunate being extruded,the quality of the human family is thus strengthened.(7)Because the poor were extruded,the quality of the rich family is strengthened.19.The American Beauty Rose can be produced in the splendor and fragrance which bring cheer to its beholder o

19、nly by sacrificing the early buds which grow up around it.And so is it in economic life.It is merely the working out of a law of nature and a law of God.(8)Other countries have been weakened;America has a good chance to become a strongest capitalistic country,which owns wealth and splendor.This cour

20、se happens in the same way in the economic life.It is only the result or effect of the law of the survival of the fittest applied to nature or to human society.20.It declined in popularity,and references to it acquired a condemnatory tone.(9)People began to reject Social Darwinism because it seemed

21、to glorify brutal force and oppose treasured values of sympathy,love and friendship.There,when it was mentioned,it was usually the target of criticism.in popularity:general;universal21.We passed on to the more amorphous denial of poverty associated with Calvin Coolidge and Herbert Hoover.They held t

22、hat the public assistance to the poor interfered with the effective operation of the economic system-that such assistance was inconsistent with the economic design that had come to serve most people very well.(9)Calvin Coolidge and Herbert Hoover had helped us to oppose public assistance to the poor

23、 because they held that such assistance was incompatible with the function and operation of the current free economic system.Public assistance meant government intervention and such intervention would hinder or even damage the efficient working of the economic system.Part III(10-11)This is a transit

24、ion.Roosevelts New Deal and the social welfare policies of the presidents after WWII seemed to indicate that the government was assuming responsibility for aiding the poor.But recent developments as of the election of Ronald Reagan in 1980 showed that the attempt to get the poor off our conscience w

25、as not at an end.It was only suspended temporarily.22.Roosevelt and the presidents who followed him accepted a substantial measure of responsibility for the old through Social Security,for the unemployment through unemployment insurance,for the unemployable and the handicapped through direct relief,

26、and for the sick through Medicare and Medicaid.(10)Roosevelt,with other presidents after him,took a series of measure to realize the responsibility of the government,including unemployment assurance and direct relief Medicare and Medicaid to help the unemployable,the handicapped and the sick.substan

27、tial measure of responsibility:在很大程度上负有责任 23.In recent years,however,it has become clear that the search for a way of getting the poor off our conscience was not at the end;it was only suspended It has again become a major philosophical,literary,and rhetorical preoccupation,and an economically not u

28、nrewarding enterprise.(11)In recent years,it is clear that we fail in finding a good way to solve the problem,which caused by the gap between the rich and the poor.We have to try another way,and this search has become a good profession in philosophical,literary,and rhetorical fields;the people who r

29、esearch it all get a good reward.Part IV(12-20)In this part,the author makes a critical analysis of the five current designs to get the poor off our conscience and points out that the first four are inventive descendants from Bentham,Malthus,and Spencer.The author further shows that these designs ar

30、e very popular in Washington D.C.at the time he writes the article in the 1980s.24.It is then argued that the government is inherently incompetent,except as regards weapons design and procurement and the overall management of the Pentagon.(12)They pointed out the government is incapable except on de

31、signing and purchasing of weapons and on the overall management of the Pentagon.25.Being incompetent and ineffective,it must not be asked to succor the poor;it will only louse things up or make things worse.(12)Since the government is incapable and inefficient,it should not be asked to undertake the

32、 task of aiding the poor.Otherwise,it will make a mess of the job or make the situation worse.26.The allegation of government incompetence is associated in our time with the general condemnation of the bureaucrat-again excluding those concerned with national defense.(13)We censure the incompetent go

33、vernment because most of the bureaucrat are ineffective,but those contribute to national defense are respectable.27.In fact,we have in the United States an extraordinarily good public service-one made up of talented and dedicated people who are overwhelmingly honest and only rarely given to overpayi

34、ng for monkey wrenches,flashlights,coffee makers,and toilet seats.(13)Actually,the United States has a good public service group,in which they have lots of able men and they are almost all honest to the nation.Though they are paid not too much,none of them strive for interest for themselves by putti

35、ng public money into their own pockets.28.We have nearly abolished poverty among the old,greatly democratized health care,assured minorities of their civil rights,and vastly enhanced educational opportunity.(13)We have always managed to make the poor enjoy a better life and be equal with the rich,by

36、 offering minorities the equal civil rights and enhancing educational chances for them.29.Still,the case is made-and believe(15)In spite of the fact that there is no proof to such argument,the argument has been put forth and accepted by many.30.This is perhaps our most highly influential piece of fi

37、ction.(15)It is a very popular story and has been accepted by many but is not true.31.Belief can be the servant of truth-but even more of convenience.(16)Belief can be useful in the search for truth,but more often than not it is accepted because it is convenient and self-serving.32.The fourth design

38、is to point to the presumed adverse effect on freedom of taking responsibility for them.(17)The fourth formulapoints that if the government takes the responsibility for the poor,it will produce negative effect on the freedom.33.This is possibly the most transparent of all the designs:No mention is o

39、rdinarily made of the relation of income to the freedom of the poor.(18)It is obvious that when these people talk about freedom they only have in mind the freedom of the rich.34.There is,we can surely agree,no form of oppression that is quite so great,no constriction on thought and effort quite so c

40、omprehensive,as that which comes from having no money at all.(18)We all agree that having no money at all is the worst for a person in all forms of oppression and constriction.So,for the poor,it is the fatal fight to have no money,because anyone can not live without money.35.Freedom we rightly cheri

41、sh.Cherishing it,we should not use it as a cover for denying freedom to those in need.(18)Its correct for us to cherish freedom,but just for this reason,we should not ignore the freedom of the poor.36.Finally,when all else fails,we resort to simple psychological denial.(19)When all the formulas are

42、in vain,we just simply give a blind eye to the poverty.37.This is a psychic tendency that in various manifestations is common to us all.(19)We all have the tendency to close our eyes to unpleasant things or refuse to think about them.This tendency may take different forms.38.It causes a great many p

43、eople to avoid thought of the arms race and the consequent rush toward a highly probable extinction.(19)Many people refuse to acknowledge the seriousness of the nuclear arms race which may in the end lead to a nuclear war and the destruction of the world.39.Whether they be in Ethiopia,the South Bron

44、x,or even in such an Elysium as Los Angeles,we resolve to keep them off our minds.(19)We decide to ignore the life of the poor,no matter whether they live in as far as in Ethiopia,or as near as our own city,and as poor as in South Bronx or as rich as in Los Angeles.to keep sb./sth.off:to refrain fro

45、m;to cause to remain at a distance40.All,save perhaps the last,are great inventive descent from Bentham,Malthus,and Spencer.(20)The first four designs are merely modern,clever versions of the theories put forward by Bentham,Malthus,and Spencer.41.George Gilder,a greatly favored figure of the recent

46、past,who tells to much applause that the poor must have the cruel spur of their own suffering to ensure effort.(20)George Gilder advances the view that only when the poor suffer from great misery will they be stimulated to make great efforts to change the situation;in other words,suffering is necess

47、ary to force the poor to work hard.42.By a triage,the worthy would be selected to survive;the loss of the rest is the penalty we should pay.(20)By the rule of selection used primarily in medical or military context,badly injured or wounded individuals who seem likely to survive are left aside in ord

48、er to treat those more likely to survive.43.he is enjoying,as indicated,unparalleled popularity in high Washington circles.(20)As indicated above,he established the highest prestige in the Washington circles.Part V(21)This is the concluding part.In this part,the author points out that public assista

49、nce to the poor is in the interest of the conservatives.The ending seems undramatic but it is in line with the mild irony of the whole piece.44.Compassion,along with the associated public effort,is the least comfortable,the least convenient course of behavior and action in our time.(21)The compassio

50、n and the public help for the poor are regarded the worst way and designs in this world,which will make the rich disagree and will damage the whole nation.Lesson TwoThe Woods Were Tossing with Jewels What is the main idea of paragraph 1?In the first paragraph,the author provides us with some backgro